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Luo S, Wang D, Zhang Z. Post-translational modification and mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1329554. [PMID: 38273938 PMCID: PMC10808367 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1329554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease with currently no cure. Most PD cases are sporadic, and about 5-10% of PD cases present a monogenic inheritance pattern. Mutations in more than 20 genes are associated with genetic forms of PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a prominent player in PD pathogenesis. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) allow rapid switching of protein functions and therefore impact various cellular functions including those related to mitochondria. Among the PD-associated genes, Parkin, PINK1, and LRRK2 encode enzymes that directly involved in catalyzing PTM modifications of target proteins, while others like α-synuclein, FBXO7, HTRA2, VPS35, CHCHD2, and DJ-1, undergo substantial PTM modification, subsequently altering mitochondrial functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on major PTMs associated with PD-related proteins, as enzymes or substrates, that are shown to regulate important mitochondrial functions and discuss their involvement in PD pathogenesis. We will further highlight the significance of PTM-regulated mitochondrial functions in understanding PD etiology. Furthermore, we emphasize the potential for developing important biomarkers for PD through extensive research into PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Luo
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute for Future Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Rare Pediatric Diseases, Ministry of Education, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine of Hunan Province and Center for Medical Genetics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Naaldijk Y, Fernández B, Fasiczka R, Fdez E, Leghay C, Croitoru I, Kwok JB, Boulesnane Y, Vizeneux A, Mutez E, Calvez C, Destée A, Taymans JM, Aragon AV, Yarza AB, Padmanabhan S, Delgado M, Alcalay RN, Chatterton Z, Dzamko N, Halliday G, Ruiz-Martínez J, Chartier-Harlin MC, Hilfiker S. A potential patient stratification biomarker for Parkinson´s disease based on LRRK2 kinase-mediated centrosomal alterations in peripheral blood-derived cells. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38191886 PMCID: PMC10774440 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson´s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative movement disorder and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a promising therapeutic target for disease intervention. However, the ability to stratify patients who will benefit from such treatment modalities based on shared etiology is critical for the success of disease-modifying therapies. Ciliary and centrosomal alterations are commonly associated with pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity and can be detected in many cell types. We previously found centrosomal deficits in immortalized lymphocytes from G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients. Here, to investigate whether such deficits may serve as a potential blood biomarker for PD which is susceptible to LRKK2 inhibitor treatment, we characterized patient-derived cells from distinct PD cohorts. We report centrosomal alterations in peripheral cells from a subset of early-stage idiopathic PD patients which is mitigated by LRRK2 kinase inhibition, supporting a role for aberrant LRRK2 activity in idiopathic PD. Centrosomal defects are detected in R1441G-LRRK2 and G2019S-LRRK2 PD patients and in non-manifesting LRRK2 mutation carriers, indicating that they accumulate prior to a clinical PD diagnosis. They are present in immortalized cells as well as in primary lymphocytes from peripheral blood. These findings indicate that analysis of centrosomal defects as a blood-based patient stratification biomarker may help nominate idiopathic PD patients who will benefit from LRRK2-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahaira Naaldijk
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Rachel Fasiczka
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Coline Leghay
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Ioana Croitoru
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
| | - John B Kwok
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yanisse Boulesnane
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Amelie Vizeneux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Eugenie Mutez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Calvez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Alain Destée
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Alberto Bergareche Yarza
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Mario Delgado
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine ´López-Neyra¨, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department. of Neurology, Colsumbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zac Chatterton
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastain, Spain
- Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department. of Anesthesiology and Department. of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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3
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Kattar SD, Gulati A, Margrey KA, Keylor MH, Ardolino M, Yan X, Johnson R, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Su J, Xiao D, Piesvaux J, Lee S, Hegde LG, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Moy LY, Xiong T, Ciaccio PJ, Pearson K, Patel M, Otte KM, Leyns CEG, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Fuller PH. Discovery of MK-1468: A Potent, Kinome-Selective, Brain-Penetrant Amidoisoquinoline LRRK2 Inhibitor for the Potential Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14912-14927. [PMID: 37861679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutation of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), a disabling and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is devoid of efficacious disease-modifying therapies. Herein, we describe the invention of an amidoisoquinoline (IQ)-derived LRRK2 inhibitor lead chemical series. Knowledge-, structure-, and property-based drug design in concert with rigorous application of in silico calculations and presynthesis predictions enabled the prioritization of molecules with favorable CNS "drug-like" physicochemical properties. This resulted in the discovery of compound 8, which was profiled extensively before human ether-a-go-go (hERG) ion channel inhibition halted its progression. Strategic reduction of lipophilicity and basicity resulted in attenuation of hERG ion channel inhibition while maintaining a favorable CNS efflux transporter profile. Further structure- and property-based optimizations resulted in the discovery of preclinical candidate MK-1468. This exquisitely selective LRRK2 inhibitor has a projected human dose of 48 mg BID and a preclinical safety profile that supported advancement toward GLP toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon D Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kaila A Margrey
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dong Xiao
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Susi Lee
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lily Y Moy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kara Pearson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mayankbhai Patel
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cheryl E G Leyns
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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4
