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Zhang Q, Yang G, Luo Y, Jiang L, Chi H, Tian G. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: insights from peripheral immune cells. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38877498 PMCID: PMC11177389 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a serious brain disorder characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid plaques, tau pathology, inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The presence of chronic neuroinflammation, breaches in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and increased levels of inflammatory mediators are central to the pathogenesis of AD. These factors promote the penetration of immune cells into the brain, potentially exacerbating clinical symptoms and neuronal death in AD patients. While microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a crucial role in AD, recent evidence suggests the infiltration of cerebral vessels and parenchyma by peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, NK cells, and monocytes in AD. These cells participate in the regulation of immunity and inflammation, which is expected to play a huge role in future immunotherapy. Given the crucial role of peripheral immune cells in AD, this article seeks to offer a comprehensive overview of their contributions to neuroinflammation in the disease. Understanding the role of these cells in the neuroinflammatory response is vital for developing new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Engineering Technology Research Center of Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases, Molecular Diagnosis of Clinical Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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Li C, Stebbins RC, Noppert GA, Carney CX, Liu C, Sapp ARM, Watson EJ, Aiello AE. Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1895-1905. [PMID: 38102484 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of literature examines the relationship between peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) in human populations. Our living systematic review summarizes the characteristics and findings of these studies, appraises their quality, and formulates recommendations for future research. METHODS We searched the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and reviewed references of previous reviews and meta-analyses to identify human studies examining the relationship between any peripheral immune biomarkers and AD up to September 7th, 2023. We examined patterns of reported statistical associations (positive, negative, and null) between each biomarker and AD across studies. Evidence for each biomarker was categorized into four groups based on the proportion of studies reporting different associations: corroborating a positive association with AD, a negative association, a null association, and presenting contradictory findings. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was employed to assess the quality of the included studies. FINDINGS In total, 286 studies were included in this review. The majority were cross-sectional (n = 245, 85.7%) and hospital-based (n = 248, 86.7%), examining relationships between 187 different peripheral immune biomarkers and AD. Cytokines were the most frequently studied group of peripheral immune biomarkers. Evidence supported a positive association with AD for six biomarkers, including IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, ACT, IL-18, and IL-12, and a negative association for two biomarkers, including lymphocytes and IL-6R. Only a small proportion of included studies (n = 22, 7.7%) were deemed to be of high quality based on quality assessment. INTERPRETATION Existing research on peripheral immune function and AD exhibits substantial methodological variations and limitations, with a notable lack of longitudinal, population-based studies investigating a broad range of biomarkers with prospective AD outcomes. The extent and manner in which peripheral immune function can contribute to AD pathophysiology remain open questions. Given the biomarkers that we identified to be associated with AD, we posit that targeting peripheral immune dysregulation may present a promising intervention point to reduce the burden of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihua Li
- Social Environment and Health Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Rebecca C Stebbins
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Grace A Noppert
- Social Environment and Health Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Constanza X Carney
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ashley R M Sapp
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elijah J Watson
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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Di D, Zhou H, Cui Z, Zhang J, Liu Q, Yuan T, Zhou T, Luo X, Ling D, Wang Q. Frailty phenotype as mediator between systemic inflammation and osteoporosis and fracture risks: A prospective study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:897-906. [PMID: 38468152 PMCID: PMC11154788 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation and frailty have been implicated in osteoporosis (OP) and fracture risks; however, existing evidence remains limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to assess the associations of systemic inflammation and frailty phenotype with incident OP and fracture and to evaluate the mediating role of frailty phenotype. METHODS The present study analysed data from the UK Biobank, a comprehensive and representative dataset encompassing over 500 000 individuals from the general population. Baseline peripheral blood cell counts were employed to calculate the systemic inflammation markers, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). Frailty phenotype was assessed using five criteria, defined as frail (≥3 items met), pre-frail (1-2 items met) and non-frail (0 items met). OP and fracture events were confirmed through participants' health-related records. Multivariable linear and Cox regression models were utilized, along with mediation analysis. RESULTS Increased systemic inflammation was associated with increased risks of OP and fracture. The corresponding hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for OP risk per standard deviation increase in the log-transformed NLR, PLR and SII were 1.113 (1.093-1.132), 1.098 (1.079-1.118) and 1.092 (1.073-1.111), and for fracture risk, they were 1.066 (1.051-1.082), 1.059 (1.044-1.075) and 1.073 (1.058-1.089), respectively. Compared with the non-frail individuals, the pre-frail and frail ones showed an elevated OP risk by 21.2% (95% CI: 16.5-26.2%) and 111.0% (95% CI: 98.1-124.8%), respectively, and an elevated fracture risk by 6.1% (95% CI: 2.8-9.5%) and 38.2% (95% CI: 30.7-46.2%), respectively. The systemic inflammation level demonstrated a positive association with frailty, with β (95% CI) of 0.034 (0.031-0.037), 0.026 (0.023-0.029) and 0.008 (0.005-0.011) in response to per standard deviation increment in log-transformed SII, NLR and PLR, respectively. The frailty phenotype mediated the association between systemic inflammation and OP/fracture risk. