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Walker JJ, Meunier E, Garcia S, Messaoudi B, Mouly AM, Veyrac A, Buonviso N, Courtiol E. State-dependent alteration of respiration in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114740. [PMID: 38395215 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Besides major deficits in motor coordination, patients may also display sensory and cognitive impairments, which are often overlooked despite being inherently part of the PD symptomatology. Amongst those symptoms, respiration, a key mechanism involved in the regulation of multiple physiological and neuronal processes, appears to be altered. Importantly, breathing patterns are highly correlated with the animal's behavioral states. This raises the question of the potential impact of behavioral state on respiration deficits in PD. To answer this question, we first characterized the respiratory parameters in a neurotoxin-induced rat model of PD (6-OHDA) across three different vigilance states: sleep, quiet waking and exploration. We noted a significantly higher respiratory frequency in 6-OHDA rats during quiet waking compared to Sham rats. A higher respiratory amplitude was also observed in 6-OHDA rats during both quiet waking and exploration. No effect of the treatment was noted during sleep. Given the relation between respiration and olfaction and the presence of olfactory deficits in PD patients, we then investigated the odor-evoked sniffing response in PD rats, using an odor habituation/cross-habituation paradigm. No substantial differences were observed in olfactory abilities between the two groups, as assessed through sniffing frequency. These results corroborate the hypothesis that respiratory impairments in 6-OHDA rats are vigilance-dependent. Our results also shed light on the importance of considering the behavioral state as an impacting factor when analyzing respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Jacques Walker
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Estelle Meunier
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Belkacem Messaoudi
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Anne-Marie Mouly
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Alexandra Veyrac
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Nathalie Buonviso
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Courtiol
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, CMO, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bâtiment 452, Neurocampus Michel Jouvet - 95 Bd Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France.
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Broadfoot CK, Hoffmeister JD, Lechner SA, Krasko MN, Lambert E, Russell JA, Szot JC, Glass TJ, Connor NP, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Tongue and laryngeal exercises improve tongue strength and vocal function outcomes in a Pink1-/- rat model of early Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2024; 460:114754. [PMID: 37981125 PMCID: PMC10872343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) causes voice and swallow dysfunction even in early stages of the disease. Treatment of this dysfunction is limited, and the neuropathology underlying this dysfunction is poorly defined. Targeted exercise provides the greatest benefit for offsetting voice and swallow dysfunction, and previous data suggest the hypoglossal nucleus and noradrenergic-locus coeruleus (LC) may be involved in its early pathology. To investigate relationships between targeted exercise and neuropathology of voice and swallow dysfunction, we implemented a combined exercise paradigm that included tongue force and vocalization exercises early in the Pink1-/- rat model. We tested the hypotheses that (1) tongue and vocal exercise improves tongue force and timing behaviors and vocalization outcomes, and (2) exercise increases optical density of serotonin (5-HT) in the hypoglossal nucleus, and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (Th-ir) cell counts in the LC. At two months of age Pink1-/- rats were randomized to exercise or non-exercise treatment. Age-matched wildtype (WT) control rats were assigned to non-exercise treatment. Tongue force and timing behaviors and ultrasonic vocalizations were measured at baseline (two months) and final (four months) timepoints. Optical density of 5-HT in the hypoglossal nucleus and TH-ir cell counts in the LC were obtained. Pink1-/- rats produced greater tongue forces, faster tongue contraction, and higher-intensity vocalization following exercise. There were no differences in LC TH-ir. The non-exercised Pink1-/- group had reduced density of 5-HT in the hypoglossal nucleus compared to the WT control group. The changes to tongue function and vocalization after targeted exercise suggests exercise intervention may be beneficial in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney K Broadfoot
- University of South Alabama, Department of Speech Pathology & Audiology, 36688, USA.
