1
|
Makizako H, Nakai Y, Akaida S, Taniguchi Y, Miwa T, Morimoto S. Association of Olfactory and Gustatory Function with Memory among Community-Dwelling Independent Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2024; 28:178-183. [PMID: 38475663 PMCID: PMC11217661 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.23.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the association between memory function and reduced olfactory and gustatory function among independent community-dwelling older adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 127 older adults (65.4% women). We assessed their memory, odor, and taste identification skills. Open essence (OE) test and taste strips (TS) were used to identify hyposmia (OE test ≤6) and hypogeusia (TS test ≤8), respectively. RESULTS Participants with severe hyposmia had significantly poorer memory functions compared to participants without severe hyposmia. After adjusting for covariates, multivariate logistic regression models revealed a significant association between immediate recognition performance and a decreased likelihood of severe hyposmia (odds ratio=0.65; 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.90). We observed no significant association between taste function and memory. CONCLUSION Memory function may be associated with olfactory impairment in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuma Makizako
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakai
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Daiichi Institute of Technology, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoma Akaida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Taniguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Nursing and Welfare, Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaki Miwa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Shigeto Morimoto
- Center for Comprehensive Care on Memory Disorders, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loughnane M, Tischler V, Khalid Saifeldeen R, Kontaris E. Aging and Olfactory Training: A Scoping Review. Innov Aging 2024; 8:igae044. [PMID: 38881614 PMCID: PMC11176978 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Decreased olfactory function commonly occurs alongside the aging process. Research suggests olfactory training (OT) has the potential to improve olfactory and cognitive function in individuals with and without olfactory dysfunction. The degree to which these benefits extend into older age and among those with cognitive impairment (i.e., people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment) is less clear. The purpose of the current review was to investigate the extent to which OT affects olfactory function, cognition, and well-being among older people. Research Design and Methods A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, EbscoHost, and SCOPUS. Articles were considered eligible for original research studies with human populations, included adults aged 55 and older, performed any type of OT, and included a form of olfactory testing. The data from the included studies were synthesized and presented narratively. Results A total of 23 studies were included. The results suggest that OT provides multiple benefits to older adults, including those with cognitive impairment. Particularly, OT was associated with measurable changes in olfactory function, improved cognitive function, specifically semantic verbal fluency and working memory, reduced depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline. Discussion and Implications The findings suggest that benefits from OT extend beyond changes in olfactory function and include improved cognitive function, amelioration of depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline. Future research is needed across specific participant groups, including those with differentiated types of dementia, to investigate the olfactory and cognitive benefits of OT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Kontaris
- Health and Well-Being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Xia X, Shi Y, Ying Y, Men H. Olfactory EEG induced by odor: Used for food identification and pleasure analysis. Food Chem 2024; 455:139816. [PMID: 38816280 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
As the need for food authenticity verification increases, sensory evaluation of food odors has become widely recognized. This study presents a theory based on electroencephalography (EEG) to create an Olfactory Perception Dimensional Space (EEG-OPDS), using feature engineering and ensemble learning to establish material and emotional spaces based on odor perception and pleasure. The study examines the intrinsic connection between these two spaces and explores the mechanisms of integration and differentiation in constructing the OPDS. This method effectively visualizes various types of food odors while identifying their perceptual intensity and pleasantness. The average classification accuracy for odor recognition in an eight-category experiment is 96.1%. Conversely, the average classification accuracy for sensory pleasantness recognition in a two-category experiment is 98.8%. The theoretical approach proposed in this study, based on olfactory EEG signals to construct an OPDS, captures the subtle perceptual differences and individualized pleasantness responses to food odors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; Bionic Sensing and Pattern Recognition Research Team, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Xiuxin Xia
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; Bionic Sensing and Pattern Recognition Research Team, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China; Bionic Sensing and Pattern Recognition Research Team, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Yuxiang Ying
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
| | - Hong Men
- School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY, Byun JY, Jacob A, Anderson JN, Visscher K, Triebel K, Martin KM, Li W, Puga F, Fazeli PL. Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:155-191. [PMID: 36725781 PMCID: PMC9891899 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory training (OT), or smell training,consists of repeated exposure to odorants over time with the intended neuroplastic effect of improving or remediating olfactory functioning. Declines in olfaction parallel declines in cognition in various pathological conditions and aging. Research suggests a dynamic neural connection exists between olfaction and cognition. Thus, if OT can improve olfaction, could OT also improve cognition and support brain function? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether there is evidence that OT translates to improved cognition or altered brain morphology and connectivity that supports cognition. Across three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, & Embase), 18 articles were identified in this systematic review. Overall, the reviewed studies provided emerging evidence that OT is associated with improved global cognition, and in particular, verbal fluency and verbal learning/memory. OT is also associated with increases in the volume/size of olfactory-related brain regions, including the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and altered functional connectivity. Interestingly, these positive effects were not limited to patients with smell loss (i.e., hyposmia & anosmia) but normosmic (i.e., normal ability to smell) participants benefitted as well. Implications for practice and research are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Sandson Frank
