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Valdez-Gaxiola CA, Rosales-Leycegui F, Gaxiola-Rubio A, Moreno-Ortiz JM, Figuera LE. Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Diseases 2024; 12:110. [PMID: 38920542 PMCID: PMC11202866 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), defined as Alzheimer's disease onset before 65 years of age, has been significantly less studied than the "classic" late-onset form (LOAD), although EOAD often presents with a more aggressive disease course, caused by variants in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes. EOAD has significant differences from LOAD, including encompassing diverse phenotypic manifestations, increased genetic predisposition, and variations in neuropathological burden and distribution. Phenotypically, EOAD can be manifested with non-amnestic variants, sparing the hippocampi with increased tau burden. The aim of this article is to review the different genetic bases, risk factors, pathological mechanisms, and diagnostic approaches between EOAD and LOAD and to suggest steps to further our understanding. The comprehension of the monogenic form of the disease can provide valuable insights that may serve as a roadmap for understanding the common form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Valdez-Gaxiola
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Frida Rosales-Leycegui
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Maestría en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Abigail Gaxiola-Rubio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Moreno-Ortiz
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Figuera
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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Alizadeh S, Khamse S, Tajeddin N, Khorram Khorshid HR, Delbari A, Ohadi M. A GCC repeat in RAB26 undergoes natural selection in human and harbors divergent genotypes in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2024; 893:147968. [PMID: 37931854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Although mainly located in genic regions and being mutation hotspots, intact blocks of CG-rich trinucleotide short tandem repeats (STRs) are largely overlooked with respect to their link with natural selection. The human RAB26 (member RAS oncogene family) directs synaptic and secretory vesicles into preautophagosomal structures, inhibition of which specifically disrupts axonal transport of degradative organelles and leads to an axonal dystrophy, resembling Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human RAB26 contains a GCC repeat in the top 1st percent in respect of length. Here we sequenced this STR in 441 Iranian individuals, consisting of late-onset neurocognitive disorder (NCD) (N = 216) and controls (N = 225). In both groups, the 12-repeat allele and the 12/12 genotype were predominantly abundant. We found excess of homozygosity for non-12 alleles in the NCD group (Mid-P exact = 0.027). Furthermore, divergent genotypes were detected that were specific to the NCD group (2.8% of genotypes) (Mid-P exact = 0.006) or controls (3.1% of genotypes) (Mid-P exact = 0.004). The patients harboring divergent genotypes received the diagnosis of AD. Based on the predominant abundance of the 12-repeat and 12/12 genotype in both groups, excess of non-12 homozygosity in the NCD group, and divergent genotypes across the NCD and control groups, we propose natural selection at this locus and link with late-onset AD. Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that a collection of rare genotypes unambiguously contribute to the pathogenesis of late-onset NCDs, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alizadeh
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Khamse
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Tajeddin
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H R Khorram Khorshid
- Personalized Medicine and Genometabolomics Research Center, Hope Generation Foundation, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Delbari
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Ohadi
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Johansson B, Oasa S, Muntsant Soria A, Tiiman A, Söderberg L, Amandius E, Möller C, Lannfelt L, Terenius L, Giménez-Llort L, Vukojević V. The interwoven fibril-like structure of amyloid-beta plaques in mouse brain tissue visualized using super-resolution STED microscopy. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 37542303 PMCID: PMC10403925 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard neuropathologic analysis of Alzheimer's brain relies on traditional fluorescence microscopy, which suffers from limited spatial resolution due to light diffraction. As a result, it fails to reveal intricate details of amyloid plaques. While electron microscopy (EM) offers higher resolution, its extensive sample preparation, involving fixation, dehydration, embedding, and sectioning, can introduce artifacts and distortions in the complex brain tissue. Moreover, EM lacks molecular specificity and has limited field of view and imaging depth. RESULTS In our study, we employed super-resolution Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy in conjunction with the anti-human APP recombinant antibody 1C3 fluorescently labelled with DyLightTM633 (1C3-DyLight633). This combination allowed us to visualize amyloidogenic aggregates in vitro and in brain sections from a 17-month-old 3×Tg-AD mouse with sub-diffraction limited spatial resolution. Remarkably, we achieved a spatial resolution of 29 nm in vitro and 62 nm in brain tissue sections, surpassing the capabilities of conventional confocal microscopy by 5-10 times. Consequently, we could discern individual fibrils within plaques, an achievement previously only possible with EM. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of STED microscopy represents a groundbreaking advancement in the field, enabling researchers to delve into the characterization of local mechanisms that underlie Amyloid (Aβ) deposition into plaques and their subsequent clearance. This unprecedented level of detail is especially crucial for comprehending the etiology of Alzheimer's disease and developing the next generation of anti-amyloid treatments. By facilitating the evaluation of drug candidates and non-pharmacological interventions aiming to reduce amyloid burden, STED microscopy emerges as an indispensable tool for driving scientific progress in Alzheimer's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Johansson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
- Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sho Oasa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aida Muntsant Soria
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann Tiiman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars Terenius
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lin T, van Husen LS, Yu Y, Tjernberg LO, Schedin-Weiss S. OUP accepted manuscript. Glycobiology 2022; 32:506-517. [PMID: 35275192 PMCID: PMC9132248 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lin
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, J9:20, Visionsgatan 4, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Lea S van Husen
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, J9:20, Visionsgatan 4, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Yang Yu
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, J9:20, Visionsgatan 4, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Lars O Tjernberg
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, J9:20, Visionsgatan 4, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden
| | - Sophia Schedin-Weiss
- Corresponding author: Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, BioClinicum, J9:20, Visionsgatan 4, Stockholm 171 64, Sweden.
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Radulović S, Sunkara S, Maurer C, Leitinger G. Digging Deeper: Advancements in Visualization of Inhibitory Synapses in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12470. [PMID: 34830352 PMCID: PMC8623765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has provided strong evidence that neurodegeneration may develop from an imbalance between synaptic structural components in the brain. Lately, inhibitory synapses communicating via the neurotransmitters GABA or glycine have come to the center of attention. Increasing evidence suggests that imbalance in the structural composition of inhibitory synapses affect deeply the ability of neurons to communicate effectively over synaptic connections. Progressive failure of synaptic plasticity and memory are thus hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. In order to prove that structural changes at synapses contribute to neurodegeneration, we need to visualize single-molecule interactions at synaptic sites in an exact spatial and time frame. This visualization has been restricted in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. New developments in electron microscopy and super-resolution microscopy have improved spatial and time resolution tremendously, opening up numerous possibilities. Here we critically review current and recently developed methods for high-resolution visualization of inhibitory synapses in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. We present advantages, strengths, weaknesses, and current limitations for selected methods in research, as well as present a future perspective. A range of new options has become available that will soon help understand the involvement of inhibitory synapses in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Radulović
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sowmya Sunkara
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Christa Maurer
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.R.); (S.S.)
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