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Vissers MFJM, Troyer MD, Thijssen E, Pereira DR, Heuberger |JAAC, Groeneveld GJ, Huntwork‐Rodriguez S. A leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pathway biomarker characterization study in patients with Parkinson's disease with and without LRRK2 mutations and healthy controls. Clin Transl Sci 2023; 16:1408-1420. [PMID: 37177855 PMCID: PMC10432885 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is an established risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), and several LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are in clinical development as potential novel disease-modifying therapeutics. This biomarker characterization study explored within- and between-subject variability of multiple LRRK2 pathway biomarkers (total LRRK2 [tLRRK2], phosphorylation of the serine 935 (Ser935) residue on LRRK2 [pS935], phosphorylation of Rab10 [pRab10], and total Rab10 [tRab10]) in different biological sources (whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs], neutrophils) as candidate human target engagement and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for implementation in phase I/II pharmacological studies of LRRK2 inhibitors. PD patients with a LRRK2 mutation (n = 6), idiopathic PD patients (n = 6), and healthy matched control subjects (n = 10) were recruited for repeated blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling split over 2 days. Within-subject variability (geometric coefficient of variation [CV], %) of these biomarkers was lowest in whole blood and neutrophils (range: 12.64%-51.32%) and considerably higher in PBMCs (range: 34.81%-273.88%). Between-subject variability displayed a similar pattern, with relatively lower variability in neutrophils (range: 61.30%-66.26%) and whole blood (range: 44.94%-123.11%), and considerably higher variability in PBMCs (range: 189.60%-415.19%). Group-level differences were observed with elevated mean pRab10 levels in neutrophils and a reduced mean pS935/tLRRK2 ratio in PBMCs in PD LRRK2-mutation carriers compared to healthy controls. These findings suggest that the evaluated biomarkers and assays could be used to verify pharmacological mechanisms of action and help explore the dose-response of LRRK2 inhibitors in early-phase clinical studies. In addition, comparable α-synuclein aggregation in CSF was observed in LRRK2-mutation carriers compared to idiopathic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurits F. J. M. Vissers
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Thijssen
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geert Jan Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug ResearchLeidenThe Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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5
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Kania E, Long JS, McEwan DG, Welkenhuyzen K, La Rovere R, Luyten T, Halpin J, Lobbestael E, Baekelandt V, Bultynck G, Ryan KM, Parys JB. LRRK2 phosphorylation status and kinase activity regulate (macro)autophagy in a Rab8a/Rab10-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:436. [PMID: 37454104 PMCID: PMC10349885 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), with growing importance also for Crohn's disease and cancer. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein possessing both GTPase and kinase activity. Moreover, LRRK2 activity and function can be influenced by its phosphorylation status. In this regard, many LRRK2 PD-associated mutants display decreased phosphorylation of the constitutive phosphorylation cluster S910/S935/S955/S973, but the role of these changes in phosphorylation status with respect to LRRK2 physiological functions remains unknown. Here, we propose that the S910/S935/S955/S973 phosphorylation sites act as key regulators of LRRK2-mediated autophagy under both basal and starvation conditions. We show that quadruple LRRK2 phosphomutant cells (4xSA; S910A/S935A/S955A/S973A) have impaired lysosomal functionality and fail to induce and proceed with autophagy during starvation. In contrast, treatment with the specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitors MLi-2 (100 nM) or PF-06447475 (150 nM), which also led to decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation of S910/S935/S955/S973, did not affect autophagy. In explanation, we demonstrate that the autophagy impairment due to the 4xSA LRRK2 phospho-dead mutant is driven by its enhanced LRRK2 kinase activity. We show mechanistically that this involves increased phosphorylation of LRRK2 downstream targets Rab8a and Rab10, as the autophagy impairment in 4xSA LRRK2 cells is counteracted by expression of phosphorylation-deficient mutants T72A Rab8a and T73A Rab10. Similarly, reduced autophagy and decreased LRRK2 phosphorylation at the constitutive sites were observed in cells expressing the pathological R1441C LRRK2 PD mutant, which also displays increased kinase activity. These data underscore the relation between LRRK2 phosphorylation at its constitutive sites and the importance of increased LRRK2 kinase activity in autophagy regulation and PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kania
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaclyn S Long
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David G McEwan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsten Welkenhuyzen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita La Rovere
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tomas Luyten
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John Halpin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Evy Lobbestael
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences & Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg B1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Jan B Parys
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & Leuven Kanker Instituut, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&NI - B802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Mancini A, Stoops E, Demeyer L, Bellomo G, Paolini Paoletti F, Gaetani L, Di Filippo M, Parnetti L. LRRK2 Quantification in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes. Mov Disord 2023; 38:682-688. [PMID: 36808643 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alteration of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity is thought to be involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis beyond familiar cases, and LRRK2 inhibitors are currently under investigation. Preliminary data suggest a relationship between LRRK2 alteration and cognitive impairment in PD. OBJECTIVE To investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) LRRK2 levels in PD and other parkinsonian disorders, also correlating them with cognitive impairment. METHODS In this study, we retrospectively investigated by means of a novel highly sensitive immunoassay the levels of total and phosphorylated (pS1292) LRRK2 in CSF of cognitively unimpaired PD (n = 55), PD with mild cognitive impairment (n = 49), PD with dementia (n = 18), dementia with Lewy bodies (n = 12), atypical parkinsonian syndromes (n = 35), and neurological controls (n = 30). RESULTS Total and pS1292 LRRK2 levels were significantly higher in PD with dementia with respect to PD with mild cognitive impairment and PD, and also showed a correlation with cognitive performances. CONCLUSIONS The tested immunoassay may represent a reliable method for assessing CSF LRRK2 levels. The results appear to confirm an association of LRRK2 alteration with cognitive impairment in PD. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Giovanni Bellomo
