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Yu HH, Tan CC, Huang SJ, Zhang XH, Tan L, Xu W. Predicting the reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition based on magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, and neuropsychological examinations. J Affect Disord 2024; 353:90-98. [PMID: 38452935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) is not uncommon and indicates a better cognitive trajectory. This study aims to identify predictors of MCI reversion and develop a predicting model. METHOD A total of 391 MCI subjects (mean age = 74.3 years, female = 61 %) who had baseline data of magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, and neuropsychological measurements were followed for two years. Multivariate logistic analyses were used to identify the predictors of MCI reversion after adjusting for age and sex. A stepwise backward logistic regression model was used to construct a predictive nomogram for MCI reversion. The nomogram was validated by internal bootstrapping and in an independent cohort. RESULT In the training cohort, the 2-year reversion rate was 19.95 %. Predictors associated with reversion to NC were higher education level (p = 0.004), absence of APOE4 allele (p = 0.001), larger brain volume (p < 0.005), better neuropsychological measurements performance (p < 0.001), higher glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.035), and lower mean arterial pressure (p = 0.060). The nomogram incorporating five predictors (education, hippocampus volume, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive score, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-immediate score, and mean arterial pressure) achieved good C-indexes of 0.892 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.859-0.926) and 0.806 (95 % CI, 0.709-0.902) for the training and validation cohort. LIMITATION Observational duration is relatively short; The predicting model warrant further validation in larger samples. CONCLUSION This prediction model could facilitate risk stratification and early management for the MCI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hong Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Siciliano M, Tessitore A, Morgante F, Goldman JG, Ricciardi L. Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mov Disord 2024; 39:17-28. [PMID: 38173220 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are reported frequently, but their prevalence and association with changes on objective testing are not fully known. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the prevalence, clinical correlates, and predictive value of SCCs in PD. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. From 204 abstracts, we selected 31 studies (n = 3441 patients), and from these, identified the prevalence, clinical features, associations with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and predictive values of SCCs in PD. RESULTS The meta-analysis showed an SCC prevalence of 36%. This prevalence, however, was significantly moderated by study heterogeneity regarding female sex, disease severity, levodopa equivalent daily dosage, exclusion from the overall sample of patients with objective cognitive impairment, and measurement instrument. SCC prevalence did not differ between de novo and treated PD patients. SCCs were weakly and negligibly associated with cognitive changes on objective testing in cross-sectional studies. However, in cognitively healthy patients, SCCs had a risk ratio of 2.71 for later cognitive decline over a mean follow-up of 3.16 years. Moreover, SCCs were moderately related to co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety, or apathy and were more strongly related to these neuropsychiatric symptoms than objective cognitive functioning. CONCLUSION Our analyses suggest that SCCs in patients with and without objective cognitive impairment are frequent, occurring in more than one third of PD patients. Establishing uniform measurement instruments for identifying PD-related SCCs is critical to understand their implications. Even in cases lacking evidence of objective cognitive impairment and where SCCs might reflect underlying neuropsychiatric symptoms, the possibility of later cognitive deterioration should not be excluded. Therefore, SCCs in PD patients warrant close monitoring for opportunities for targeted and effective interventions. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Siciliano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences-MRI Research Center Vanvitelli-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Tessitore
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences-MRI Research Center Vanvitelli-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Morgante
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lucia Ricciardi
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Mullin DS, Gadd D, Russ TC, Luciano M, Muniz-Terrera G. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome trajectories and incident dementia over 10 years. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 5:100178. [PMID: 38162293 PMCID: PMC10757175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome is a high-risk state for adverse health outcomes in older adults characterised by measured slow gait speed and self-reported cognitive complaints. The recent addition to the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 of robust dementia outcomes enabled us to assess the prognostic value of MCR for dementia and explore the various trajectories of participants diagnosed with MCR. Methods We classified 680 community-dwelling participants free from dementia into non-MCR or MCR groups at mean [SD] age 76.3 [0.8] years. We used Cox and competing risk regression methods, adjusted for potential confounders, to evaluate the risk of developing all-cause incident dementia over 10 years of follow-up. Secondarily, we followed the trajectories for individuals with and without MCR at baseline and categorised them into subgroups based on whether MCR was still present at the next research wave, three years later. Results The presence of MCR increased the risk of incident dementia (adjusted HR 2.34, 95%CI 1.14-4.78, p = 0.020), as did fewer years of education and higher depression symptoms. However, MCR has a heterogenous progression trajectory. The MCR progression subgroups each have different prognostic values for incident dementia. Conclusion MCR showed similar prognostic ability for dementia in a Scottish cohort as for other populations. MCR could identify a target group for early interventions of modifiable risk factors to prevent incident dementia. This study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of MCR progression. Exploring the underlying reasons will be important work in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S. Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Danni Gadd
