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Woo KA, Kim HJ, Jeon B. Challenges in Parkinson's Disease Care-In Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Mov Disord 2023; 16:52-54. [PMID: 36353803 PMCID: PMC9978252 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Ah Woo
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Beomseok Jeon, MD, PhD Department of Neurology, Movement Disorder Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea / Tel: +82- 2-2072-2876 / Fax: +82-2-3672-7553 / E-mail:
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2
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Ortiz MI. Complementary and Alternative Medicines in Parkinson's Disease. Sr Care Pharm 2022; 37:307-309. [DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2022.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reviewed in 2016, suggest that 6.1 million people in the world had PD. There is currently no cure for PD. For now, currently, the treatment of PD includes drugs, general measures to control symptoms (ie, physical and occupational therapy), and surgery. Because dysfunction of the basal ganglia system for dopamine depletion occurs in the pathophysiology of PD, the key therapeutic strategy is the use of drugs that increase the amount of dopamine in the affected brain areas. PD is a progressive disease, despite pharmacotherapy or surgical treatments. The progression of symptoms and movement disorders in PD is so severe that patients resort to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), even without knowing their effectiveness and adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario I. Ortiz
- Área Académica de Medicina del Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo Phone: +52-77-1717-2000 Ext. 2361.,
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3
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Goh ZHK, Cheong JLY, Marras C, Tanner CM, Kasten M, Korczyn AD, Chahine L, Lo R, Noyce AJ. Surveying Global Availability of Parkinson's Disease Treatment. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1023-1034. [PMID: 35147549 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease with both motor and non-motor manifestations. Available treatment reduces symptoms and is critical for improving quality of life. Treatment options include drugs, device-aided therapies, and non-pharmacological therapies. Complementary and alternative therapies (CATs) are also used in some countries. OBJECTIVE To examine the availability of PD treatment by country, and differences by national income as defined by the World Bank (high income countries (HICs), upper middle income countries (UMICs), lower middle income countries (LMICs) and low income countries (LICs)). METHODS This study was conducted by surveying International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society members about availability of PD treatment. LMICs and LICs (LMICs/LICs) were analysed together. RESULTS There were 352 valid responses from 76 countries (41.5% from HICs, 30.4% from UMICs, and 28.1% from LMICs/LICs). Levodopa was widely available across all income groups (99%). Availability of other PD drugs decreased with national income. Availability of device-aided therapies decreased with national income (100% availability in HICs, 92.5% among UMICs, and 57.6% among LMICs/LICs). A similar trend was observed for CATs (37.0% availability in HICs, 31.8% in UMICs, and 19.2% in LMIC/LICs). Physiotherapy was the most available non-pharmacological therapy (> 90% respondents). Occupational therapy and SALT were less available in LMIC/LICs (49.5% and 55.6% respectively) compared to HICs (80.1% and 84.9% respectively). CONCLUSION Our survey highlights significant discrepancies in availability of PD treatments between countries and income groups. This is concerning given the symptomatic benefit patients gain from treatment. Improving equitable access to PD treatment should be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao H K Goh
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia L Y Cheong
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Connie Marras
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Research, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience University of California - San Francisco, and Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Lana Chahine
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raymond Lo
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Alastair J Noyce
- Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Olubodun-Obadun TG, Ishola IO, Adeyemi OO. Potentials of autophagy enhancing natural products in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 0:dmdi-2021-0128. [PMID: 34391219 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2021-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms due to loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons and disruption of degradation signaling leading to the formation of Lewy bodies (aggregation of α-synuclein). Presently, there are no disease modifying therapy for PD despite improvement in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. However, the drugs currently used in PD management provide symptomatic relieve for motor symptoms without significant improvement in non-motor complications, thus, a public health burden on caregivers and healthcare systems. There is therefore the need to discover disease modifying therapy with strong potential to halt the disease progression. Recent trend has shown that the dysfunction of lysosomal-autophagy pathway is highly implicated in PD pathology, hence, making autophagy a key player owing to its involvement in degradation and clearance of misfolded α-synuclein (a major hallmark in PD pathology). In this review, we described the current drugs/strategy in the management of PD including targeting the autophagy pathway as a novel approach that could serve as potential intervention for PD management. The discovery of small molecules or natural products capable of enhancing autophagy mechanism could be a promising strategy for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo G Olubodun-Obadun
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
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5