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Paolini Paoletti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Bloem BR, Kalia LV. Thomas G. Beach, MD, PhD, FRCPC, Charles H. Adler, MD, PhD, FAAN, and Simon Stott, PhD, recipients of the Parkinson Prize 2022. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2283-2286. [PMID: 36565068 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-229010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Garrido A, Pérez‐Sisqués L, Simonet C, Campoy‐Campos G, Solana‐Balaguer J, Martín‐Flores N, Fernández M, Soto M, Obiang D, Cámara A, Valldeoriola F, Muñoz E, Compta Y, Pérez‐Navarro E, Alberch J, Tolosa E, Martí M, Ezquerra M, Malagelada C, Fernández‐Santiago R. Increased Phospho-AKT in Blood Cells from LRRK2 G2019S Mutation Carriers. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:888-894. [PMID: 35929078 PMCID: PMC9827833 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether differential phosphorylation states of blood markers can identify patients with LRRK2 Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed phospho(P)-Ser-935-LRRK2 and P-Ser-473-AKT levels in peripheral blood cells from patients with G2019S LRRK2-associated PD (L2PD, n = 31), G2019S LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (L2NMC, n = 26), idiopathic PD (iPD, n = 25), and controls (n = 40, total n = 122). We found no differences at P-Ser-935-LRRK2 between groups but detected a specific increase of P-Ser-473-AKT levels in all G2019S carriers, either L2PD or L2NMC, absent in iPD. Although insensitive to LRRK2 inhibition, our study identifies P-Ser-473-AKT as an endogenous candidate biomarker for peripheral inflammation in G2019S carriers using accessible blood cells. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:888-894.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Pérez‐Sisqués
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Simonet
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Genís Campoy‐Campos
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Júlia Solana‐Balaguer
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Núria Martín‐Flores
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Manel Fernández
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marta Soto
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Donina Obiang
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ana Cámara
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esteban Muñoz
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Yaroslau Compta
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Esther Pérez‐Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - María‐José Martí
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institut de NeurociènciesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Rubén Fernández‐Santiago
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology ServiceInstitut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Laboratory of Parkinson Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Movement DisordersInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018‐ISCIII)BarcelonaSpain,Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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9
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Longitudinal clinical and biomarker characteristics of non-manifesting LRRK2 G2019S carriers in the PPMI cohort. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:140. [PMID: 36273008 PMCID: PMC9588016 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined 2-year longitudinal change in clinical features and biomarkers in LRRK2 non-manifesting carriers (NMCs) versus healthy controls (HCs) enrolled in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). We analyzed 2-year longitudinal data from 176 LRRK2 G2019S NMCs and 185 HCs. All participants were assessed annually with comprehensive motor and non-motor scales, dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging, and biofluid biomarkers. The latter included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Abeta, total tau and phospho-tau; serum urate and neurofilament light chain (NfL); and urine bis(monoacylglycerol) phosphate (BMP). At baseline, LRRK2 G2019S NMCs had a mean (SD) age of 62 (7.7) years and were 56% female. 13% had DAT deficit (defined as <65% of age/sex-expected lowest putamen SBR) and 11% had hyposmia (defined as ≤15th percentile for age and sex). Only 5 of 176 LRRK2 NMCs developed PD during follow-up. Although NMCs scored significantly worse on numerous clinical scales at baseline than HCs, there was no longitudinal change in any clinical measures over 2 years or in DAT binding. There were no longitudinal differences in CSF and serum biomarkers between NMCs and HCs. Urinary BMP was significantly elevated in NMCs at all time points but did not change longitudinally. Neither baseline biofluid biomarkers nor the presence of DAT deficit correlated with 2-year change in clinical outcomes. We observed no significant 2-year longitudinal change in clinical or biomarker measures in LRRK2 G2019S NMCs in this large, well-characterized cohort even in the participants with baseline DAT deficit. These findings highlight the essential need for further enrichment biomarker discovery in addition to DAT deficit and longer follow-up to enable the selection of NMCs at the highest risk for conversion to enable future prevention clinical trials.
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10
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Jennings D, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG, Sasaki JC, Meisner R, Diaz D, Solanoy H, Wang X, Negrou E, Bondar VV, Ghosh R, Maloney MT, Propson NE, Zhu Y, Maciuca RD, Harris L, Kay A, LeWitt P, King TA, Kern D, Ellenbogen A, Goodman I, Siderowf A, Aldred J, Omidvar O, Masoud ST, Davis SS, Arguello A, Estrada AA, de Vicente J, Sweeney ZK, Astarita G, Borin MT, Wong BK, Wong H, Nguyen H, Scearce-Levie K, Ho C, Troyer MD. Preclinical and clinical evaluation of the LRRK2 inhibitor DNL201 for Parkinson's disease. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj2658. [PMID: 35675433 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD). Increased LRRK2 kinase activity is thought to impair lysosomal function and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD. Thus, inhibition of LRRK2 is a potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD. DNL201 is an investigational, first-in-class, CNS-penetrant, selective, ATP-competitive, small-molecule LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. In preclinical models, DNL201 inhibited LRRK2 kinase activity as evidenced by reduced phosphorylation of both LRRK2 at serine-935 (pS935) and Rab10 at threonine-73 (pT73), a direct substrate of LRRK2. Inhibition of LRRK2 by DNL201 demonstrated improved lysosomal function in cellular models of disease, including primary mouse astrocytes and fibroblasts from patients with Gaucher disease. Chronic administration of DNL201 to cynomolgus macaques at pharmacologically relevant doses was not associated with adverse findings. In phase 1 and phase 1b clinical trials in 122 healthy volunteers and in 28 patients with PD, respectively, DNL201 at single and multiple doses inhibited LRRK2 and was well tolerated at doses demonstrating LRRK2 pathway engagement and alteration of downstream lysosomal biomarkers. Robust cerebrospinal fluid penetration of DNL201 was observed in both healthy volunteers and patients with PD. These data support the hypothesis that LRRK2 inhibition has the potential to correct lysosomal dysfunction in patients with PD at doses that are generally safe and well tolerated, warranting further clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors as a therapeutic modality for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - René Meisner
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elvira Negrou
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yuda Zhu
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura Harris
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Angela Kay
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Drew Kern
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aaron Ellenbogen
- Michigan Institute for Neurological Disorders, Farmington Hills, MI, USA
| | | | - Andrew Siderowf
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Neurology Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Omid Omidvar
- Collaborative Neuroscience Research, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.,Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marie T Borin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Harvey Wong
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Carole Ho