| | | | - Sarah A Lechner
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - Maryann N Krasko
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 53706, USA
| | - Emily Lambert
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - John A Russell
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - John C Szot
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - Tiffany J Glass
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - Nadine P Connor
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Neuroscience Training Program, 53706, USA
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Neuroscience Training Program, 53706, USA
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Lechner SA, Barnett DGS, Gammie SC, Kelm-Nelson CA. Prodromal Parkinson disease signs are predicted by a whole-blood inflammatory transcriptional signature in young Pink1 -/- rats. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:11. [PMID: 38438964 PMCID: PMC10910737 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease (PD) is the fastest growing neurodegenerative disease. The molecular pathology of PD in the prodromal phase is poorly understood; as such, there are no specific prognostic or diagnostic tests. A validated Pink1 genetic knockout rat was used to model early-onset and progressive PD. Male Pink1-/- rats exhibit progressive declines in ultrasonic vocalizations as well as hindlimb and forelimb motor deficits by mid-to-late adulthood. Previous RNA-sequencing work identified upregulation of genes involved in disease pathways and inflammation within the brainstem and vocal fold muscle. The purpose of this study was to identify gene pathways within the whole blood of young Pink1-/- rats (3 months of age) and to link gene expression to early acoustical changes. To accomplish this, limb motor testing (open field and cylinder tests) and ultrasonic vocalization data were collected, immediately followed by the collection of whole blood and RNA extraction. Illumina® Total RNA-Seq TruSeq platform was used to profile differential expression of genes. Statistically significant genes were identified and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis was used to construct co-expression networks and modules from the whole blood gene expression dataset as well as the open field, cylinder, and USV acoustical dataset. ENRICHR was used to identify the top up-regulated biological pathways. RESULTS The data suggest that inflammation and interferon signaling upregulation in the whole blood is present during early PD. We also identified genes involved in the dysregulation of ribosomal protein and RNA processing gene expression as well as prion protein gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These data identified several potential blood biomarkers and pathways that may be linked to anxiety and vocalization acoustic parameters and are key candidates for future drug-repurposing work and comparison to human datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Lechner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, 416, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - David G S Barnett
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, 416, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, 416, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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Gad El-Hak HN, Mohamed FH. Effect of lactoferrin supplement on cadmium chloride induced toxicity to male rats: Toxicopathological, ultrastructural and immunological studies. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111182. [PMID: 37944217 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether lactoferrin supplementation could counteract the harm that cadmium (Cd) induced to the rats. The effect of Cd and lactoferrin were investigated in hematological, biochemical, histological, immunohistochemical expression and ultrastructural studies. After 30 days of treatment, rats exposed to Cd had significantly higher levels of Cd in their blood, more oxidized lipids, and less antioxidant capacity overall. Supplemental lactoferrin also significantly undoes that effect. Hematological and biochemical parameters changed along with the increase in blood Cd levels. The histological integrity of the liver, kidney, spleen, and (axillary, cervical, mesenteric and popliteal) lymph nodes that had been damaged by Cd exposure was also restored by lactoferrin supplementation. Moreover, the liver and spleen ultrastructure showed the same improvement. In addition, the spleen of Lf/Cd group showed less immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) in comparison to the Cd group. In conclusion, the current study showed that supplementing with lactoferrin improved immune response and restored biochemical and oxidative stability induced by Cd.
