1
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Samartsev VN, Belosludtsev KN, Pavlova EK, Pavlova SI, Semenova AA, Dubinin MV. Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Interaction of Protonophore Uncouplers and Decoupling Agents with Functionally Active Mitochondria. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024:10.1007/s12013-024-01343-4. [PMID: 38856833 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to quantitatively characterize the effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers and decoupling agents in functionally active mitochondria, taking into account their content in the hydrophobic region of the inner membrane of these organelles. When conducting theoretical studies, it is accepted that uncouplers and decouplers occupy part of the volume of mitochondria to exhibit their activity, which is defined as the effective volume. The following quantities characterizing the action of these reagents are considered: (1) concentrations of reagents that cause double stimulation of mitochondrial respiration in state 4 (C 200 ); (2) effective distribution coefficient (E MW ) - the ratio of the amount of reagents in the effective volume of mitochondria and the water volume; (3) the relative amount of reagents associated with the effective volume of mitochondria (U M / U T ); (4) specific activity of reagents localized in the effective volume of mitochondria (A M ). We have developed methods for determining these values, based on an analysis of the dependence of the rate of mitochondrial respiration on the concentration of uncouplers and decoupling agents at two different concentrations of mitochondrial protein in the incubation medium. During experimental studies, we compared the effects of the classical protonophore uncouplers 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and сarbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), the natural uncouplers lauric and palmitic acids, and the natural decouplers α,ω-tetradecanedioic (TDA) and α,ω-hexadecanedioic (HDA) acids that differ both in the structure of the molecule and in the degree of solubility in lipids. Using the developed methods, we have clarified the dependence of the degree of activity of these uncouplers and decoupling agents on the distribution of their molecules between the effective volume of mitochondria and the water volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Samartsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Konstantin N Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
- Institute of theoretical and experimental biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Evgenia K Pavlova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Svetlana I Pavlova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Alena A Semenova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Dubinin
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El, 424001, Russia.
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2
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Rokitskaya TI, Kirsanov RS, Khailova LS, Panteleeva AA, Lyamzaev KG, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Methylation of Phenyl Rings in Ester-Stabilized Phosphorus Ylides Vastly Enhances Their Protonophoric Activity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300848. [PMID: 38353515 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that ester-stabilized phosphorus ylides, resulting from deprotonation of a phosphonium salt such as [Ph3PCH2COOR], can transfer protons across artificial and biological membranes. To create more effective cationic protonophores, we synthesized similar phosphonium salts with one ((heptyloxycarbonylmethyl)(p-tolyl)bromide) or two ((butyloxycarbonylmethyl)(3,5-xylyl)osphonium bromide) methyl substituents in the phenyl groups. The methylation enormously augmented both protonophoric activity of the ylides on planar bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) and uncoupling of mammalian mitochondria, which correlated with strongly accelerated flip-flop of their cationic precursors across the BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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3
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Kirsanov R, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Lyamzaev KG, Panteleeva AA, Nazarov PA, Firsov AM, Iaubasarova IR, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Synthesis of Triphenylphosphonium-Linked Derivative of 3,5-Di tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847) via Knoevenagel Reaction Yields an Effective Mitochondria-Targeted Protonophoric Uncoupler. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11551-11561. [PMID: 38496966 PMCID: PMC10938414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncouplers are actively sought as potential therapeutics. Here, we report the first successful synthesis of mitochondria-targeted derivatives of the highly potent uncoupler 3,5-ditert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylidene-malononitrile (SF6847), bearing a cationic alkyl(triphenyl)phosphonium (TPP) group. As a key step of the synthesis, we used condensation of a ketophenol with malononitrile via the Knoevenagel reaction. SF-C5-TPP with a pentamethylene linker between SF6847 and TPP, stimulating respiration and collapsing membrane potential of rat liver mitochondria at submicromolar concentrations, proved to be the most effective uncoupler of the series. SF-C5-TPP showed pronounced protonophoric activity on a model planar bilayer lipid membrane. Importantly, SF-C5-TPP exhibited rather low toxicity in fibroblast cell culture, causing mitochondrial depolarization in cells at concentrations that only slightly affected cell viability. SF-C5-TPP was more effective in decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential in the cell culture than SF6847, in contrast to the case of isolated mitochondria. Like other zwitterionic uncouplers, SF-C5-TPP inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis in the micromolar concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman