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Iovino L, Giusti V, Pischedda F, Giusto E, Plotegher N, Marte A, Battisti I, Di Iacovo A, Marku A, Piccoli G, Bandopadhyay R, Perego C, Bonifacino T, Bonanno G, Roseti C, Bossi E, Arrigoni G, Bubacco L, Greggio E, Hilfiker S, Civiero L. Trafficking of the glutamate transporter is impaired in LRRK2-related Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:81-106. [PMID: 35596783 PMCID: PMC9217889 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2 (EAAT2) accounts for 80% of brain glutamate clearance and is mainly expressed in astrocytic perisynaptic processes. EAAT2 function is finely regulated by endocytic events, recycling to the plasma membrane and degradation. Noteworthy, deficits in EAAT2 have been associated with neuronal excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In this study, we show that EAAT2 trafficking is impaired by the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) pathogenic variant G2019S, a common cause of late-onset familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). In LRRK2 G2019S human brains and experimental animal models, EAAT2 protein levels are significantly decreased, which is associated with elevated gliosis. The decreased expression of the transporter correlates with its reduced functionality in mouse LRRK2 G2019S purified astrocytic terminals and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing human LRRK2 G2019S. In LRRK2 G2019S knock-in mouse brain, the correct surface localization of the endogenous transporter is impaired, resulting in its interaction with a plethora of endo-vesicular proteins. Mechanistically, we report that pathogenic LRRK2 kinase activity delays the recycling of the transporter to the plasma membrane via Rabs inactivation, causing its intracellular re-localization and degradation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that pathogenic LRRK2 interferes with the physiology of EAAT2, pointing to extracellular glutamate overload as a possible contributor to neurodegeneration in PD.
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12
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Lee JYS, Ng JH, Saffari SE, Tan EK. Parkinson's disease and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the influence of lifestyle habits, genetic variants, and gender. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2148-2173. [PMID: 35247252 PMCID: PMC8954974 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer has been debated. Gender and genetic influences on cancer development in PD is unclear. METHODS Using QUOROM guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on potential clinical and genetic factors influencing the PD and subsequent cancer relationship. English articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS from 2010 to 30 August 2020 were considered for suitability. RESULTS Of 46 studies identified, fourteen satisfied the inclusion criteria and were further analysed. Unadjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were computed to determine the PD and cancer relationship. PD patients have decreased subsequent cancer risks (RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.93), reduced risks of colon, rectal, and colorectal cancer (RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.63-0.94), lung cancer (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.48-0.80), and increased brain cancer (R = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.02-2.13) and melanoma risk (R = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.23-2.50). Compared to idiopathic PD, LRRK2-G2019S carriers had increased general cancer risks (RR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.09-1.46), particularly brain (RR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.06-5.50), breast (RR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.19-5.58), colon (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.13-2.99), and haematological cancers (RR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.07-3.92). Female PD patients have decreased general cancer risks compared to male PD patients in this analysis (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69-0.98). CONCLUSION PD patients have reduced risks of colon, rectal, colorectal cancer and lung cancers and increased risks of brain cancer and melanoma. LRRK2-G2019S carriers have increased cancer risks, particularly brain, breast, colon and blood cancers. Female gender was associated with reduced risks. The role of ethnicity, comorbidities, and lifestyle habits on PD patients' subsequent cancer risk should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yan Selene Lee
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jing Han Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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13
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Tönges L, Kwon EH, Klebe S. Monogenetic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease – Bridging the Gap Between Genetics and Biomarkers. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:822949. [PMID: 35317530 PMCID: PMC8934414 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.822949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still limited to the treatment of symptoms and primarily aimed at compensating for dopaminergic hypofunction. Numerous disease-modifying therapies currently in the pipeline attempt to modify the underlying pathomechanisms. In recent decades, the results of molecular genetics and biomarker research have raised hopes of earlier diagnosis and new neuroprotective therapeutic approaches. As the disease-causing processes in monogenetic forms of PD are better understood than in sporadic PD, these disease subsets are likely to benefit first from disease-modifying therapies. Recent studies have suggested that disease-relevant changes found in genetically linked forms of PD (i.e., PARK-LRRK2, PARK-GBA) can also be reproduced in patients in whom no genetic cause can be found, i.e., those with sporadic PD. It can, therefore, be assumed that as soon as the first causal therapy for genetic forms of PD is approved, more patients with PD will undergo genetic testing and counseling. Regarding future neuroprotective trials in neurodegenerative diseases and objective parameters such as biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis and course of the disease are needed. These biomarkers will also serve to monitor treatment success in clinical trials. Promising examples in PD, such as alpha-synuclein species, lysosomal enzymes, markers of amyloid and tau pathology, and neurofilament light chain, are under investigation in blood and CSF. This paper provides an overview of the opportunities and current limitations of monogenetic diagnostic and biomarker research in PD and aims to build a bridge between current knowledge and association with PD genetics and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eun Hae Kwon
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stephan Klebe,
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14
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Keylor MH, Gulati A, Kattar SD, Johnson RE, Chau RW, Margrey KA, Ardolino MJ, Zarate C, Poremba KE, Simov V, Morriello GJ, Acton JJ, Pio B, Yan X, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Lesburg CA, Adpressa D, Lin S, Neelamkavil S, Liu P, Su J, Hegde LG, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Xiong T, Ciaccio PJ, Piesvaux J, Otte KM, Wood HB, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Fuller PH. Structure-Guided Discovery of Aminoquinazolines as Brain-Penetrant and Selective LRRK2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 65:838-856. [PMID: 34967623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been genetically and functionally linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), a disabling and progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose current therapies are limited in scope and efficacy. In this report, we describe a rigorous hit-to-lead optimization campaign supported by structural enablement, which culminated in the discovery of brain-penetrant, candidate-quality molecules as represented by compounds 22 and 24. These compounds exhibit remarkable selectivity against the kinome and offer good oral bioavailability and low projected human doses. Furthermore, they showcase the implementation of stereochemical design elements that serve to enable a potency- and selectivity-enhancing increase in polarity and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) count while maintaining a central nervous system-friendly profile typified by low levels of transporter-mediated efflux and encouraging brain penetration in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Solomon D Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca E Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan W Chau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kaila A Margrey
