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Smith HM, Moodie JE, Monterrubio-Gómez K, Gadd DA, Hillary RF, Chybowska AD, McCartney DL, Campbell A, Redmond P, Page D, Taylor A, Corley J, Harris SE, Valdés Hernández M, Muñoz Maniega S, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ, Boardman JP, Mullin DS, Russ TC, Cox SR, Marioni RE. Epigenetic scores of blood-based proteins as biomarkers of general cognitive function and brain health. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:46. [PMID: 38528588 PMCID: PMC10962132 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic Scores (EpiScores) for blood protein levels have been associated with disease outcomes and measures of brain health, highlighting their potential usefulness as clinical biomarkers. They are typically derived via penalised regression, whereby a linear weighted sum of DNA methylation (DNAm) levels at CpG sites are predictive of protein levels. Here, we examine 84 previously published protein EpiScores as possible biomarkers of cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of general cognitive function and brain health, and incident dementia across three independent cohorts. RESULTS Using 84 protein EpiScores as candidate biomarkers, associations with general cognitive function (both cross-sectionally and longitudinally) were tested in three independent cohorts: Generation Scotland (GS), and the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1921 and 1936 (LBC1921 and LBC1936, respectively). A meta-analysis of general cognitive functioning results in all three cohorts identified 18 EpiScore associations (absolute meta-analytic standardised estimates ranged from 0.03 to 0.14, median of 0.04, PFDR < 0.05). Several associations were also observed between EpiScores and global brain volumetric measures in the LBC1936. An EpiScore for the S100A9 protein (a known Alzheimer disease biomarker) was associated with general cognitive functioning (meta-analytic standardised beta: - 0.06, P = 1.3 × 10-9), and with time-to-dementia in GS (Hazard ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.44, P = 0.003), but not in LBC1936 (Hazard ratio 1.11, P = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS EpiScores might make a contribution to the risk profile of poor general cognitive function and global brain health, and risk of dementia, however these scores require replication in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Smith
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna E Moodie
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla Monterrubio-Gómez
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danni A Gadd
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aleksandra D Chybowska
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel L McCartney
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Redmond
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danielle Page
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele Taylor
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Muñoz Maniega
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donncha S Mullin
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C Russ
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, and Edinburgh Centre in the UK Dementia Research Institute, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Mullin DS, Gadd D, Russ TC, Luciano M, Muniz-Terrera G. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome trajectories and incident dementia over 10 years. Cereb Circ Cogn Behav 2023; 5:100178. [PMID: 38162293 PMCID: PMC10757175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Background Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome is a high-risk state for adverse health outcomes in older adults characterised by measured slow gait speed and self-reported cognitive complaints. The recent addition to the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 of robust dementia outcomes enabled us to assess the prognostic value of MCR for dementia and explore the various trajectories of participants diagnosed with MCR. Methods We classified 680 community-dwelling participants free from dementia into non-MCR or MCR groups at mean [SD] age 76.3 [0.8] years. We used Cox and competing risk regression methods, adjusted for potential confounders, to evaluate the risk of developing all-cause incident dementia over 10 years of follow-up. Secondarily, we followed the trajectories for individuals with and without MCR at baseline and categorised them into subgroups based on whether MCR was still present at the next research wave, three years later. Results The presence of MCR increased the risk of incident dementia (adjusted HR 2.34, 95%CI 1.14-4.78, p = 0.020), as did fewer years of education and higher depression symptoms. However, MCR has a heterogenous progression trajectory. The MCR progression subgroups each have different prognostic values for incident dementia. Conclusion MCR showed similar prognostic ability for dementia in a Scottish cohort as for other populations. MCR could identify a target group for early interventions of modifiable risk factors to prevent incident dementia. This study illustrates the heterogeneous nature of MCR progression. Exploring the underlying reasons will be important work in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S. Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Danni Gadd
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
- Optima Partners, Edinburgh EH2 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Department of Psychology, Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ohio University Osteopathic College of Medicine, Ohio University, USA