S. Kirsanov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S. Khailova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Rokitskaya
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G. Lyamzaev
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- The
“Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology” of
the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Panteleeva
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nazarov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Firsov
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R. Iaubasarova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A. Korshunova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A. Kotova
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Antonenko
- Belozersky
Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov
Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Fontes FL, Rooker SA, Lynn-Barbe JK, Lyons MA, Crans DC, Crick DC. Pyrazinoic acid, the active form of the anti-tuberculosis drug pyrazinamide, and aromatic carboxylic acid analogs are protonophores. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1350699. [PMID: 38414662 PMCID: PMC10896915 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1350699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinoic acid is the active form of pyrazinamide, a first-line antibiotic used to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. However, the mechanism of action of pyrazinoic acid remains a subject of debate, and alternatives to pyrazinamide in cases of resistance are not available. The work presented here demonstrates that pyrazinoic acid and known protonophores including salicylic acid, benzoic acid, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone all exhibit pH-dependent inhibition of mycobacterial growth activity over a physiologically relevant range of pH values. Other anti-tubercular drugs, including rifampin, isoniazid, bedaquiline, and p-aminosalicylic acid, do not exhibit similar pH-dependent growth-inhibitory activities. The growth inhibition curves of pyrazinoic, salicylic, benzoic, and picolinic acids, as well as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, all fit a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) derived from acid-base equilibria with R2 values > 0.95. The QSAR model indicates that growth inhibition relies solely on the concentration of the protonated forms of these weak acids (rather than the deprotonated forms). Moreover, pyrazinoic acid, salicylic acid, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone all caused acidification of the mycobacterial cytoplasm at concentrations that inhibit bacterial growth. Thus, it is concluded that pyrazinoic acid acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and that disruption of proton motive force is the primary mechanism of action of pyrazinoic acid rather than the inhibition of a classic enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L. Fontes
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Steven A. Rooker
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jamie K. Lynn-Barbe
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michael A. Lyons
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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5
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Gureev AP, Alimova AA, Silachev DN, Plotnikov EY. Noncoupled Mitochondrial Respiration as Therapeutic Approach for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases: Focus on Transgenic Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16491. [PMID: 38003681 PMCID: PMC10671337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to numerous chronic diseases, and mitochondria are targets for various toxins and xenobiotics. Therefore, the development of drugs or therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondria is an important task in modern medicine. It is well known that the primary, although not the sole, function of mitochondria is ATP generation, which is achieved by coupled respiration. However, a high membrane potential can lead to uncontrolled reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and associated dysfunction. For over 50 years, scientists have been studying various synthetic uncouplers, and for more than 30 years, uncoupling proteins that are responsible for uncoupled respiration in mitochondria. Additionally, the proteins of the mitochondrial alternative respiratory pathway exist in plant mitochondria, allowing noncoupled respiration, in which electron flow is not associated with membrane potential formation. Over the past two decades, advances in genetic engineering have facilitated the creation of various cellular and animal models that simulate the effects of uncoupled and noncoupled respiration in different tissues under various disease conditions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the findings obtained from these transgenic models. We focus on the advantages and limitations of transgenic organisms, the observed physiological and biochemical changes, and the therapeutic potential of uncoupled and noncoupled respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P. Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (A.P.G.); (A.A.A.)
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Alina A. Alimova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia; (A.P.G.); (A.A.A.)