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kelsey E Poremba
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gregori J Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John J Acton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Santhosh Neelamkavil
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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15
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Alselehdar SK, Chakraborty M, Chowdhury S, Alcalay RN, Surface M, Ledeen R. Subnormal GM1 in PBMCs: Promise for Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11522. [PMID: 34768952 PMCID: PMC8583888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that Parkinson's disease (PD) pathologies are well advanced in most PD patients by the time of clinical elucidation attests to the importance of early diagnosis. Our attempt to achieve this has capitalized on our previous finding that GM1 ganglioside is expressed at subnormal levels in virtually all tissues of sporadic PD (sPD) patients including blood cells. GM1 is present in most vertebrate cells, is especially abundant in neurons where it was shown essential for their effective functioning and long term viability. We have utilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) which, despite their low GM1, we found to be significantly lower in sPD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls. To quantify GM1 (and GD1a) we used high performance thin-layer chromatography combined with cholera toxin B linked to horseradish peroxidase, followed by densitometric quantification. GM1 was also deficient in PBMCs from PD patients with mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (PD-GBA), apparently even lower than in sPD. Reasons are given why we believe these results obtained with patients manifesting fully developed PD will apply as well to PD patients in preclinical stages-a topic for future study. We also suggest that these findings point to a potential disease altering therapy for PD once the early diagnosis is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar K. Alselehdar
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Monami Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Suman Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Roy N. Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (R.N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthew Surface
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; (R.N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Robert Ledeen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of NJ, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (S.K.A.); (M.C.); (S.C.)
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16
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Fan Y, Nirujogi RS, Garrido A, Ruiz-Martínez J, Bergareche-Yarza A, Mondragón-Rezola E, Vinagre-Aragón A, Croitoru I, Gorostidi Pagola A, Paternain Markinez L, Alcalay R, Hickman RA, Düring J, Gomes S, Pratuseviciute N, Padmanabhan S, Valldeoriola F, Pérez Sisqués L, Malagelada C, Ximelis T, Molina Porcel L, Martí MJ, Tolosa E, Alessi DR, Sammler EM. R1441G but not G2019S mutation enhances LRRK2 mediated Rab10 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood neutrophils. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:475-494. [PMID: 34125248 PMCID: PMC8357670 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous gain-of-kinase function variants in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) cause 1-2% of all cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) albeit with incomplete and age-dependent penetrance. All pathogenic LRRK2 mutations reside within the two catalytic domains of LRRK2-either in its kinase domain (e.g. G2019S) with modest effect or its ROC-COR GTPase domain (e.g. R1441G/H) with large effect on LRRK2 kinase activity. We have previously reported assays to interrogate LRRK2 kinase pathway activity in human bio-samples measuring phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate Rab10, that mirrors LRRK2 kinase activation status. Here, we isolated neutrophils from fresh peripheral blood from 101 participants including 42 LRRK2 mutation carriers (21 with the G2019S and 21 with the R1441G mutations), 27 patients with idiopathic PD, and 32 controls. Using a dual approach, LRRK2 dependent Rab10 phosphorylation at Threonine 73 (pRab10Thr73) was measured by quantitative multiplexed immunoblotting for pRab10Thr73/total Rab10 as well as targeted mass-spectrometry for absolute pRab10Thr73 occupancy. We found a significant over fourfold increase in pRab10Thr73 phosphorylation in carriers of the LRRK2 R1441G mutation irrespective of clinical disease status. The effect of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation did not reach statistical significance. Furthermore, we show that LRRK2 phosphorylation at Serine 935 is not a marker for LRRK2 kinase activity in human neutrophils. When analysing pRab10Thr73 phosphorylation in post-mortem brain samples, we observed overall high variability irrespective of clinical and LRRK2 mutation status and attributed this mainly to the adverse effect of the peri- and post-mortem period on the stability of posttranslational modifications such as protein phosphorylation. Overall, in vivo LRRK2 dependent pRab10Thr73 phosphorylation in human peripheral blood neutrophils is a specific, robust and promising biomarker for significant LRRK2 kinase hyperactivation, as with the LRRK2 R1441G mutation. Additional readouts and/or assays may be needed to increase sensitivity to detect modest LRRK2 kinase activation, as with the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Our assays could be useful for patient stratification and target engagement studies for LRRK2 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Raja S Nirujogi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alicia Garrido
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martínez
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Vinagre-Aragón
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ioana Croitoru
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Gorostidi Pagola
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biodonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Roy Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Hickman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Düring
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sara Gomes
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Neringa Pratuseviciute
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Francesc Valldeoriola
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leticia Pérez Sisqués
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de La Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina I Ciències de La Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Ximelis
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Molina Porcel
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital Clinic-Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Martí
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario R Alessi
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Esther M Sammler
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK.