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. CONCLUSIONS Systemic inflammation and frailty phenotype are independently linked to increased risks of OP and fracture. The frailty phenotype partially mediates the association between systemic inflammation and osteoporotic traits. These results highlight the significance of interventions targeting systemic inflammation and frailty in OP and fracture prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Di
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haolong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangbo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danyang Ling
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Environmental Protection, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Jacobs T, Jacobson SR, Fortea J, Berger JS, Vedvyas A, Marsh K, He T, Gutierrez-Jimenez E, Fillmore NR, Gonzalez M, Figueredo L, Gaggi NL, Plaska CR, Pomara N, Blessing E, Betensky R, Rusinek H, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Glodzik L, Wisniweski TM, de Leon MJ, Osorio RS, Ramos-Cejudo J. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio associates with markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in cognitively unimpaired elderly people. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38760856 PMCID: PMC11100119 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in blood has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, an elevated NLR has also been implicated in many other conditions that are risk factors for AD, prompting investigation into whether the NLR is directly linked with AD pathology or a result of underlying comorbidities. Herein, we explored the relationship between the NLR and AD biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects. Adjusting for sociodemographics, APOE4, and common comorbidities, we investigated these associations in two cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the M.J. de Leon CSF repository at NYU. Specifically, we examined associations between the NLR and cross-sectional measures of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau), as well as the trajectories of these CSF measures obtained longitudinally. RESULTS A total of 111 ADNI and 190 NYU participants classified as CU with available NLR, CSF, and covariate data were included. Compared to NYU, ADNI participants were older (73.79 vs. 61.53, p < 0.001), had a higher proportion of males (49.5% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.042), higher BMIs (27.94 vs. 25.79, p < 0.001), higher prevalence of hypertensive history (47.7% vs. 16.3%, p < 0.001), and a greater percentage of Aβ-positivity (34.2% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.009). In the ADNI cohort, we found cross-sectional associations between the NLR and CSF Aβ42 (β = -12.193, p = 0.021), but not t-tau or p-tau. In the NYU cohort, we found cross-sectional associations between the NLR and CSF t-tau (β = 26.812, p = 0.019) and p-tau (β = 3.441, p = 0.015), but not Aβ42. In the NYU cohort alone, subjects classified as Aβ + (n = 38) displayed a stronger association between the NLR and t-tau (β = 100.476, p = 0.037) compared to Aβ- subjects or the non-stratified cohort. In both cohorts, the same associations observed in the cross-sectional analyses were observed after incorporating longitudinal CSF data. CONCLUSIONS We report associations between the NLR and Aβ42 in the older ADNI cohort, and between the NLR and t-tau and p-tau in the younger NYU cohort. Associations persisted after adjusting for comorbidities, suggesting a direct link between the NLR and AD. However, changes in associations between the NLR and specific AD biomarkers may occur as part of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovia Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sean R Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- VA Boston Cooperative Studies Program, MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Fortea
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu y Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey S Berger
- Divisions of Cardiology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alok Vedvyas
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karyn Marsh
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianshe He
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Nathanael R Fillmore
- VA Boston Cooperative Studies Program, MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Moses Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Luisa Figueredo
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Naomi L Gaggi
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Chelsea Reichert Plaska
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Esther Blessing
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca Betensky
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry Rusinek
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Radiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Inst. of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and Department of Neurology, Institute On Aging and Brain Disorders, University of Science and Technology of China and First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas M Wisniweski
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Neurology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Retired director of Center for Brain Health, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo S Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA.