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Mullin DS, Stirland LE, Buchanan E, Convery CA, Cox SR, Deary IJ, Giuntoli C, Greer H, Page D, Robertson E, Shenkin SD, Szalek A, Taylor A, Weatherdon G, Wilkinson T, Russ TC. Identifying dementia using medical data linkage in a longitudinal cohort study: Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:303. [PMID: 37127606 PMCID: PMC10152609 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) is a longitudinal study of ageing with well-characterised assessments, but until now, it has relied on self-report or proxies for dementia such as cognitive tests. Our aims were twofold: a) to describe a framework for identifying dementia in a cohort study. b) to report the age-specific incidence and prevalence of all-cause dementia and dementia subtypes in 865 individuals in the LBC1936. METHODS Electronic Health Records (EHR) of all participants were reviewed, and relevant information was extracted to form case vignettes for everyone with any record of cognitive dysfunction. The EHR data sources include hospital and clinic letters, general practitioner and hospital referrals, prescribed medications, imaging and laboratory results. Death certificate data were obtained separately. Clinician assessments were performed when there was concern about a participant's cognition. A diagnosis of probable dementia, possible dementia, or no dementia was agreed upon by a consensus diagnostic review board, comprised of a multidisciplinary team of clinical dementia experts who reviewed case vignettes and clinician assessment letters. For those with probable dementia, a subtype was also determined, where possible. We compared the agreement between our newly ascertained dementia diagnoses with the existing self-reported dementia diagnoses. RESULTS Self-reported dementia diagnoses were positive in only 17.8% of ascertained dementia diagnoses. The EHR review identified 163/865 (18.8%) individuals as having cognitive dysfunction. At the consensus diagnostic review board, 118/163 were diagnosed with probable all-cause dementia, a prevalence of 13.6%. Age-specific dementia prevalence increased with age from 0.8% (65-74.9 years) to 9.93% (85-89.9 years). Prevalence rates for women were higher in nearly all age groups. The most common subtype was dementia due to Alzheimer disease (49.2%), followed by mixed Alzheimer and cerebrovascular disease (17.0%), dementia of unknown or unspecified cause (16.1%), and dementia due to vascular disease (8.5%). CONCLUSIONS We present a robust systematic framework and guide for other cohort teams wanting to ascertain dementia diagnoses. The newly ascertained dementia diagnosis provides vital data for further analyses of LBC1936 to allow exploration of lifecourse predictors of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK.
| | - Lucy E Stirland
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, UK
| | - Emily Buchanan
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine-Anne Convery
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cinzia Giuntoli
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Holly Greer
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Danielle Page
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Elizabeth Robertson
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Anna Szalek
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adele Taylor
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Georgina Weatherdon
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tim Wilkinson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mullin DS, Stirland LE, Russ TC, Luciano M, Muniz-Terrera G. Socioeconomic status as a risk factor for motoric cognitive risk syndrome in a community-dwelling population: A longitudinal observational study. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:1191-1199. [PMID: 36755198 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motoric cognitive risk (MCR) is a syndrome characterised by measured slow gait speed and self-reported cognitive complaints. MCR is a high-risk state for adverse health outcomes in older adults, particularly cognitive impairment and dementia. Previous studies have identified risk factors for MCR, but the effect of socioeconomic status has, to date, been insufficiently examined. This study explored the association between MCR and socioeconomic status, as determined by occupational social class and years of education. METHODS Some 692 community-based adults of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936), aged 70 years at baseline, were followed up after 6 years and classified into non-MCR and MCR groups. We applied logistic regression analyses adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and health covariates to investigate the association between MCR and years of education and occupational social class, categorised into manual versus non-manual occupations. RESULTS MCR prevalence at age 76 years was 5.6% (95% CI 4.0-7.6). After multivariate adjustment, participants of lower socioeconomic status (manual occupation) had a greater than three-fold increased likelihood of MCR (adjusted odds ratio 3.55, 95% CI 1.46-8.74; p = 0.005) compared with those of higher socioeconomic status (non-manual occupation). CONCLUSIONS Working in a manual job earlier in life triples the risk of MCR later in life, regardless of education. Unravelling this association will likely reveal important pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MCR and may unearth modifiable risk factors which could be targeted to reduce the incidence of MCR and, ultimately, dementia. Policy and healthcare practice addressing dementia risks such as MCR in their social context and early in the lifecourse could be effective strategies for reducing health inequalities in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucy E Stirland
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Social Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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5
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Mullin DS, Cockburn A, Welstead M, Luciano M, Russ TC, Muniz-Terrera G. Mechanisms of motoric cognitive risk-Hypotheses based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies of older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:2413-2427. [PMID: 35142038 PMCID: PMC10078717 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to refine the hypothesis that motoric cognitive risk (MCR), a syndrome combining measured slow gait speed and self-reported cognitive complaints, is prognostic of incident dementia and other major causes of morbidity in older age. We propose mechanisms on the relationship between motor and cognitive function and describe a roadmap to validate these hypotheses. We systematically searched major electronic databases from inception to August 2021 for original longitudinal cohort studies of adults aged ≥60 years that compared an MCR group to a non-MCR group with any health outcome. Fifteen cohorts were combined by meta-analysis. Participants with MCR were at an increased risk of cognitive impairment (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.76, 95% CI 1.49-2.08; I2 = 24.9%), dementia (aHR 2.12, 1.85-2.42; 33.1%), falls (adjusted Relative Risk 1.38, 1.15-1.66; 62.1%), and mortality (aHR 1.49, 1.16-1.91; 79.2%). The prognostic value of MCR is considerable and mechanisms underlying the syndrome are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Miles Welstead
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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6