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- Optima Partners, Edinburgh EH2 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ohio University Osteopathic College of Medicine, Ohio University, USA
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Overton M, Sjögren B, Elmståhl S, Rosso A. Mild Cognitive Impairment, Reversion Rates, and Associated Factors: Comparison of Two Diagnostic Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:585-601. [PMID: 36463443 PMCID: PMC9912719 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is typically used to identify prodromal stages of dementia, it is essential to identify MCI criteria with high diagnostic stability and prediction of dementia. Moreover, further investigation into pinpointing key factors for reversion is required to foresee future prognosis of MCI patients accurately. OBJECTIVE To explore disparities in diagnostic stability by examining reversion rates produced by two operationalizations of the MCI definition: the widely applied Petersen criteria and a version of the Neuropsychological (NP) criteria and to identify cognitive, lifestyle, and health related factors for reversion. METHODS MCI was retrospectively classified in a sample from the Swedish community-based study Good Aging in Skåne with the Petersen criteria (n = 744, median follow-up = 7.0 years) and the NP criteria (n = 375, median follow-up, 6.7 years), respectively. Poisson regression models estimated the effect of various factors on the likelihood of incident reversion. RESULTS Reversion rates were 323/744 (43.4%, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 39.8; 47.0) and 181/375 (48.3% 95% CI: 43.2; 53.5) for the Petersen criteria and NP criteria, respectively. Participants with impairment in a single cognitive domain, regular alcohol consumption, living with someone, older age, and lower body mass index had a higher likelihood of reverting to normal. CONCLUSION Reversion rates were similar for Petersen and NP criteria indicating that one definition is not superior to the other regarding diagnostic stability. Additionally, the results highlight important aspects such as multiple domain MCI, cohabitation, and the role of alcohol on predicting the trajectory of those diagnosed with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieclaire Overton
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden,Correspondence to: Marieclaire Overton, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, CRC, Building 28, fl.13,
Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden. Tel.: +46 709420138;
E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Sjögren
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sölve Elmståhl
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aldana Rosso
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Richards M. The Power of Birth Cohorts to Study Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:847-854. [PMID: 36350423 PMCID: PMC9643995 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-022-01244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Birth cohorts are studies of people the same time; some of which have continuously followed participants across the life course. These are powerful designs for studying predictors of age-related outcomes, especially when information on predictors is collected before these outcomes are known. This article reviews recent findings from these cohorts for the outcomes of cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and risk of dementia, in relation to prior cognitive function, and social and biological predictors. RECENT FINDINGS Cognitive function and impairment are predicted by a wide range of factors, including childhood cognition, education, occupational status and complexity, and biological factors, including genetic and epigenetic. The particular importance of high and rising blood pressure in midlife is highlighted, with some insight into brain mechanisms involved. Some limitations are noted, including sources of bias in the data. Despite these limitations, birth cohorts have provided valuable insights into factors across the life course associated with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Richards
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
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Clinical considerations when using assessment tools to identify depression in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:413-416. [PMID: 35465861 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610222000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Cognitive Test Scores and Progressive Cognitive Decline in the Aberdeen 1921 and 1936 Birth Cohorts. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030318. [PMID: 35326274 PMCID: PMC8946766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aberdeen birth cohorts of 1921 and 1936 (ABC21 and ABC36) were subjected to IQ tests in 1932 or 1947 when they were aged about 11y. They were recruited between 1997–2001 among cognitively healthy community residents and comprehensively phenotyped in a long-term study of brain aging and health up to 2017. Here, we report associations between baseline cognitive test scores and long-term cognitive outcomes. On recruitment, significant sex differences within and between the ABC21 and ABC36 cohorts supported advantages in verbal ability and learning among the ABC36 women that were not significant in ABC21. Comorbid physical disorders were self-reported in both ABC21 and ABC36 but did not contribute to differences in terms of performance in cognitive tests. When used alone without other criteria, cognitive tests scores which fell below the −1.5 SD criterion for tests of progressive matrices, namely verbal learning, digit symbol and block design, did not support the concept that Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a stable class of acquired loss of function with significant links to the later emergence of a clinical dementia syndrome. This is consistent with many previous reports. Furthermore, because childhood IQ-type data were available, we showed that a lower cognitive performance at about 64 or 78 y than that predicted by IQ at 11 ± 0.5 y did not improve the prediction of progress to MCI or greater cognitive loss. We used binary logistic regression to explore how MCI might contribute to the prediction of later progress to a clinical dementia syndrome. In a fully adjusted model using ABC21 data, we found that non-amnestic MCI, along with factors such as female sex and depressive symptoms, contributed to the prediction of later dementia. A comparable model using ABC36 data did not do so. We propose that (1) MCI criteria restricted to cognitive test scores do not improve the temporal stability of MCI classifications; (2) pathways towards dementia may differ according to age at dementia onset and (3) the concept of MCI may require measures (not captured here) that underly self-reported subjective age-related cognitive decline.
