1
|
Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chi H, Tian G. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38877498 PMCID: PMC11177389 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious brain disorder characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The presence of chronic neuroinflammation, breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and increased levels of inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of AD. These factors promote the penetration of immune cells into the brain, potentially exacerbating clinical symptoms and neuronal death in AD patients. While microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in AD, recent evidence suggests the infiltration of cerebral vessels and parenchyma by peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in AD. These cells participate in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, which is expected to play a huge role in future immunotherapy. Given the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in AD, this article seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of their contributions to neuroinflammation in the disease. Understanding the role of these cells in the neuroinflammatory response is vital for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu L, Ju Y, Hu M, Zheng M, Li Q, Zhang X. Research progress of PPARγ regulation of cholesterol and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:839-854. [PMID: 36723831 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidase proliferator receptors (PPARs) are defined as key sensors and regulators of cell metabolism, transcription factors activated by ligands, involved in lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism, participating in the processes of cell differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation regulation, and acute and chronic nerve damage. Among them, PPARγ is expressed in different brain regions and can regulate lipid metabolism, mitochondrial disorders, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. It has anti-inflammatory activity and shows neuroprotection. The regulation of Aβ levels in Alzheimer's disease involves cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, so this article first analyzes the biological functions of PPARγ, then mainly focuses on the relationship between cholesterol and inflammation and Aβ, and elaborates on the regulation of PPARγ on key proteins and the corresponding molecules, which provides new ideas for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Yue Ju
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Miao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Qin Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma Z, Yang F, Fan J, Li X, Liu Y, Chen W, Sun H, Ma T, Wang Q, Maihaiti Y, Ren X. Identification and immune characteristics of molecular subtypes related to protein glycosylation in Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:968190. [PMID: 36408104 PMCID: PMC9667030 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.968190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein glycosylation has been confirmed to be involved in the pathological mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, there is still a lack of systematic analysis of the immune processes mediated by protein glycosylation-related genes (PGRGs) in AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transcriptomic data of AD patients were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and divided into training and verification datasets. The core PGRGs of the training set were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and protein glycosylation-related subtypes in AD were identified based on k-means unsupervised clustering. Protein glycosylation scores and neuroinflammatory levels of different subtypes were compared, and functional enrichment analysis and drug prediction were performed based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the subtypes. A random forest model was used to select important DEGs as diagnostic markers between subtypes, and a line chart model was constructed and verified in other datasets. We evaluated the differences in immune cell infiltration between the subtypes through the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, analyzed the correlation between core diagnostic markers and immune cells, and explored the expression regulation network of the core diagnostic markers. RESULTS Eight core PGRGs were differentially expressed between the training set and control samples. AD was divided into two subtypes with significantly different biological processes, such as vesicle-mediated transport in synapses and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. The high protein glycosylation subtype had a higher level of neuroinflammation. Riluzole and sulfasalazine were found to have potential clinical value in this subtype. A reliable construction line chart model was constructed based on nine diagnostic markers, and SERPINA3 was identified as the core diagnostic marker. There were significant differences in immune cell infiltration between the two subtypes. SERPINA3 was found to be closely related to immune cells, and the expression of SERPINA3 in AD was found to be regulated by a competing endogenous RNA network that involves eight long non-coding RNAs and seven microRNAs. CONCLUSION Protein glycosylation and its corresponding immune process play an important role in the occurrence and development of AD. Understanding the role of PGRGs in AD may provide a new potential therapeutic target for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotian Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,National Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Honghao Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiongying Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yueriguli Maihaiti
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,Institute of Ethnic Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoqiao Ren,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gherardelli C, Cisternas P, Inestrosa NC. Lithium Enhances Hippocampal Glucose Metabolism in an In Vitro Mice Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158733. [PMID: 35955868 PMCID: PMC9368914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired cerebral glucose metabolism is an early event that contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Importantly, restoring glucose availability by pharmacological agents or genetic manipulation has been shown to protect against Aβ toxicity, ameliorate AD pathology, and increase lifespan. Lithium, a therapeutic agent widely used as a treatment for mood disorders, has been shown to attenuate AD pathology and promote glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, despite its widespread use in neuropsychiatric disorders, lithium's effects on the brain have been poorly characterized. Here we evaluated the effect of lithium on glucose metabolism in hippocampal neurons from wild-type (WT) and APPSwe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice. Our results showed that lithium significantly stimulates glucose uptake and replenishes ATP levels by preferential oxidation of glucose through glycolysis in neurons from WT mice. This increase was also accompanied by a strong increase in glucose transporter 3 (Glut3), the major carrier responsible for glucose uptake in neurons. Similarly, using hippocampal slices from APP-PS1 mice, we demonstrate that lithium increases glucose uptake, glycolytic rate, and the ATP:ADP ratio in a process that also involves the activation of AMPK. Together, our findings indicate that lithium stimulates glucose metabolism and can act as a potential therapeutic agent in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Gherardelli
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Pedro Cisternas
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-966078961
| |
Collapse
|