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Olubodun-Obadun TG, Ishola IO, Adeyemi OO. Potentials of autophagy enhancing natural products in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 37:99-110. [PMID: 35737301 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms due to loss of striatal dopaminergic neurons and disruption of degradation signaling leading to the formation of Lewy bodies (aggregation of α-synuclein). Presently, there are no disease modifying therapy for PD despite improvement in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. However, the drugs currently used in PD management provide symptomatic relieve for motor symptoms without significant improvement in non-motor complications, thus, a public health burden on caregivers and healthcare systems. There is therefore the need to discover disease modifying therapy with strong potential to halt the disease progression. Recent trend has shown that the dysfunction of lysosomal-autophagy pathway is highly implicated in PD pathology, hence, making autophagy a key player owing to its involvement in degradation and clearance of misfolded α-synuclein (a major hallmark in PD pathology). In this review, we described the current drugs/strategy in the management of PD including targeting the autophagy pathway as a novel approach that could serve as potential intervention for PD management. The discovery of small molecules or natural products capable of enhancing autophagy mechanism could be a promising strategy for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo G Olubodun-Obadun
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O Ishola
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
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6
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Bayen S, Carpentier C, Baran J, Cottencin O, Defebvre L, Moreau C, Devos D, Messaadi N. Parkinson's disease: Content analysis of patient online discussion forums. A prospective observational study using Netnography. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:2060-2066. [PMID: 33551207 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the users' characteristics, discussion contents, and the atmosphere of virtual peer communities. METHODS A qualitative, prospective study was conducted using the Netnography method. The most popular, publicly accessible French discussion forums were investigated. The web users' quotes were collected from May to October 2018. Data analysis triangulation was performed by two researchers using the NVivo 12® software. RESULTS The users discussed their experience with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a warm atmosphere. 23 discussion threads were analysed: 302 messages posted by 70 users (70% were females; the average illness duration was 6 years); 115 encoded nodes were created. Five user profiles appeared: leader, follower, expert, mixed, and undetermined. Common preoccupations were a lack of time and listening from the physicians' side. Three themes emerged: managing symptoms, living with PD, and sharing illness experiences. Users sought actively for a cure to limit or stop disease evolution, using alternative and complementary therapies to optimize their daily condition. CONCLUSIONS Online forums foster person's informal learnings about coping with PD. Healthcare professionals can use these learnings to optimize person-centred support. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS During consultations, healthcare professionals should invite persons to discuss their online activity, informal learnings, beliefs and expectations towards therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Bayen
- Department of General Practice, University of Lille, Lille, France; Department of Medical Pharmacology & Neurology, INSERM UMRS 1172, University of Lille, Lille, France.
| | | | - Jan Baran
- Department of General Practice, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Cottencin
- Department of Psychiatry & Addiction Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Neurology, INSERM UMRS 1172, University of Lille, Lille, France; Department of Neurology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Neurology, INSERM UMRS 1172, University of Lille, Lille, France; Department of Neurology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology & Neurology, INSERM UMRS 1172, University of Lille, Lille, France; Department of Neurology, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nassir Messaadi
- Department of General Practice, University of Lille, Lille, France; CN2R-Centre National de Ressources et de Résilience, Lille, France
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7
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Nutrition, Health, and Disease: Role of Selected Marine and Vegetal Nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030747. [PMID: 32168971 PMCID: PMC7146393 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of new alternatives for disease prevention through the application of findings from dietary and food biotechnology is an ongoing challenge for the scientific community. New nutritional trends and the need to meet social and health demands have inspired the concept of functional foods and nutraceuticals which, in addition to their overall nutritional value, present certain properties for the maintenance of health. However, these effects are not universal. Nutrigenetics describes how the genetic profile has an impact on the response of the body to bioactive food components by influencing their absorption, metabolism, and site of action. The EbioSea Program, for biomarine prospection, and the Blue Butterfly Program, for the screening of vegetable-derived bioproducts, have identified a new series of nutraceuticals, devoid of side effects at conventional doses, with genotype-dependent preventive and therapeutic activity. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics provide the opportunity to explore the inter-individual differences in the metabolism of and response to nutrients, achieving optimal results. This fact leads to the concept of personalized nutrition as opposed to public health nutrition. Consequently, the development and prescription of nutraceuticals according to the individual genetic profile is essential to improve their effectiveness in the prevention and natural treatment of prevalent diseases.
