Effect of standardized feeding protocol on nutrient supply and postnatal growth of preterm infants: A prospective study

Assessment of the Adherence to ESPGHAN 2018 Guidelines in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Ghent University Hospital: A Retrospective Study

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a standard of care for preterm infants in the first postnatal days. The European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) has updated their guideline recommendations on PN in 2018. However, data on actual 2018 guideline adherence in clinical practice are sparse. In this retrospective study, conducted at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Ghent University Hospital, we analyzed the ESPGHAN 2018 PN guideline adherence and growth for 86 neonates admitted to the NICU. Analyses were stratified by birth weight (<1000 g, 1000 to <1500 g, ≥1500 g). We documented the provisions for enteral nutrition (EN) and PN, and we tested the combined EN and PN provisions for ESPGHAN 2018 adherence. The nutrition protocols showed a high adherence to PN guidelines in terms of carbohydrate provisions, yet lipid provisions for EN and PN often exceeded the recommended maximum of 4 g/kg/d; although, PN lipid intakes maxed out at 3.6 g/kg/d. Protein provisions tended to fall below the recommended minimum of 2.5 g/kg/d for preterm infants and 1.5 g/kg/d for term neonates. The energy provisions also tended to fall below the minimum recommendations, especially for neonates with a birth weight (BW) < 1000 g. Over a mean PN duration of 17.1 ± 11.4 d, the median weekly Fenton Z-scores changes for length, weight, and head circumference were positive for all BW groups. Future studies have to assess how protocols adapt to current guidelines, and how this affects short- and long-term growth across different BW groups. In conclusion, the reported findings provide real-world evidence regarding the effect of ESPGHAN 2018 PN guideline adherence, and they demonstrate how standardized neonatal PN solutions can safeguard stable growth during NICU stays.

A standardized feeding protocol ensured recommended nutrient intakes and prevented growth faltering in preterm infants < 29 weeks gestation

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Nutrition is a cornerstone of postnatal care to prevent compromised growth and support short- and long-term health outcomes in preterm infants. We aimed to evaluate nutritional intakes and growth among infants <29 weeks gestation after implementation of a standardized feeding protocol.

METHODS

This is an observational cohort secondary analysis of data from the ImNuT study (Immature, Nutrition Therapy, NCT03555019). To reduce variations in nutritional practice and ensure accommodation to current guidelines, we developed a standardized feeding protocol. Detailed information on actual nutritional intakes, growth and biochemistry was prospectively collected and assessed from birth to 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA).

RESULTS

Median (range) gestational age and birth weight were 26⁺⁶ (22⁺⁶-28⁺⁶) weeks and 798 (444-1485) g. Energy and macronutrient intakes progressively increased from birth through transition to exclusive enteral feeds. Parenteral nutrition was weaned at median (IQR) day 11 (9, 14) when nutritional requirements were met by exclusively enteral feeds. Infants exhibited a median (IQR) weight loss of 7.8% (5.7, 11.6) and regained birth weight by day 8 (7, 11). Average velocity in weight, length and head circumference from birth to 36 weeks PMA were in accordance with target growth rates; median (IQR) 15.8 (14.7, 17.7) g/kg/d, 1.1 (0.98, 1.3) cm/week and 0.82 (0.83, 0.89) cm/week. At 36 weeks PMA, only 3% of infants exhibited moderate growth faltering (decline in weigh-for-age z score >1.2 from birth), and none severe.

CONCLUSIONS

In infants <29 weeks gestation, the standardized feeding protocol was well tolerated. Nutrient intakes and growth were close to recommendations.

Effect of the Addition of Human Milk Fortifier to Breast Milk on the Early Recovery of Infants After Congenital Cardiac Surgery

Objective: This article studied the effect of breast milk supplemented with human milk fortifier (HMF) on the early recovery of infants after congenital cardiac surgery. Methods: Infants undergoing congenital cardiac surgery were randomly divided into an intervention group (n = 27) and a control group (n = 27). Infants in the intervention group received HMF, and those in the control group were exclusively breastfed. The nutritional indicators at discharge, the postoperative recovery status, and nutritional-related complications were recorded. Results: Compared with the control group at the time of discharge, the weight and albumin and prealbumin levels of the intervention group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The length of hospital stay of the intervention group was significantly reduced compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05). Although the length of ICU stay for the intervention group was shorter than that of the control group, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). No significant difference in the incidence of postoperative nutrition-related complications was noted between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with breastfeeding alone, with HMF can improve postoperative weight gains, reduce the length of stay, and promote infants' early recovery after congenital cardiac surgery.

Neonatal Survivability following Previable PPROM after Hospital Readmission for Intervention

Objective  To describe our hospital's experience following expectant management of previable preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (pPPROM). Study Design  Retrospective review of neonatal survival and maternal and neonatal outcomes of pPPROM cases between 2012 and 2019 at a tertiary referral center in South Central Louisiana. Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of neonatal survival. Results  Of 81 cases of pPPROM prior to 23 weeks gestational age (WGA), 23 survived to neonatal intensive care unit discharge (28.3%) with gestational age at rupture ranging from 18 ^0/7 to 22 ^6/7 WGA. Increased latency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.52) and increased gestational age at rupture (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.19, 2.21) increased the probability of neonatal survival. Antibiotics prior to delivery were associated with increased latency duration (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.74). Conclusion  Neonatal survival rate following pPPROM was 28.3%. Later gestational age at membrane rupture and increased latency periods are associated with increased neonatal survivability. Antibiotic administration following pPPROM increased latency duration.