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham, & Division of Otolaryngology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jun Y Byun
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph N Anderson
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristen Triebel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karli M Martin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Puga
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woo CC, Miranda B, Sathishkumar M, Dehkordi-Vakil F, Yassa MA, Leon M. Overnight olfactory enrichment using an odorant diffuser improves memory and modifies the uncinate fasciculus in older adults. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200448. [PMID: 37554295 PMCID: PMC10405466 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive loss in older adults is a growing issue in our society, and there is a need to develop inexpensive, simple, effective in-home treatments. This study was conducted to explore the use of olfactory enrichment at night to improve cognitive ability in healthy older adults. METHODS Male and female older adults (N = 43), age 60-85, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to an Olfactory Enriched or Control group. Individuals in the enriched group were exposed to 7 different odorants a week, one per night, for 2 h, using an odorant diffuser. Individuals in the control group had the same experience with de minimis amounts of odorant. Neuropsychological assessments and fMRI scans were administered at the beginning of the study and after 6 months. RESULTS A statistically significant 226% improvement was observed in the enriched group compared to the control group on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and improved functioning was observed in the left uncinate fasciculus, as assessed by mean diffusivity. CONCLUSION Minimal olfactory enrichment administered at night produces improvements in both cognitive and neural functioning. Thus, olfactory enrichment may provide an effective and low-effort pathway to improved brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C. Woo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Blake Miranda
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mithra Sathishkumar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Michael A. Yassa
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Michael Leon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Invitto S, Boscolo-Rizzo P, Fantin F, Bonifati DM, de Filippis C, Emanuelli E, Frezza D, Giopato F, Caggiula M, Schito A, Ciccarese V, Spinato G. Exploratory Study on Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials in Long COVID-19 and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Common Pathway? Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030376. [PMID: 36978767 PMCID: PMC10045951 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
People affected by the Long COVID-19 (LC) syndrome often show clinical manifestations that are similar to those observed in patients with mild cognitive impairments (MCI), such as olfactory dysfunction (OD), brain fog, and cognitive and attentional diseases. This study aimed to investigate the chemosensory-evoked related potentials (CSERP) in LC and MCI to understand if there is a common pathway for the similarity of symptoms associated with these disorders. Eighteen LC patients (mean age 53; s.d. = 7), 12 patients diagnosed with MCI (mean age 67; s.d. = 6), and 10 healthy control subjects (mean age 66; s.d. = 5, 7) were recruited for this exploratory study. All of them performed a chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERP) task with the administration of trigeminal stimulations (e.g., the odorants cinnamaldehyde and eucalyptus). Study results highlighted that MCI and LC showed reduced N1 amplitude, particularly in the left frontoparietal network, involved in working memory and attentional deficits, and a reduction of P3 latency in LC. This study lays the foundations for evaluating aspects of LC as a process that could trigger long-term functional alterations, and CSERPs could be considered valid biomarkers for assessing the progress of OD and an indicator of other impairments (e.g., attentional and cognitive impairments), as they occur in MCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Invitto
- INSPIRE Lab, Laboratory on Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processing, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Audiology Unit at Treviso Hospital, University of Padova, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Domenico Marco Bonifati
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuro-Cardio-Vascular, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Cosimo de Filippis
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, University of Padova, Audiology and Phoniatrics Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Enzo Emanuelli
- Otolaringology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Local Health Unit N.2 "Marca Trevigiana", 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Daniele Frezza
- Otolaringology Unit, Ca' Foncello Hospital, Local Health Unit N.2 "Marca Trevigiana", 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | - Federico Giopato
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuro-Cardio-Vascular, Ca' Foncello Hospital, 31100 Treviso, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Schito
- INSPIRE Lab, Laboratory on Cognitive and Psychophysiological Olfactory Processing, DiSTeBA, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Istituto Santa Chiara, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Spinato
- Department of Neuroscience DNS, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Audronyte E, Pakulaite-Kazliene G, Sutnikiene V, Kaubrys G. Odor Discrimination as a Marker of Early Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:1169-1178. [PMID: 37355894 PMCID: PMC10473073 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, olfactory tests are rarely performed in clinical practice because their diagnostic efficacy in detecting early AD is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate odor discrimination in patients with early AD and the efficacy of olfactory discrimination tests in differentiating these patients from subjects with normal cognition (CN). METHODS Thirty patients each with mild dementia due to AD (MD-AD) and mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI-AD) and 30 older subjects with CN were enrolled. All participants underwent cognitive examinations (CDR, MMSE, ADAS-Cog 13, and verbal fluency) and odor discrimination tests (Sniffin' Sticks test, Burghart®, Germany). RESULTS The MD-AD group achieved significantly worse scores on the olfactory discrimination test than the MCI-AD group, and the MCI-AD group achieved significantly worse results than the CN group (p < 0.05). A cut-off score of≤10 had a diagnostic accuracy of 94.44% (95% CI, 87.51-98.17%) in differentiating patients with MCI-AD/MD-AD from subjects with CN and of 91.67% (95% CI, 81.61-97.24%) in differentiating those with MCI-AD from subjects with CN. Our multinomial logistic regression model with demographic data and ADAS-Cog 13 scores as predictor variables correctly classified 82.2% of the cases (CN, 93.3%; MC-AD, 70%; MD-AD, 83.3%); on adding the olfactory discrimination score to the model, the percentage increased to 92.2% (CN, 96.7%; MCI-AD, 86.7%; MD-AD, 93.3%). CONCLUSION Odor discrimination is impaired in cases of early AD and continues to deteriorate as the disease progresses. The olfactory discrimination test showed good diagnostic efficacy in detecting early AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egle Audronyte