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8
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Di Paolo M, Papi L, Gori F, Turillazzi E. Natural Products in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Great Promise but an Ethical Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5170. [PMID: 31635296 PMCID: PMC6834164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent one of the most important public health problems and concerns, as they are a growing cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly in the elderly. Despite remarkable breakthroughs in our understanding of NDs, there has been little success in developing effective therapies. The use of natural products may offer great potential opportunities in the prevention and therapy of NDs; however, many clinical concerns have arisen regarding their use, mainly focusing on the lack of scientific support or evidence for their efficacy and patient safety. These clinical uncertainties raise critical questions from a bioethical and legal point of view, as considerations relating to patient decisional autonomy, patient safety, and beneficial or non-beneficial care may need to be addressed. This paper does not intend to advocate for or against the use of natural products, but to analyze the ethical framework of their use, with particular attention paid to the principles of biomedical ethics. In conclusion, the notable message that emerges is that natural products may represent a great promise for the treatment of many NDs, even if many unknown issues regarding the efficacy and safety of many natural products still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Paolo
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luigi Papi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federica Gori
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Turillazzi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Surgical Pathology, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Raposo VL. Complementary and alternative medicine, medical liability and the proper standard of care. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019; 35:183-188. [PMID: 31003656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine raises growing interests among population. Patients have the right to reject conventional medicine and instead look for a different treatment, even if sometimes is a placebo. However, currently this risks being a reckless decision, since the way complementary and alternative medicine is being provided leaves space for fraudulent practices, misleading information, wrong diagnosis, improper treatments and thus severe patient's injuries. This paper will discuss the standard of care to be demanded from providers of complementary and alternative medicine. The paper will sustain that it should be bound to a CAM specific standard of care, expose the reasons for this solution and describe the consequences derived therein. It will conclude that the solution to protect CAM users does not rely in the extension of conventional standard of care to CAM practitioners, but in more regulation and more control for CAM practices and CAM practitioners.
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10
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Dry facts are not always inviting: a content analysis of Korean videos regarding Parkinson's disease on YouTube. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 46:167-170. [PMID: 28988649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of Korean videos regarding Parkinson's disease (PD) on YouTube and viewers' responses to them. YouTube search was performed using the search term "Parkinson disease" in Korean language on March 28, 2017. Two independent neurologists categorized the videos into "reliable", "misleading" or "patient experiences". The number of views, days since upload, video length, number of "likes" and "dislikes", and upload source were collected for each video. A total of 138 videos were included in this study. Of these, 91 videos (65.9%) were reliable; 31 (22.5%) were misleading, and 16 (11.6%) were of patient experiences. The videos with patient experiences had the highest number of mean views with 9710.4±3686.9, followed by misleading videos with 5075.0±1198.6, and reliable videos with 2146.8±353.4 (ANOVA, p<0.001). The number of mean views per day was 4.0±0.6 for the reliable videos, which was significantly lower than the misleading videos (9.7±3.4, p=0.020) and the videos of patient experiences (11.3±4.6, p=0.023). The reliable videos were mostly uploaded by university hospitals (46.2%) and misleading videos by health-related commercial entities (74.2%). The misleading videos as well as the videos of patient experiences advocated "diet" asa treatment of PD. The current study found that only two-thirds of the Korean videos regarding PD on YouTube provide reliable information. More importantly, the videos with reliable contents were less popular than videos with misleading contents. Further efforts are warranted to effectively increase the dissemination of accurate and scientifically proven PD information to YouTube users.