"Extrauterine growth restriction" and "postnatal growth failure" are misnomers for preterm infants

Preterm infants are increasingly diagnosed as having "extrauterine growth restriction" (EUGR) or "postnatal growth failure" (PGF). Usually EUGR/PGF is diagnosed when weight is <10th percentile at either discharge or 36-40 weeks postmenstrual age. The reasons why the phrases EUGR/PGF are unhelpful include, they: (i) are not predictive of adverse outcome; (ii) are based only on weight without any consideration of head or length growth, proportionality, body composition, or genetic potential; (iii) ignore normal postnatal weight loss; (iv) are usually assessed prior to growth slowing of the reference fetus, around 36-40 weeks, and (v) are usually based on an arbitrary statistical growth percentile cut-off. Focus on EUGR/PGF prevalence may benefit with better attention to nutrition but may also harm with nutrition delivery above infants' actual needs. In this paper, we highlight challenges associated with such arbitrary cut-offs and opportunities for further refinement of understanding growth and nutritional needs of preterm neonates.

Extremely Preterm Infants Have a Higher Fat Mass Percentage in Comparison to Very Preterm Infants at Term-Equivalent Age

Background: Early nutritional support of preterm infants is important because it influences long-term health and development. Body composition has an influence on cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurocognitive outcome in the long term. Objective: To assess body composition in preterm infants <32 weeks of gestation at term-equivalent age and to analyze the influence of an optimized nutritional approach. Methods: This is a prespecified secondary outcome analysis of a prospective observational study comparing the body composition in regard to gestational age. The preterm infants were classified according to gestational age as extremely preterm infants (<28 weeks gestation at birth) and very preterm infants (≥28 weeks gestation at birth) and according to weight percentile as appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age. Body composition was determined by air displacement plethysmography using the PEA POD. The preterm infants obtained nutrition according to the ESPGHAN 2010 Guidelines. Results: Seventy-four preterm infants were analyzed. The mean (SD) gestational age was 28.7 (2.4) weeks, and birth weight was 1,162 (372) g. Fat mass percentage was significantly higher in extremely preterm infants in comparison to very preterm infants [17.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.9-18.1 vs. 15.5, 95% CI 14.7-16.2]. There was no significant difference of fat mass percentage according to weight percentiles. Conclusions: Extremely preterm infants had a significantly higher fat mass percentage compared to very preterm infants at term-equivalent age. There was no significant difference of fat mass percentage according to weight percentiles.

Deliveries at extreme prematurity: outcomes, approaches, institutional variation, and uncertainty

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Medical decision making and practices surrounding extremely premature birth remains challenging for parents and care providers alike. Recently, concerns have been raised regarding wide practice variation, selection bias, and the limitations of outcomes data in this population. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent literature relevant to deliveries at extreme prematurity with a focus on outcomes, approaches, and institutional variation.

RECENT FINDINGS

Newer data suggest that evidence-based clinical guidelines and protocols for both pregnant women and infants at extreme prematurity are emerging and may improve care and outcomes at lower gestational ages. It has also been recently shown that wide practice variation, selection bias, and methodological limitations of outcomes data reporting with respect to deliveries at extreme prematurity exist.

SUMMARY

Counseling at extreme prematurity should prioritize eliciting parental values and preferences with the goal of personalized shared decision-making. Providers should recognize limitations in counseling families at extreme prematurity, including selection bias, institutional variation, outcomes inaccuracies, prognostic uncertainty, and implicit biases. Standardized reporting of perinatal outcomes should be developed to help alleviate current outcomes misrepresentations and improve counseling at extreme prematurity. Education for providers in advanced communication skills is needed when counseling at extreme prematurity.

Full oral feeding is possible before discharge even in extremely preterm infants

AIM

This study described the steps needed to achieve full oral feeding before discharge in a group of very and extremely preterm (EPT) infants. We analysed the effects of oral feeding skills on discharge timing and on weight gain during their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay.

METHODS

A prospective cross-sectional observational study of 100 infants who were <32 weeks of gestation (GA) was conducted at the Division of Neonatology, Graz, Austria, from March 2014 to February 2015. Patients were stratified into two groups: those who were <28 weeks at birth and those who were 28 weeks and over. Velocity of oral feeding skills attainment and weight gain were analysed.

RESULTS

All infants successfully acquired oral feeding skills during hospitalisation. The median GA at which full oral feeding skills were reached was 37 + 1 weeks in EPT and 34 + 5 weeks in very preterm infants. More immature neonates showed worse feeding performances and lower weight increments during oral feeding steps.

CONCLUSION

Our study confirmed the role of GA in the development of oral feeding skills in the most premature babies. It also raises the question of whether expected daily weight gain should be targeted according to GA.