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Glass TJ, Lenell C, Fisher EH, Yang Q, Connor NP. Ultrasonic vocalization phenotypes in the Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey mouse models of Down syndrome. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114323. [PMID: 37573959 PMCID: PMC10592033 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder associated with a high incidence of challenges in vocal communication. DS can involve medical co-morbidities and structural social factors that may impact communication outcomes, which can present difficulties for the study of vocal communication challenges. Mouse models of DS may be used to study vocal communication differences associated with this syndrome and allow for greater control and consistency of environmental factors. Prior work has demonstrated differences in ultrasonic vocalization (USV) of the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS at a young adult age, however it is not known how USV characteristics are manifested at mature ages. Given that the aging process and age-related co-morbidities may also impact communication in DS, addressing this gap in knowledge may be of value for efforts to understand communication difficulties in DS across the lifespan. The current study hypothesized that the Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey mouse models of DS would demonstrate differences in multiple measures of USV communication at a mature adult age of 5 months. METHODS Ts65Dn mice (n = 16) and euploid controls (n = 19), as well as Dp(16)1Yey mice (n = 20) and wild-type controls (n = 22), were evaluated at 5 months of age for USV production using a mating paradigm. Video footage of USV sessions were analyzed to quantify social behaviors of male mice during USV testing sessions. USV recordings were analyzed using Deepsqueak software to identify 10 vocalization types, which were quantified for 11 acoustic measures. RESULTS Ts65Dn, but not Dp(16)1Yey, showed significantly lower proportions of USVs classified as Step Up, Short, and Frequency Steps, and significantly higher proportions of USVs classified as Inverted U, than euploid controls. Both Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey groups had significantly greater values for power and tonality for USVs than respective control groups. While Ts65Dn showed lower frequencies than controls, Dp(16)1Yey showed higher frequencies than controls. Finally, Ts65Dn showed reductions in a measure of complexity for some call types. No significant differences between genotype groups were identified in analysis of behaviors during testing sessions. CONCLUSION While both Ts65Dn and Dp(16)1Yey show significant differences in USV measures at 5 months of age, of the two models, Ts65Dn shows a relatively greater numbers of differences. Characterization of communication phenotypes in mouse models of DS may be helpful in laying the foundation for future translational advances in the area of communication difficulties associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J Glass
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Charles Lenell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Erin H Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qiuyu Yang
- Department of Surgery, Statistical Analysis and Research Programming Core, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nadine P Connor
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Alizadeh P, Terroba-Chambi C, Achen B, Bruno V. Pain in monogenic Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1248828. [PMID: 38020640 PMCID: PMC10643218 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1248828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain, a challenging symptom experienced by individuals diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), still lacks a comprehensive understanding of its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. A systematic investigation of its prevalence and impact on the quality of life in patients affected by monogenic forms of PD has yet to be undertaken. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of the association between pain and monogenic forms of PD, specifically focusing on pathogenic variants in SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, PARK7, LRRK2, GBA1, VPS35, ATP13A2, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1. Sixty-three articles discussing pain associated with monogenic PD were identified and analyzed. The included studies exhibited significant heterogeneity in design, sample size, and pain outcome measures. Nonetheless, the findings of this review suggest that patients with monogenic PD may experience specific types of pain depending on the pathogenic variant present, distinguishing them from non-carriers. For instance, individuals with SNCA pathogenic variants have reported painful dystonia, lower extremity pain, dorsal pain, and upper back pain. However, these observations are primarily based on case reports with unclear prevalence. Painful lower limb dystonia and lower back pain are prominent symptoms in PRKN carriers. A continual correlation has been noted between LRRK2 mutations and the emergence of pain, though the conflicting research outcomes pose challenges in reaching definitive conclusions. Individuals with PINK1 mutation carriers also frequently report experiencing pain. Pain has been frequently reported as an initial symptom and the most troublesome one in GBA1-PD patients compared to those with idiopathic PD. The evidence regarding pain in ATP13A2, PARK7, VPS35, DNAJC6, FBXO7, and SYNJ1pathogenic variants is limited and insufficient. The potential linkage between genetic profiles and pain outcomes holds promising clinical implications, allowing for the potential stratification of patients in clinical trials and the development of personalized treatments for pain in monogenic PD. In conclusion, this review underscores the need for further research to unravel the intricate relationship between pain and monogenic forms of PD. Standardized methodologies, larger sample sizes, and longitudinal studies are essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted therapeutic interventions for pain management in individuals with monogenic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Beatrice Achen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Veronica Bruno