| | - Jaime Ramos-Cejudo
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, Division of Brain Aging, 145 East 32Nd Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- VA Boston Cooperative Studies Program, MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Jacobs T, Jacobson SR, Fortea J, Berger JS, Vedvyas A, Marsh K, He T, Gutierrez-Jimenez E, Fillmore NR, Bubu OM, Gonzalez M, Figueredo L, Gaggi NL, Plaska CR, Pomara N, Blessing E, Betensky R, Rusinek H, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Glodzik L, Wisniewski TM, Leon MJ, Osorio RS, Ramos-Cejudo J. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio associates with markers of Alzheimer's disease pathology in cognitively unimpaired elderly people. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4076789. [PMID: 38559231 PMCID: PMC10980096 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4076789/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background An elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in blood has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, an elevated NLR has also been implicated in many other conditions that are risk factors for AD, prompting investigation into whether the NLR is directly linked with AD pathology or a result of underlying comorbidities. Herein, we explored the relationship between the NLR and AD biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects. Adjusting for sociodemographics, APOE4, and common comorbidities, we investigated these associations in two cohorts: the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the M.J. de Leon CSF repository at NYU. Specifically, we examined associations between the NLR and cross-sectional measures of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau181 (p-tau), as well as the trajectories of these CSF measures obtained longitudinally. Results A total of 111 ADNI and 190 NYU participants classified as CU with available NLR, CSF, and covariate data were included. Compared to NYU, ADNI participants were older (73.79 vs. 61.53, p < 0.001), had a higher proportion of males (49.5% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.042), higher BMIs (27.94 vs. 25.79, p < 0.001), higher prevalence of hypertensive history (47.7% vs. 16.3%, p < 0.001), and a greater percentage of Aβ-positivity (34.2% vs. 20.0%, p = 0.009). In the ADNI cohort, we found cross-sectional associations between the NLR and CSF Aβ42 (β=-12.193, p = 0.021), but not t-tau or p-tau. In the NYU cohort, we found cross-sectional associations between the NLR and CSF t-tau (β = 26.812, p = 0.019) and p-tau (β = 3.441, p = 0.015), but not Aβ42. In the NYU cohort alone, subjects classified as Aβ+ (n = 38) displayed a stronger association between the NLR and t-tau (β = 100.476, p = 0.037) compared to Aβ- subjects or the non-stratified cohort. In both cohorts, the same associations observed in the cross-sectional analyses were observed after incorporating longitudinal CSF data. Conclusions We report associations between the NLR and Aβ42 in the older ADNI cohort, and between the NLR and t-tau and p-tau181 in the younger NYU cohort. Associations persisted after adjusting for comorbidities, suggesting a direct link between the NLR and AD. However, changes in associations between the NLR and specific AD biomarkers may occur as part of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovia Jacobs
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | - Juan Fortea
- Hospital de la Santa Creu y Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | | | - Alok Vedvyas
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Karyn Marsh
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Tianshe He
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Naomi L Gaggi
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | - Nunzio Pomara
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Henry Rusinek
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Mony J Leon
- New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine
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