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Mullin DS, Stirland LE, Welstead M, Russ TC, Luciano M, Muniz‐Terrera G. Prevalence and predictors of Motoric Cognitive Risk syndrome in a community-dwelling older Scottish population: A longitudinal observational study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 37:10.1002/gps.5824. [PMID: 36200618 PMCID: PMC9828770 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) is a gait-based predementia syndrome that is easy to measure and prognostic of dementia and falls. We aimed to examine the prevalence and risk factors for MCR, and assess its overlap with Mild Cognitive Impairment, Prefrailty, and Frailty, in a cohort of older Scottish adults without dementia. METHODS In this longitudinal prospective study, we classified 690 participants (mean [SD] age 76.3 [0.8] years; wave 3) of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936) into non-MCR or MCR groups. We examined their baseline (age 69.5 [0.8] years; wave 1) risk factors for MCR at waves 3, 4, and 5 (6, 9, and 12 years later respectively). RESULTS MCR prevalence rate ranged from 5.3% to 5.7% across the three waves. The presence of MCR was associated with older baseline age (6 and 9 years later), lower occupational socioeconomic status (6 years later), and worse scores in a range of tests of executive function (6, 9 and 12 years later). Approximately 46% of the MCR group also had Mild Cognitive Impairment, and almost everyone in the MCR group had either Prefrailty or Frailty. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MCR in this Scottish cohort is lower than the pooled global average, possibly reflecting the general good health of the LBC cohort. However, it is higher than the prevalence in two neighbouring countries' cohorts, which may reflect the younger average ages of those cohorts. Future LBC1936 research should assess the risk factors associated with MCR to validate previous findings and analyse novel predictive factors, particularly socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S. Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention GroupUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Division of PsychiatryCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- NHS LothianRoyal Edinburgh HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - Lucy E. Stirland
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention GroupUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Division of PsychiatryCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- NHS LothianRoyal Edinburgh HospitalEdinburghUK
| | - Miles Welstead
- Lothian Birth CohortsDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research CentreUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention GroupUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Division of PsychiatryCentre for Clinical Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- NHS LothianRoyal Edinburgh HospitalEdinburghUK
- Lothian Birth CohortsDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Lothian Birth CohortsDepartment of PsychologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Graciela Muniz‐Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention GroupUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Department of Social MedicineOhio UniversityAthensOhioUSA
- BrainLatUniversidad Adolfo IbanezPenalolenChile
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Jenkins ND, Hoogendijk EO, Armstrong JJ, Lewis NA, Ranson JM, Rijnhart JJM, Ahmed T, Ghachem A, Mullin DS, Ntanasi E, Welstead M, Auais M, Bennett DA, Bandinelli S, Cesari M, Ferrucci L, French SD, Huisman M, Llewellyn DJ, Scarmeas N, Piccinin AM, Hofer SM, Muniz-Terrera G. Trajectories of Frailty With Aging: Coordinated Analysis of Five Longitudinal Studies. Innov Aging 2022; 6:igab059. [PMID: 35233470 PMCID: PMC8882228 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is an urgent need to better understand frailty and its predisposing factors. Although numerous cross-sectional studies have identified various risk and protective factors of frailty, there is a limited understanding of longitudinal frailty progression. Furthermore, discrepancies in the methodologies of these studies hamper comparability of results. Here, we use a coordinated analytical approach in 5 independent cohorts to evaluate longitudinal trajectories of frailty and the effect of 3 previously identified critical risk factors: sex, age, and education. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We derived a frailty index (FI) for 5 cohorts based on the accumulation of deficits approach. Four linear and quadratic growth curve models were fit in each cohort independently. Models were adjusted for sex/gender, age, years of education, and a sex/gender-by-age interaction term. RESULTS Models describing linear progression of frailty best fit the data. Annual increases in FI ranged from 0.002 in the Invecchiare in Chianti cohort to 0.009 in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Women had consistently higher levels of frailty than men in all cohorts, ranging from an increase in the mean FI in women from 0.014 in the Health and Retirement Study cohort to 0.046 in the LASA cohort. However, the associations between sex/gender and rate of frailty progression were mixed. There was significant heterogeneity in within-person trajectories of frailty about the mean curves. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings of linear longitudinal increases in frailty highlight important avenues for future research. Specifically, we encourage further research to identify potential effect modifiers or groups that would benefit from targeted or personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie D Jenkins
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emiel O Hoogendijk
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC–Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua J Armstrong
- Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lewis
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janice M Ranson
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Judith J M Rijnhart
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC–Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamer Ahmed
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Ghachem
- Research Centre on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Donncha S Mullin
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eva Ntanasi
- Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Miles Welstead