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Lechner SA, Barnett DGS, Gammie SC, Kelm-Nelson CA. Prodromal Parkinson disease signs are predicted by a whole-blood inflammatory transcriptional signature in young Pink1-/- rats. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3269607. [PMID: 37674708 PMCID: PMC10479403 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3269607/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Parkinson disease (PD) is the fastest growing neurodegenerative disease. The molecular pathology of PD in the prodromal phase is poorly understood; as such, there are no specific prognostic or diagnostic tests. A validated Pink1 genetic knockout rat was used to model early-onset and progressive PD. Male Pink1-/- rats exhibit progressive declines in ultrasonic vocalizations as well as hindlimb and forelimb motor deficits by mid-to-late adulthood. Previous RNA-sequencing work identified upregulation of genes involved in disease pathways and inflammation within the brainstem and vocal fold muscle. The purpose of this study was to identify gene pathways within the whole blood of young Pink1-/- rats (3 months of age) and to link gene expression to early acoustical changes. To accomplish this, limb motor testing (open field and cylinder tests) and ultrasonic vocalization data were collected, immediately followed by the collection of whole blood and RNA extraction. Illumina® Total RNA-Seq TruSeq platform was used to profile differential expression of genes. Statistically significant genes were identified and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis was used to construct co-expression networks and modules from the whole blood gene expression dataset as well as the open field, cylinder, and USV acoustical dataset. ENRICHR was used to identify the top up-regulated biological pathways. Results The data suggest that inflammation and interferon signaling upregulation in the whole blood is present during early PD. We also identified genes involved in the dysregulation of ribosomal protein and RNA processing gene expression as well as prion protein gene expression. Conclusions These data identified several potential blood biomarkers and pathways that may be linked to anxiety and vocalization acoustic parameters and are key candidates for future drug-repurposing work and comparison to human datasets.
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Pinizzotto CC, Dreyer KM, Aje OA, Caffrey RM, Madhira K, Kritzer MF. Spontaneous Object Exploration in a Recessive Gene Knockout Model of Parkinson's Disease: Development and Progression of Object Recognition Memory Deficits in Male Pink1-/- Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:951268. [PMID: 36560930 PMCID: PMC9763898 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.951268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments appear at or before motor signs in about one third of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and have a cumulative prevalence of roughly 80% overall. These deficits exact an unrelenting toll on patients' quality and activities of daily life due in part to a lack of available treatments to ameliorate them. This study used three well-validated novel object recognition-based paradigms to explore the suitability of rats with knockout of the PTEN-induced putative kinase1 gene (Pink1) for investigating factors that induce cognitive decline in PD and for testing new ways to mitigate them. Longitudinal testing of rats from 3-9 months of age revealed significant impairments in male Pink1-/- rats compared to wild type controls in Novel Object Recognition, Novel Object Location and Object-in-Place tasks. Task-specific differences in the progression of object discrimination/memory deficits across age were also seen. Finally, testing using an elevated plus maze, a tapered balance beam and a grip strength gauge showed that in all cases recognition memory deficits preceded potentially confounding impacts of gene knockout on affect or motor function. Taken together, these findings suggest that knockout of the Pink1 gene negatively impacts the brain circuits and/or neurochemical systems that support performance in object recognition tasks. Further investigations using Pink1-/- rats and object recognition memory tasks should provide new insights into the neural underpinnings of the visual recognition memory and visuospatial information processing deficits that are often seen in PD patients and accelerate the pace of discovery of better ways to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Pinizzotto
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Claudia C. Pinizzotto,
| | - Katherine M. Dreyer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States,InSTAR Program, Ward Melville High School, East Setauket, NY, United States
| | - Oluwagbohunmi A. Aje
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Ryan M. Caffrey
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States,Master’s Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Keertana Madhira
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States,Hauppauge High School Science Research Program, Hauppauge High School, Hauppauge, NY, United States
| | - Mary F. Kritzer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Kaczyńska K, Orłowska ME, Andrzejewski K. Respiratory Abnormalities in Parkinson's Disease: What Do We Know from Studies in Humans and Animal Models? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073499. [PMID: 35408858 PMCID: PMC8998219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by movement disorders due to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventrolateral region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Apart from the cardinal motor symptoms such as rigidity and bradykinesia, non-motor symptoms including those associated with respiratory dysfunction are of increasing interest. Not only can they impair the patients’ quality of life but they also can cause aspiration pneumonia, which is the leading cause of death among PD patients. This narrative review attempts to summarize the existing literature on respiratory impairments reported in human studies, as well as what is newly known from studies in animal models of the disease. Discussed are not only respiratory muscle dysfunction, apnea, and dyspnea, but also altered central respiratory control, responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and how they are affected by the pharmacological treatment of PD.