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11
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Lee TE, Kim A, Jang M, Jeon B. Need for Registration and Reporting of Acupuncture Trials in Parkinson's Disease in Korea. J Mov Disord 2017; 10:130-134. [PMID: 28950685 PMCID: PMC5615176 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.17047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
Many people dealing with Parkinson’s disease (PD) turn to complementary and alternative medicine when searching for a cure or relief from symptoms. Acupuncture is widely used in the Korean PD population to alleviate symptoms and in hopes of curing the illness. However, acupuncture use for PD patients has only recently begun to be studied scientifically and is still considered an unproven treatment for PD. Therefore, there is an urgent need for acupuncture to be studied, validated and used for PD. Thus, our study’s aim is to examine how many acupuncture studies in PD are registered and reported in Korea. Methods
The registries Clinicaltrials.gov and the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) and the search engine PubMed were searched to find relevant human clinical studies involving acupuncture therapy in PD patients. We examined the registration of trials, the posting and publication of results, and whether published articles were registered. Results
In Clinicaltrials.gov, one completed trial was found with published results. In CRIS, one completed trial was found with published results. A total of 6 publications were found in our study: 2 articles were registered, but only 1 had the registered trial number listed in the article. Conclusion
Acupuncture is popular among the PD population in Korea regardless of its unproven safety and efficacy. Despite the pressing need for clinical trials, the number of studies listed in the registries was small, and only a few publications were registered. More effort and rigor are needed to validate the efficacy and safety of acupuncture for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Lee
- University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Aryun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mihee Jang
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Neuroscience Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Wang ZY, Liu JY, Yang CB, Malampati S, Huang YY, Li MX, Li M, Song JX. Neuroprotective Natural Products for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease by Targeting the Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway: A Systematic Review. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1119-1127. [PMID: 28504367 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) is a primary means by which damaged organelles and long-lived proteins are removed from cells and their components recycled. Impairment of the ALP has been found to be linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of protein aggregates and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. In recent years, some active compounds derived from plants have been found to regulate the ALP and to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of PD, raising the possibility that autophagy enhancement may be an effective therapeutic strategy in PD treatment. In this review, we summarize recent findings of natural products that enhance ALP and thereby protect against PD. Research articles were retrieved from PubMed using relevant keywords in combination. Papers related to the topic were identified, and then the reliability of the experiments was assessed in terms of methodology. The results suggest that targeting the ALP with natural products is a promising strategy for PD treatment. However, risk of bias exists in some studies due to the defective methodology. Rigorous experimental design following the guidelines of autophagy assays, molecular target identification and in vivo efficacy evaluation is critical for the development of ALP enhancers for PD treatment in future studies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ying Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Chuan-Bin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Sandeep Malampati
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ying-Yu Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Mr. and Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson's Disease Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Ju-Xian Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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13
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Cacabelos R. Parkinson's Disease: From Pathogenesis to Pharmacogenomics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E551. [PMID: 28273839 PMCID: PMC5372567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most important age-related neurodegenerative disorder in developed societies, after Alzheimer's disease, with a prevalence ranging from 41 per 100,000 in the fourth decade of life to over 1900 per 100,000 in people over 80 years of age. As a movement disorder, the PD phenotype is characterized by rigidity, resting tremor, and bradykinesia. Parkinson's disease -related neurodegeneration is likely to occur several decades before the onset of the motor symptoms. Potential risk factors include environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular damage, and genomic defects. Parkinson's disease neuropathology is characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, with widespread involvement of other central nervous system (CNS) structures and peripheral tissues. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with genomic, epigenetic and environmental factors lead to conformational changes and deposits of key proteins due to abnormalities in the ubiquitin-proteasome system together with dysregulation of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. Conventional pharmacological treatments for PD are dopamine precursors (levodopa, l-DOPA, l-3,4 dihidroxifenilalanina), and other symptomatic treatments including dopamine agonists (amantadine, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline), and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (entacapone, tolcapone). The chronic administration of antiparkinsonian drugs currently induces the "wearing-off phenomenon", with additional psychomotor and autonomic complications. In order to minimize these clinical complications, novel compounds have been developed. Novel drugs and bioproducts for the treatment of PD should address dopaminergic neuroprotection to reduce premature neurodegeneration in addition to enhancing dopaminergic neurotransmission. Since biochemical changes and therapeutic outcomes are highly dependent upon the genomic profiles of PD patients, personalized treatments should rely on pharmacogenetic procedures to optimize therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
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