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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17
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Wang X, Negrou E, Maloney MT, Bondar VV, Andrews SV, Montalban M, Llapashtica C, Maciuca R, Nguyen H, Solanoy H, Arguello A, Przybyla L, Moerke NJ, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Henry AG. Understanding LRRK2 kinase activity in preclinical models and human subjects through quantitative analysis of LRRK2 and pT73 Rab10. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12900. [PMID: 34145320 PMCID: PMC8213766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Variants in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with increased risk for familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Pathogenic variants in LRRK2, including the common variant G2019S, result in increased LRRK2 kinase activity, supporting the therapeutic potential of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors for PD. To better understand the role of LRRK2 in disease and to support the clinical development of LRRK2 inhibitors, quantitative and high-throughput assays to measure LRRK2 levels and activity are needed. We developed and applied such assays to measure the levels of LRRK2 as well as the phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself or one of its substrates, Rab10 (pT73 Rab10). We observed increased LRRK2 activity in various cellular models of disease, including iPSC-derived microglia, as well as in human subjects carrying the disease-linked variant LRRK2 G2019S. Capitalizing on the high-throughput and sensitive nature of these assays, we detected a significant reduction in LRRK2 activity in subjects carrying missense variants in LRRK2 associated with reduced disease risk. Finally, we optimized these assays to enable analysis of LRRK2 activity following inhibition in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and whole blood, demonstrating their potential utility as biomarkers to assess changes in LRRK2 expression and activity in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Elvira Negrou
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael T Maloney
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Vitaliy V Bondar
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Shan V Andrews
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Manuel Montalban
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Ceyda Llapashtica
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Romeo Maciuca
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Annie Arguello
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Laralynne Przybyla
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Nathan J Moerke
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Anastasia G Henry
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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18
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Goveas L, Mutez E, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. Mind the Gap: LRRK2 Phenotypes in the Clinic vs. in Patient Cells. Cells 2021; 10:981. [PMID: 33922322 PMCID: PMC8145309 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkinson's disease (PD) protein Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been under study for more than 15 years and our understanding of the cellular phenotypes for the pathogenic mutant forms of LRRK2 has significantly advanced. In parallel to research on LRRK2 mutations in experimental systems, clinical characterization of patients carrying LRRK2 mutations has advanced, as has the analysis of cells that are derived from these patients, including fibroblasts, blood-derived cells, or cells rendered pluripotent. Under the hypothesis that patient clinical phenotypes are a consequence of a cascade of underlying molecular mechanisms gone astray, we currently have a unique opportunity to compare findings from patients and patient-derived cells to ask the question of whether the clinical phenotype of LRRK2 Parkinson's disease and cellular phenotypes of LRRK2 patient-derived cells may be mutually informative. In this review, we aim to summarize the available information on phenotypes of LRRK2 mutations in the clinic, in patient-derived cells, and in experimental models in order to better understand the relationship between the three at the molecular and cellular levels and identify trends and gaps in correlating the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel Goveas
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugénie Mutez
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
- Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, CHU Lille University Hospital, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- UMR-S 1172—LilNCog—Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.G.); (E.M.)
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19
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Bougea A, Koros C, Papagiannakis N, Simitsi AM, Prentakis A, Papadimitriou D, Pachi I, Antonelou R, Angelopoulou E, Beratis I, Bozi M, Papageorgiou SG, Trapali XG, Stamelou M, Stefanis L. Serum Uric Acid in LRRK2 Related Parkinson's Disease: Longitudinal Data from the PPMI Study. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:633-640. [PMID: 33682725 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have highlighted serum uric acid as a putative idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD) biomarker. Only one study, so far, showed higher levels of serum uric acid in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK + 2) carriers compared to those who developed PD, however a longitudinal comparison between LRRK2 + PD and healthy controls (HC) has not been performed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether there are longitudinal differences in serum uric acid between iPD, LRRK2 + PD and HC and their association with motor and non-motor features. METHODS Longitudinal data of uric acid of 282 de novo iPD, 144 LRRK2 + PD patients, and 195 age-matched HC were obtained from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. We also used longitudinal Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS-III), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) scores, and DaTSCAN striatal binding ratios (SBRs). RESULTS Longitudinal uric acid measurements were significantly lower in LRRK2 + PD patients compared to HC up to 5 years follow-up. There was no significant impact or correlation of adjusted or unadjusted uric acid levels with MoCA, MDS-UPDRS III, or GDS scores, the presence of RBD or DAT-SCAN SBRs. CONCLUSION LRRK2 + PD group had significantly lower uric acid concentrations compared to HC after adjusting for age, sex and baseline BMI up to 5 years follow-up. There were no significant associations between uric acid levels and indices of disease severity. These findings identify serum uric acid as a marker linked to LRRK2 + PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papagiannakis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Prentakis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Roubina Antonelou
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ion Beratis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Stamelou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Neurology Clinic, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Bright JM, Carlisle HJ, Toda AMA, Murphy M, Molitor TP, Wren P, Andruska KM, Liu E, Barlow C. Differential Inhibition of LRRK2 in Parkinson's Disease Patient Blood by a G2019S Selective LRRK2 Inhibitor. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1362-1371. [PMID: 33836114 PMCID: PMC8248170 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A common genetic mutation that causes Parkinson's disease (PD) is the G2019S LRRK2 mutation. A precision medicine approach that selectively blocks only excess kinase activity of the mutant allele could yield a safe and effective treatment for G2019S LRRK2 PD. Objective To determine the activity of a G2019S mutant selective leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase inhibitor as compared to a nonselective inhibitor in blood of subjects with genetic and idiopathic PD on two LRRK2 biomarkers, pSer935 LRRK2 and pThr73 Rab10. Methods Blood was collected from 13 subjects with or without a G2019S LRRK2 mutation with PD and one healthy control. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated ex vivo with a novel G2019S LRRK2 inhibitor (EB‐42168) or the nonselective inhibitor MLi‐2. Quantitative western immunoblot analyses were performed. Results EB‐42168 was 100 times more selective for G2019S LRRK2 when compared to wild‐type (WT) LRRK2. Concentrations that inhibited phosphorylation of pSer935 LRRK2 by 90% in homozygous G2019S LRRK2 patients, inhibited pSer935 LRRK2 by 36% in heterozygous patients, and by only 5% in patients carrying only the WT allele. Similar selectivity was seen for pThr73 Rab10. MLi‐2 showed an equivalent level of inhibition across all genotypes. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that EB‐42168, a G2019S LRRK2 selective inhibitor, lowers mutant G2019S LRRK2 phosphorylated biomarkers while simultaneously sparing WT LRRK2. Selective targeting of G2019S LRRK2 with a small molecule lays the foundation for a precision medicine treatment of G2019S LRRK2 PD. © 2021 ESCAPE Bio, Inc. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Molly Murphy
- Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Mountain View, California, USA
| | | | - Paul Wren
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristin M Andruska
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.,Parkinson's Institute and Clinical Center, Mountain View, California, USA
| | - Enchi Liu
- ESCAPE Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Divergent Effects of G2019S and R1441C LRRK2 Mutations on LRRK2 and Rab10 Phosphorylations in Mouse Tissues. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112344. [PMID: 33105882 PMCID: PMC7690595 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 cause familial Parkinson’s disease and common variants increase disease risk. LRRK2 kinase activity and cellular localization are tightly regulated by phosphorylation of key residues, primarily Ser1292 and Ser935, which impacts downstream phosphorylation of its substrates, among which Rab10. A comprehensive characterization of LRRK2 activity and phosphorylation in brain as a function of age and mutations is missing. Here, we monitored Ser935 and Ser1292 phosphorylation in midbrain, striatum, and cortex of 1, 6, and 12 months-old mice carrying G2019S and R1441C mutations or murine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-Lrrk2-G2019S. We observed that G2019S and, at a greater extent, R1441C brains display decreased phospho-Ser935, while Ser1292 autophosphorylation increased in G2019S but not in R1441C brain, lung, and kidney compared to wild-type. Further, Rab10 phosphorylation, is elevated in R1441C carrying mice, indicating that the effect of LRRK2 mutations on substrate phosphorylation is not generalizable. In BAC-Lrrk2-G2019S striatum and midbrain, Rab10 phosphorylation, but not Ser1292 autophosphorylation, decreases at 12-months, pointing to autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation as uncoupled events. Taken together, our study provides novel evidence that LRRK2 phosphorylation in mouse brain is differentially impacted by mutations, brain area, and age, with important implications as diagnostic markers of disease progression and stratification.
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22
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Rideout HJ, Chartier-Harlin MC, Fell MJ, Hirst WD, Huntwork-Rodriguez S, Leyns CEG, Mabrouk OS, Taymans JM. The Current State-of-the Art of LRRK2-Based Biomarker Assay Development in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:865. [PMID: 33013290 PMCID: PMC7461933 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting that LRRK2 function, particularly its kinase activity, is elevated in multiple forms of Parkinson's disease, both idiopathic as well as familial forms linked to mutations in the LRRK2 gene. However, sensitive quantitative markers of LRRK2 activation in clinical samples remain at the early stages of development. There are several measures of LRRK2 activity that could potentially be used in longitudinal studies of disease progression, as inclusion/exclusion criteria for clinical trials, to predict response to therapy, or as markers of target engagement. Among these are levels of LRRK2, phosphorylation of LRRK2 itself, either by other kinases or via auto-phosphorylation, its in vitro kinase activity, or phosphorylation of downstream substrates. This is advantageous on many levels, in that multiple indices of elevated kinase activity clearly strengthen the rationale for targeting this kinase with novel therapeutic candidates, and provide alternate markers of activation in certain tissues or biofluids for which specific measures are not detectable. However, this can also complicate interpretation of findings from different studies using disparate measures. In this review we discuss the current state of LRRK2-focused biomarkers, the advantages and disadvantages of the current pallet of outcome measures, the gaps that need to be addressed, and the priorities that the field has defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardy J. Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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23
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Padmanabhan S, Fiske BK, Baptista MA. The Michael J. Fox Foundation's Strategies for Accelerating Translation of LRRK2 into Therapies for Parkinson Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E1878. [PMID: 32796584 PMCID: PMC7466022 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) has invested significant funding and non-funding effort to accelerate research and drug development activity around the Parkinson disease (PD)-associated protein LRRK2. MJFF has spearheaded multiple public/private pre-competitive collaborations that have contributed to our understanding of LRRK2 function; de-risked potential safety questions around the therapeutic use of LRRK2 kinase inhibitors; and generated critical research tools, biosamples, and data for the field. Several LRRK2-targeted therapies are now in human testing due to the hard work of so many in the PD community. In this perspective, we present a holistic description and model of how our Foundation's support targeted important barriers to LRRK2 research and helped move the field into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
| | | | - Marco A.S. Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research, Grand Central Station, P.O. Box 4777, New York, NY 10120, USA
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24
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Kelly K, West AB. Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers for Emerging LRRK2 Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:807. [PMID: 32903744 PMCID: PMC7438883 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies have identified variants in the LRRK2 gene as important components of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathobiology. Biochemical and emergent biomarker studies have coalesced around LRRK2 hyperactivation in disease. Therapeutics that diminish LRRK2 activity, either with small molecule kinase inhibitors or anti-sense oligonucleotides, have recently advanced to the clinic. Historically, there have been few successes in the development of therapies that might slow or halt the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past few decades of biomedical research, retrospective analyses suggest the broad integration of informative biomarkers early in development tends to distinguish successful pipelines from those that fail early. Herein, we discuss the biomarker regulatory process, emerging LRRK2 biomarker candidates, assays, underlying biomarker biology, and clinical integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaela Kelly
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Andrew B West