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Xu MR, Dai RF, Wei QQ, Wang J, Feng YY, Hu Y. Urinary AD7c-NTP Evaluates Cognition Impairment and Differentially Diagnoses AD and MCI. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221115247. [PMID: 35833655 PMCID: PMC10581138 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221115247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The AD7c-NTP is a promising biomarker for AD diagnosis. However, the exact urinary AD7c-NTP concentration to differentiate AD from the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains inconclusive. We enrolled 98 and 90 clinical defined AD and MCI patients, respectively, and access their cognition impairment with Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Mental State Examination (MMSE) along with their urinary AD7c-NTP. We demonstrated that urinary AD7c-NTP level in sequence from high to low was AD, MCI, and healthy groups (P < .01), and the AD7c-NTP was positively and negatively correlated with the NPI and MMSE scores, respectively. Additionally, AD7c-NTP well-matched NPI subscale scores, including agitation, depression, and apathy (P < .05). Importantly, the optimal cut-off AD7c-NTP level to distinguish the AD and MCI was .94 ng/mL (sensitivity 85.71% & specificity 73.91%). Conclusively, urinary AD7c-NTP could be used for cognition impairment evaluation and differentiated diagnosis of AD and MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ran Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Huangpu Branch of Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong-Fang Dai
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing-Qi Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Huangpu Branch of Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Huangpu Branch of Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yue-Ying Feng
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Huangpu Branch of Shanghai No. 9 People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical School, Shanghai, PR China
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Narbutas J, Van Egroo M, Chylinski D, Bahri MA, Koshmanova E, Talwar P, Besson G, Muto V, Schmidt C, Luxen A, Balteau E, Phillips C, Maquet P, Salmon E, Bastin C, Vandewalle G, Collette F. Associations Between Cognitive Complaints, Memory Performance, Mood, and Amyloid-β Accumulation in Healthy Amyloid Negative Late-Midlife Individuals. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:127-141. [PMID: 34275899 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive complaints are gaining more attention as they may represent an early marker of increased risk for AD in individuals without objective decline at standard neuropsychological examination. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to assess whether cognitive complaints in late middle-aged individuals not seeking medical help are related to objective cognitive outcomes known as early markers for AD risk, concomitant affective state, and amyloid-β (Aβ) burden. METHODS Eighty-seven community-based cognitively normal individuals aged 50-69 years underwent neuropsychological assessment for global cognition, using Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite 5 (PACC5) score, and a more specific episodic memory measure. Affective state was based on self-assessment questionnaires for depression and anxiety. Aβ PET burden was assessed via [18F]Flutemetamol (N = 84) and [18F]Florbetapir (N = 3) uptake. Cognitive complaints were evaluated using Cognitive Difficulties Scale. RESULTS Higher cognitive complaints were significantly associated with lower episodic memory performance and worse affective state. Moreover, higher level of cognitive complaints was related to higher (but still sub-clinical) global Aβ accumulation (at uncorrected significance level). Importantly, all three aspects remained significant when taken together in the same statistical model, indicating that they explained distinct parts of variance. CONCLUSION In healthy Aβ negative late middle-aged individuals, a higher degree of cognitive complaints is associated with lower episodic memory efficiency, more anxiety and depression, as well as, potentially, with higher Aβ burden, suggesting that complaints might signal subtle decline. Future studies should untangle how cognitive complaints in healthy aging populations are related to longitudinal changes in objective cognition and AD biomarker correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinas Narbutas
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Van Egroo
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Daphne Chylinski
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Koshmanova
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Puneet Talwar
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Besson
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Balteau
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Phillips
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Maquet
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christine Bastin
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Collette
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Centre/In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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