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Lechner SA, Kletzien H, Gammie SC, Kelm-Nelson CA. Thyroarytenoid Muscle Gene Expression in a Rat Model of Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E2874-E2879. [PMID: 34057223 PMCID: PMC8595495 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Voice disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) are early-onset, manifest in the preclinical stages of the disease, and negatively impact quality of life. The complete loss of function in the PTEN-induced kinase 1 gene (Pink1) causes a genetic form of early-onset, autosomal recessive PD. Modeled after the human inherited mutation, the Pink1-/- rat demonstrates significant cranial sensorimotor dysfunction including declines in ultrasonic vocalizations. However, the underlying genetics of the vocal fold thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle that may contribute to vocal deficits has not been studied. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the TA muscle of 8-month-old male Pink1-/- rats compared to wildtype controls. STUDY DESIGN Animal experiment with control. METHODS High throughput RNA sequencing was used to examine TA muscle gene expression in adult male Pink1-/- rats and wildtype controls. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis was used to construct co-expression modules to identify biological networks, including where Pink1 was a central node. The ENRICHR tool was used to compare this gene set to existing human gene databases. RESULTS We identified 134 annotated differentially expressed genes (P < .05 cutoff) and observed enrichment in the following biological pathways: Parkinson's disease (Casp7, Pink1); Parkin-Ubiquitin proteasome degradation (Psmd12, Psmd7); MAPK signaling (Casp7, Ppm1b, Ppp3r1); and inflammatory TNF-α, Nf-κB Signaling (Casp7, Psmd12, Psmd7, Cdc34, Bcl7a, Peg3). CONCLUSIONS Genes and pathways identified here may be useful for evaluating the specific mechanisms of peripheral dysfunction including within the laryngeal muscle and have potential to be used as experimental biomarkers for treatment development. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2874-E2879, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Lechner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Heidi Kletzien
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen C. Gammie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Cynthia A. Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Hoffmeister JD, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Quantification of brainstem norepinephrine relative to vocal impairment and anxiety in the Pink1-/- rat model of Parkinson disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113514. [PMID: 34358571 PMCID: PMC8393386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vocal communication impairment and anxiety are co-occurring and interacting signs of Parkinson Disease (PD) that are common, poorly understood, and under-treated. Both vocal communication and anxiety are influenced by the noradrenergic system. In light of this shared neural substrate and considering that noradrenergic dysfunction is a defining characteristic of PD, tandem investigation of vocal impairment and anxiety in PD relative to noradrenergic mechanisms is likely to yield insights into the underlying disease-specific causes of these impairments. In order to address this gap in knowledge, we assessed vocal impairment and anxiety behavior relative to brainstem noradrenergic markers in a genetic rat model of early-onset PD (Pink1-/-) and wild type controls (WT). We hypothesized that 1) brainstem noradrenergic markers would be disrupted in Pink1-/-, and 2) brainstem noradrenergic markers would be associated with vocal acoustic changes and anxiety level. Rats underwent testing of ultrasonic vocalization and anxiety (elevated plus maze) at 4, 8, and 12 months of age. At 12 months, brainstem norepinephrine markers were quantified with immunohistochemistry. Results demonstrated that vocal impairment and anxiety were increased in Pink1-/- rats, and increased anxiety was associated with greater vocal deficit in this model of PD. Further, brainstem noradrenergic markers including TH and α1 adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity in the locus coeruleus, and β1 adrenoreceptor immunoreactivity in vagal nuclei differed by genotype, and were associated with vocalization and anxiety behavior. These findings demonstrate statistically significant relationships among vocal impairment, anxiety, and brainstem norepinephrine in the Pink1-/- rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Hoffmeister
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA.