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Lothian Birth Cohorts, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohammad Auais
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Matteo Cesari
- IRCCS Istututi Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simon D French
- Department of Chiropractic, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC–Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Llewellyn
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece,Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Andrea M Piccinin
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott M Hofer
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Address correspondence to: Graciela Muniz-Terrera, PhD, Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Outpatients Department, Level 2, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. E-mail:
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Mullin DS, Cockburn A, Welstead M, Luciano M, Russ TC, Muñiz‐Terrera G. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome: Its prognostic value for dementia and other adverse age‐related health outcomes—A systematic review. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donncha S. Mullin
- University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Alzheimer's Scotland Dementia Research Centre Edinburgh United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tom C. Russ
- University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- NHS Lothian Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
| | - Graciela Muñiz‐Terrera
- University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
- Centre for Dementia Prevention at the University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom
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Welstead M, Luciano M, Muniz-Terrera G, Saunders S, Mullin DS, Russ TC. Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment Stability, Progression, or Reversion in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:225-232. [PMID: 33523010 PMCID: PMC8075399 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) describes a borderland between healthy cognition and dementia. Progression to and reversion from MCI is relatively common but more research is required to understand the factors affecting this fluidity and improve clinical care interventions. OBJECTIVE We explore these transitions in MCI status and their predictive factors over a six-year period in a highly-phenotyped longitudinal study, the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. METHODS MCI status was derived in the LBC1936 at ages 76 (n = 567) and 82 years (n = 341) using NIA-AA diagnostic guidelines. Progressions and reversions between healthy cognition and MCI over the follow-up period were assessed. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the effect of various predictors on the likelihood of progressing, reverting, or maintaining cognitive status. RESULTS Of the 292 participants who completed both time points, 41 (14%) participants had MCI at T1 and 56 (19%) at T2. Over the follow-up period, 74%remained cognitively healthy, 12%transitioned to MCI, 7%reverted to healthy cognition, and 7%maintained their baseline MCI status. Findings indicated that membership of these transition groups was affected by age, cardiovascular disease, and number of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings that higher baseline depressive symptoms increase the likelihood of reverting from MCI to healthy cognition indicate that there may be an important role for the treatment of depression for those with MCI. However, further research is required to identify prevention strategies for those at high risk of MCI and inform effective interventions that increase the likelihood of reversion to, and maintenance of healthy cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Welstead
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michelle Luciano
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Stina Saunders
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Donncha S. Mullin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Stirland LE, González-Saavedra L, Mullin DS, Ritchie CW, Muniz-Terrera G, Russ TC. Measuring multimorbidity beyond counting diseases: systematic review of community and population studies and guide to index choice. BMJ 2020; 368:m160. [PMID: 32071114 PMCID: PMC7190061 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and summarise existing indices for measuring multimorbidity beyond disease counts, to establish which indices include mental health comorbidities or outcomes, and to develop recommendations based on applicability, performance, and usage. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Seven medical research databases (Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, and CINAHL Plus) from inception to October 2018 and bibliographies and citations of relevant papers. Searches were limited to English language publications. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR STUDY SELECTION Original articles describing a new multimorbidity index including more information than disease counts and not focusing on comorbidity associated with one specific disease. Studies were of adults based in the community or at population level. RESULTS Among 7128 search results, 5560 unique titles were identified. After screening against eligibility criteria the review finally included 35 papers. As index components, 25 indices used conditions (weighted or in combination with other parameters), five used diagnostic categories, four used drug use, and one used physiological measures. Predicted outcomes included mortality (18 indices), healthcare use or costs (13), hospital admission (13), and health related quality of life (7). 29 indices considered some aspect of mental health, with most including it as a comorbidity. 12 indices are recommended for use. CONCLUSIONS 35 multimorbidity indices are available, with differing components and outcomes. Researchers and clinicians should examine existing indices for suitability before creating new ones. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42017074211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy E Stirland
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Donncha S Mullin
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Craig W Ritchie
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graciela Muniz-Terrera
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C Russ
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- NHS Lothian, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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