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gyte Pakulaite-Kazliene
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Sutnikiene
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Kaubrys
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen A, Chen X, Deng J, Wei J, Qian H, Huang Y, Wu S, Gao F, Gong C, Liao Y, Zheng X. Dexmedetomidine alleviates olfactory cognitive dysfunction by promoting neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983920. [PMID: 36059991 PMCID: PMC9437207 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is the main cause of neurological dysfunction in neonates. Olfactory cognitive function is important for feeding, the ability to detect hazardous situations and social relationships. However, only a few studies have investigated olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonates with HIBD; furthermore, the specific mechanisms involved are yet to be elucidated. It has been reported that neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is linked to olfactory cognitive function. Recently, dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been shown to provide neuroprotection in neonates following HIBD. In the present study, we investigated whether DEX could improve olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats following HIBD and attempted to determine the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We induced HIBD in rats using the Rice–Vannucci model, and DEX (25 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered immediately after the induction of HIBD. Next, we used triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and the Zea-longa score to assess the success of modelling. The levels of BDNF, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were determined by western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect microglial activation and microglial M1/M2 polarization as well as to evaluate the extent of neurogenesis in the SVZ. To evaluate the olfactory cognitive function, the rats in each group were raised until post-natal days 28–35; then, we performed the buried food test and the olfactory memory test. Results: Analysis showed that HIBD induced significant brain infarction, neurological deficits, and olfactory cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we found that DEX treatment significantly improved olfactory cognitive dysfunction in rat pups with HIBD. DEX treatment also increased the number of newly formed neuroblasts (BrdU/DCX) and neurons (BrdU/NeuN) in the SVZ by increasing the expression of BDNF in rat pups with HIBD. Furthermore, analysis showed that the neurogenic effects of DEX were possibly related to the inhibition of inflammation and the promotion of M1 to M2 conversion in the microglia. Conclusion: Based on the present findings, DEX treatment could improve olfactory cognitive dysfunction in neonatal rats with HIBD by promoting neurogenesis in the SVZ and enhancing the expression of BDNF in the microglia. It was possible associated that DEX inhibited neuroinflammation and promoted M1 to M2 conversion in the microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianjie Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haitao Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cansheng Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanling Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Co-Constructed Laboratory of “Belt and Road”, Fujian Emergency Medical Center, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Zheng,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo W, Wang J, Chen M, Zhou S, Deng D, Liu F, Yu Y. Alterations of Cerebral Blood Flow and Its Connectivity in Olfactory-Related Brain Regions of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904468. [PMID: 35898415 PMCID: PMC9309479 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the alteration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its connectivity patterns in olfactory-related regions of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using arterial spin labeling (ASL). Sixty-nine patients with T2DM and 63 healthy controls (HCs) underwent ASL scanning using 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging. We compared the CBF values of the olfactory-related brain regions between the two groups and analyzed the correlation between their changes and clinical variables. We also used these regions as seeds to explore the differences in CBF connectivity patterns in olfactory-related brain regions between the T2DM patients and HCs. Compared with the HC group, the CBF of the right orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (OIFG), right insula, and bilateral olfactory cortex was decreased in the T2DM patients. Moreover, the duration of the patients was negatively correlated with the CBF changes in the right OIFG, right insula, and right olfactory cortex. The CBF changes in the right OIFG were positively correlated with the Self-Rating Depression Scale scores, those in the right insula were negatively correlated with the max blood glucose of continuous glucose, and those in the right olfactory cortex were negatively correlated with the mean blood glucose of continuous glucose. In addition, the T2DM patients also showed decreased CBF connectivity between the right OIFG and the left temporal pole of the middle temporal gyrus and increased CBF connectivity between the right medial orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus and the right orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus and between the right olfactory cortex and the bilateral caudate and the left putamen. Patients with T2DM have decreased CBF and altered CBF connectivity in multiple olfactory-related brain regions. These changes may help explain why olfactory dysfunction occurs in patients with T2DM, thus providing insights into the neuropathological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction and cognitive decline in T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Imaging, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, China
| | - Mimi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, China
| | - Shanlei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Datong Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fujun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Imaging, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Yu,
| |
Collapse
|