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792-7375, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9531 WIMR II, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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12
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Krasko MN, Hoffmeister JD, Schaen-Heacock NE, Welsch JM, Kelm-Nelson CA, Ciucci MR. Rat Models of Vocal Deficits in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:925. [PMID: 34356159 PMCID: PMC8303338 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects 10 million people worldwide. More than 90% of individuals with PD develop hypokinetic dysarthria, a motor speech disorder that impairs vocal communication and quality of life. Despite the prevalence of vocal deficits in this population, very little is known about the pathological mechanisms underlying this aspect of disease. As such, effective treatment options are limited. Rat models have provided unique insights into the disease-specific mechanisms of vocal deficits in PD. This review summarizes recent studies investigating vocal deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), alpha-synuclein overexpression, DJ1-/-, and Pink1-/- rat models of PD. Model-specific changes to rat ultrasonic vocalization (USV), and the effects of exercise and pharmacologic interventions on USV production in these models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann N. Krasko
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jesse D. Hoffmeister
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicole E. Schaen-Heacock
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jacob M. Welsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
| | - Cynthia A. Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
| | - Michelle R. Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (M.N.K.); (J.D.H.); (N.E.S.-H.); (J.M.W.); (C.A.K.-N.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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13
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Prasuhn J, Prasuhn M, Fellbrich A, Strautz R, Lemmer F, Dreischmeier S, Kasten M, Münte TF, Hanssen H, Heldmann M, Brüggemann N. Association of Locus Coeruleus and Substantia Nigra Pathology With Cognitive and Motor Functions in Patients With Parkinson Disease. Neurology 2021; 97:e1007-e1016. [PMID: 34187859 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) pathology to clinical signs and symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) by applying neuromelanin-weighted imaging. METHODS Forty-seven patients with PD and 53 matched controls underwent motor assessment, a neuropsychological test battery and neuromelanin-weighted MRI. Patients with PD have been enrolled after fulfilling the criteria for 'clinically established PD' as defined by the Movement Disorders Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria. Two independent raters identified SN and LC and calculated the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). RESULTS The intra-rater reliability demonstrated a good reliability between raters with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .88 (p<.001) and an inter-rater reliability of .80 (p<.001). Both, SN and LC CNRs were lower in patients with PD (p≤.001) compared to controls. The CNR of SN but not of LC was strongly correlated with disease duration (p≤.001). Neuromelanin pathology of the pars compacta-containing dorso-lateral SN correlated with MDS-UPDRS I, II and III but not cognitive functions. In contrast, neuromelanin pathology of LC was associated with cognitive functions in all tested domains but not with motor impairment or activities of daily living. No such associations were present in controls. CONCLUSIONS Neuromelanin imaging of the SN and LC is well-suited to map neurodegeneration in PD. Neuromelanin pathology of the SN correlates with motor dysfunction whereas LC pathology is related to cognitive impairment. Neuromelanin-weighted imaging of the LC could thus serve as an imaging marker of executive and other cognitive dysfunctions in PD. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class I evidence that neuromelanin-weighted imaging was associated with the severity of various signs and symptoms in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Prasuhn
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michelle Prasuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Laboratory for Angiogenesis and Ocular Cell Transplantation, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anja Fellbrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Robert Strautz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Felicitas Lemmer
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Shalida Dreischmeier
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrike Hanssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany .,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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14