- Duke Center for Neurodegeneration Research, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Neurology, and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Melachroinou K, Kang MS, Liong C, Narayan S, Levers N, Joshi N, Kopil K, Hutten SJ, Baptista MAS, Padmanabhan S, Kang UJ, Stefanis L, Alcalay RN, Rideout HJ. Elevated In Vitro Kinase Activity in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 G2019S Carriers: A Novel Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay-Based Method. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2095-2100. [PMID: 32652692 PMCID: PMC7754308 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 kinase inhibitors are being vigorously pursued as potential therapeutic options; however, there is a critical need for sensitive and quantitative assays of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function and target engagement. Objectives Our objective was to compare collection and storage protocols for peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and to determine the optimal conditions for downstream analyses of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in PD cohorts. Methods Here, we describe enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–based assays capable of detecting multiple aspects of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function at endogenous levels in human tissues. Results In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy and affected carriers of the G2019S mutation in leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2, we report, for the first time, significantly elevated in vitro kinase activity, while detecting a significant increase in pS935/leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 in idiopathic PD patients. Conclusions Quantitative assays such as these described here could potentially uncover specific markers of leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 function that are predictive of disease progression, aid in patient stratification, and be a critical component of upcoming clinical trials. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Melachroinou
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Min Suk Kang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Liong
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sushma Narayan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Najah Levers
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neal Joshi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katie Kopil
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Samantha J Hutten
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shalini Padmanabhan
- The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Neurology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Roy N Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hardy J Rideout
- Division of Basic Neurosciences, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Polissidis A, Petropoulou-Vathi L, Nakos-Bimpos M, Rideout HJ. The Future of Targeted Gene-Based Treatment Strategies and Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E912. [PMID: 32560161 PMCID: PMC7355671 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers and disease-modifying therapies are both urgent unmet medical needs in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and must be developed concurrently because of their interdependent relationship: biomarkers for the early detection of disease (i.e., prior to overt neurodegeneration) are necessary in order for patients to receive maximal therapeutic benefit and vice versa; disease-modifying therapies must become available for patients whose potential for disease diagnosis and prognosis can be predicted with biomarkers. This review provides an overview of the milestones achieved to date in the therapeutic strategy development of disease-modifying therapies and biomarkers for PD, with a focus on the most common and advanced genetically linked targets alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase-2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA1). Furthermore, we discuss the convergence of the different pathways and the importance of patient stratification and how these advances may apply more broadly to idiopathic PD. The heterogeneity of PD poses a challenge for therapeutic and biomarker development, however, the one gene- one target approach has brought us closer than ever before to an unprecedented number of clinical trials and biomarker advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hardy J. Rideout
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centre for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (L.P.-V.); (M.N.-B.)
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Marchand A, Drouyer M, Sarchione A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Taymans JM. LRRK2 Phosphorylation, More Than an Epiphenomenon. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:527. [PMID: 32612495 PMCID: PMC7308437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are linked to autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and genetic variations at the LRRK2 locus are associated with an increased risk for sporadic PD. This gene encodes a kinase that is physiologically multiphosphorylated, including clusters of both heterologous phosphorylation and autophosphorylation sites. Several pieces of evidence indicate that LRRK2's phosphorylation is important for its pathological and physiological functioning. These include a reduced LRRK2 heterologous phosphorylation in PD brains or after pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as well as the appearance of subcellular LRRK2 accumulations when this protein is dephosphorylated at heterologous phosphosites. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms governing LRRK2 phosphorylation levels and the cellular consequences of changes in LRRK2 phosphorylation remain incompletely understood. In this review, we present current knowledge on LRRK2 phosphorylation, LRRK2 phosphoregulation, and how LRRK2 phosphorylation changes affect cellular processes that may ultimately be linked to PD mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Marchand
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Alessia Sarchione
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
- Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Team “Brain Biology and Chemistry”, Lille, France
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Mabrouk OS, Chen S, Edwards AL, Yang M, Hirst WD, Graham DL. Quantitative Measurements of LRRK2 in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Demonstrates Increased Levels in G2019S Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:526. [PMID: 32523511 PMCID: PMC7262382 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations are among the most significant genetic risk factors for developing late onset Parkinson’s disease (PD). To understand whether a therapeutic can modulate LRRK2 levels as a potential disease modifying strategy, it is important to have methods in place to measure the protein with high sensitivity and specificity. To date, LRRK2 measurements in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have used extracellular vesicle enrichment via differential ultracentrifugation and western blot detection. Our goal was to develop a methodology which could be deployed in a clinical trial, therefore throughput, robustness and sensitivity were critical. To this end, we developed a Stable Isotope Standard Capture by Anti-peptide Antibody (SISCAPA) assay which is capable of detecting LRRK2 from 1 ml of human CSF. The assay uses a commercially available LRRK2 monoclonal antibody (N241A/34) and does not require extracellular vesicle enrichment steps. The assay includes stable isotope peptide addition which allows for absolute quantitation of LRRK2 protein. We determined that the assay performed adequately for CSF measurements and that blood contamination from traumatic lumbar puncture does not pose a serious analytical challenge. We then applied this technique to 106 CSF samples from the MJFF LRRK2 Cohort Consortium which includes healthy controls, sporadic PD patients and LRRK2 mutation carriers with and without PD. Of the 105 samples that had detectable LRRK2 signal, we found that the PD group with the G2019S LRRK2 mutation had significantly higher CSF LRRK2 levels compared to all other groups. We also found that CSF LRRK2 increased with the age of the participant. Taken together, this work represents a step forward in our ability to measure LRRK2 in a challenging matrix like CSF which has implications for current and future LRRK2 therapeutic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Mabrouk
- Clinical Sciences, Biomarkers, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Siwei Chen
- Clinical Sciences, Biomarkers, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Amanda L Edwards
- Clinical Sciences, Biomarkers, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Minhua Yang
- Biostatistics, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Warren D Hirst
- Neurodegeneration Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
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