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Hashim KNB, Matsuba Y, Takahashi M, Kamano N, Tooyama I, Saido TC, Hashimoto S. Neuronal glutathione depletion elevates the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease mice. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38789405 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves reduced glutathione levels, causing oxidative stress and contributing to neuronal cell death. Our prior research identified diminished glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) as linked to cell death. However, the effect of GCLC on AD features such as amyloid and tau pathology remained unclear. To address this, we investigated amyloid pathology and tau pathology in mice by combining neuron-specific conditional GCLC knockout mice with amyloid precursor protein (App) knockin (KI) or microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) KI mice. Intriguingly, GCLC knockout resulted in an increased Aβ42/40 ratio. Additionally, GCLC deficiency in MAPT KI mice accelerated the oligomerization of tau through intermolecular disulfide bonds. These findings suggest that the decline in glutathione levels, due to aging or AD pathology, may contribute to the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairun Nisa Binti Hashim
- Pioneering Research Division, Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Pioneering Research Division, Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Naoko Kamano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
| | - Shoko Hashimoto
- Pioneering Research Division, Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Japan
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Mandal PK. Pro-Oxidants and Antioxidants Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:S1-S4. [PMID: 38461511 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Roy R, Mandal PK, Maroon JC. Oxidative Stress Occurs Prior to Amyloid Aβ Plaque Formation and Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease: Role of Glutathione and Metal Ions. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2944-2954. [PMID: 37561556 PMCID: PMC10485904 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Although the pathogenesis remains obscure, there are two dominant causal hypotheses. Since last three decades, amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition was the most prominent hypothesis, and the other is the tau hyperphosphorylation hypothesis. The confirmed diagnostic criterion for AD is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau and the deposition of toxic oligomeric Aβ in the autopsied brain. Consistent with these hypotheses, oxidative stress (OS) is garnering major attention in AD research. OS results from an imbalance of pro-oxidants and antioxidants. There is a considerable debate in the scientific community on which process occurs first, OS or plaque deposition/tau hyperphosphorylation. Based on recent scientific observations of various laboratories including ours along with critical analysis of those information, we believe that OS is the early event that leads to oligomeric Aβ deposition as well as dimerization of tau protein and its subsequent hyperphosphorylation. This OS hypothesis immediately suggests the consideration of novel therapeutic approaches to include antioxidants involving glutathione enrichment in the brain by supplementation with or without an iron chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimil
Guha Roy
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122052, India
| | - Pravat K Mandal
- Neuroimaging
and Neurospectroscopy (NINS) Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon 122052, India
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne School of Medicine Campus, Melbourne, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph C. Maroon
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh
Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Paul BD, Pieper AA. Protective Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide in Alzheimer's Disease and Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051095. [PMID: 37237961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S) critically modulates a plethora of physiological processes across evolutionary boundaries. These include responses to stress and other neuromodulatory effects that are typically dysregulated in aging, disease, and injury. H2S has a particularly prominent role in modulating neuronal health and survival under both normal and pathologic conditions. Although toxic and even fatal at very high concentrations, emerging evidence has also revealed a pronounced neuroprotective role for lower doses of endogenously generated or exogenously administered H2S. Unlike traditional neurotransmitters, H2S is a gas and, therefore, is unable to be stored in vesicles for targeted delivery. Instead, it exerts its physiologic effects through the persulfidation/sulfhydration of target proteins on reactive cysteine residues. Here, we review the latest discoveries on the neuroprotective roles of H2S in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and traumatic brain injury, which is one the greatest risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu D Paul
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Brain Health Medicines Center, Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Geriatric Psychiatry, GRECC, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Translational Therapeutics Core, Cleveland Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Martínez RAS, Pinky PD, Harlan BA, Brewer GJ. GTP energy dependence of endocytosis and autophagy in the aging brain and Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2023; 45:757-780. [PMID: 36622562 PMCID: PMC9886713 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased interest in the aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related impairments in autophagy in the brain raise important questions about regulation and treatment. Since many steps in endocytosis and autophagy depend on GTPases, new measures of cellular GTP levels are needed to evaluate energy regulation in aging and AD. The recent development of ratiometric GTP sensors (GEVALS) and findings that GTP levels are not homogenous inside cells raise new issues of regulation of GTPases by the local availability of GTP. In this review, we highlight the metabolism of GTP in relation to the Rab GTPases involved in formation of early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomal transport to execute the autophagic degradation of damaged cargo. Specific GTPases control macroautophagy (mitophagy), microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). By inference, local GTP levels would control autophagy, if not in excess. Additional levels of control are imposed by the redox state of the cell, including thioredoxin involvement. Throughout this review, we emphasize the age-related changes that could contribute to deficits in GTP and AD. We conclude with prospects for boosting GTP levels and reversing age-related oxidative redox shift to restore autophagy. Therefore, GTP levels could regulate the numerous GTPases involved in endocytosis, autophagy, and vesicular trafficking. In aging, metabolic adaptation to a sedentary lifestyle could impair mitochondrial function generating less GTP and redox energy for healthy management of amyloid and tau proteostasis, synaptic function, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka D. Pinky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Benjamin A. Harlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Gregory J. Brewer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- MIND Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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