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Sato T, Yajima T, Saijyo S, Shimazaki K, Nishitani T, Hoshika T, Nishitani Y, Ichikawa H, Mizoguchi I, Fukunaga T. Distribution of alpha-synuclein in the rat cranial sensory ganglia, and oro-cervical regions. Ann Anat 2021; 238:151776. [PMID: 34082081 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (Syn), an unfolded soluble cytosolic protein, is known as a disease-associated protein in the brain. However, little is known about distribution of this protein in the peripheral nervous system. In this study, expression of Syn was investigated in the sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves V, IX and X. METHODS To analyze distribution of Syn and its co-expression with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), immunohistochemical techniques were used in the rat cranial sensory ganglia and their peripheral tissues. RESULTS Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons were abundant in the sensory ganglia of the petrosal (56.7%), jugular (28.3%) and nodose ganglia (82.5%). These neurons had small to medium-sized cell bodies (petrosal, mean ± S.D. = 667.4 ± 310.8 μ m2; jugular, 625.1 ± 318.4 μ m2; nodose, 708.3 ± 248.3 μ m2), and were distributed throughout the ganglia. However, the trigeminal ganglion was mostly free of Syn-ir neurons. By double and triple immunofluorescence staining, Syn-ir neurons co-expressed CGRP and TRPV1 in the petrosal and jugular ganglia. Syn-immunoreactivity was expressed by nerve fibers in the epithelium and taste bud of oral and cervical viscerae. These nerve fibers were abundant in the naso-pharynx, epiglottis and laryngeal vestibule. Some taste bud cells were also immunoreactive for Syn. In addition, Syn-ir nerve fibers were detected in the vicinity of macrophages, dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. CONCLUSIONS Syn was abundant in the visceral sensory neurons but not in somatic sensory neurons. This protein may play a role in nociceptive and chemosensory transduction in the glossopharyngeal and vagal sensory ganglia. It is possible that Syn has a function about the immune mechanism of the upper air way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shiori Saijyo
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Shimazaki
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomiko Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hoshika
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishitani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Research Field in Dentistry, Medical and Dental Sciences Area, Research and Education Assembly, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizoguchi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Fukunaga
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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15
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Kelm-Nelson CA, Lechner SA, Lettenberger SE, Kaldenberg TAR, Pahapill NK, Regenbaum A, Ciucci MR. Pink1 -/- rats are a useful tool to study early Parkinson disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab077. [PMID: 33928251 PMCID: PMC8066864 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Kelm-Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah A Lechner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Samantha E Lettenberger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Taylor A R Kaldenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Natalie K Pahapill
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amy Regenbaum
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michelle R Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Lenell C, Broadfoot CK, Schaen-Heacock NE, Ciucci MR. Biological and Acoustic Sex Differences in Rat Ultrasonic Vocalization. Brain Sci 2021; 11:459. [PMID: 33916537 PMCID: PMC8067311 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11040459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat model is a useful tool for understanding peripheral and central mechanisms of laryngeal biology. Rats produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) that have communicative intent and are altered by experimental conditions such as social environment, stress, diet, drugs, age, and neurological diseases, validating the rat model's utility for studying communication and related deficits. Sex differences are apparent in both the rat larynx and USV acoustics and are differentially affected by experimental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper is to highlight the known sex differences in rat USV production, acoustics, and laryngeal biology detailed in the literature across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lenell
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (C.L.); (C.K.B.); (N.E.S.-H.)
- Communicative Sciences and Disorders, New York University, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Courtney K. Broadfoot
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (C.L.); (C.K.B.); (N.E.S.-H.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicole E. Schaen-Heacock
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (C.L.); (C.K.B.); (N.E.S.-H.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michelle R. Ciucci
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; (C.L.); (C.K.B.); (N.E.S.-H.)
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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