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
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6
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Burton NR, Polasky DA, Shikwana F, Ofori S, Yan T, Geiszler DJ, Veiga Leprevost FD, Nesvizhskii AI, Backus KM. Solid-Phase Compatible Silane-Based Cleavable Linker Enables Custom Isobaric Quantitative Chemoproteomics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21303-21318. [PMID: 37738129 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomics has emerged as an enabling technology for functional biology and drug discovery. To address limitations of established chemoproteomics workflows, including cumbersome reagent synthesis and low throughput sample preparation, here, we established the silane-based cleavable isotopically labeled proteomics (sCIP) method. The sCIP method is enabled by a high yielding and scalable route to dialkoxydiphenylsilane fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (DADPS-Fmoc)-protected amino acid building blocks, which enable the facile synthesis of customizable, isotopically labeled, and chemically cleavable biotin capture reagents. sCIP is compatible with both MS1- and MS2-based quantitation, and the sCIP-MS2 method is distinguished by its click-assembled isobaric tags in which the reporter group is encoded in the sCIP capture reagent and balancer in the pan cysteine-reactive probe. The sCIP-MS2 workflow streamlines sample preparation with early stage isobaric labeling and sample pooling, allowing for high coverage and increased sample throughput via customized low cost six-plex sample multiplexing. When paired with a custom FragPipe data analysis workflow and applied to cysteine-reactive fragment screens, sCIP proteomics revealed established and unprecedented cysteine-ligand pairs, including the discovery that mitochondrial uncoupling agent FCCP acts as a covalent-reversible cysteine-reactive electrophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas R Burton
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Daniel A Polasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Flowreen Shikwana
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Samuel Ofori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianyang Yan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Daniel J Geiszler
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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7
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Samartsev VN, Semenova AA, Belosludtsev KN, Dubinin MV. Modulators reducing the efficiency of oxidative ATP synthesis in mitochondria: protonophore uncouplers, cyclic redox agents, and decouplers. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:851-857. [PMID: 37974985 PMCID: PMC10643702 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This work considers the main indicators of the oxidative phosphorylation efficiency in mitochondria: the ADP/O and H+/O ratios. Three groups of modulators that reduce the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are compared: protonophore uncouplers, cyclic redox compounds, and decouplers. It is noted that some of them are considered effective therapeutic agents. The paper analyzes the authors' original data on the mechanism of action of natural decouplers, represented by long-chain α,ω-dioic acids, as antioxidants. In conclusion, we discuss the hypothesis of their participation in the rescue of hepatocytes in various disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena A. Semenova
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001 Russia
| | - Konstantin N. Belosludtsev
- Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 424001 Russia
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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8
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Balaji S. Metabophore-mediated retro-metabolic ('MeMeReMe') approach in drug design. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103736. [PMID: 37586644 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical toxicity assessments of new drugs require the use of in silico prediction techniques as ethics, cost, time, and complexity limit in vitro and in vivo methods. This review discusses the fundamental concepts of biophores especially toxicophores and their detection methodologies, tools and techniques, as well as ongoing challenges, and methods for overcoming them. This will guide the design community in manipulating lead compounds via a pre-determined pathway based on the MeMeReMe approach. The ideas discussed will be useful both for predicting toxicity and for de-risking leads through optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Balaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 57614, India.
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9
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Khailova LS, Krasnov VS, Kirsanov RS, Popova LB, Tashlitsky VN, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. The transient character of mitochondrial uncoupling by the popular fungicide fluazinam is specific for liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 746:109735. [PMID: 37652149 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The popular fungicide fluazinam is known to exhibit an unusual cyclic pattern of the protonophoric uncoupling activity in isolated rat liver mitochondria (RLM), with membrane deenergization followed by spontaneous recoupling in the minute scale, which is associated with glutathione conjugation of fluazinam catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Here, we compare the fluazinam effect on RLM with that on rat kidney (RKM) and heart (RHM) mitochondria by monitoring three bioenergetic parameters: oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential and reduction of nucleotides. Only in RLM, the uncoupling activity of fluazinam was transient, i.e. disappeared in a few minutes, whereas in RKM and RHM it was stable in this time scale. We attribute this difference to the increased activity of mitochondrial GST in liver. We report data on the detection of glutathione-fluazinam conjugates by mass-spectrometry, thin layer chromatography and capillary electrophoresis after incubation of fluazinam with RLM but not with RKM, which supports the assumption of the tissue specificity of the conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Krasnov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila B Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim N Tashlitsky
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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10
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Arojojoye AS, Olelewe C, Gukathasan S, Kim JH, Vekaria H, Parkin S, Sullivan PG, Awuah SG. Serum-Stable Gold(III) Bisphosphine Complex Induces Mild Mitochondrial Uncoupling and In Vivo Antitumor Potency in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:7868-7879. [PMID: 37279147 PMCID: PMC10317555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of cyclometalated complexes offers a path to stable materials, catalysts, and therapeutic agents. Here, we explore the anticancer potential of novel biphenyl organogold(III) cationic complexes supported by diverse bisphosphine ligands, Au-1-Au-5, toward aggressive glioblastoma and triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBCs). The [C^C] gold(III) complex, Au-3, exhibits significant tumor growth inhibition in a metastatic TNBC mouse model. Remarkably, Au-3 displays promising blood serum stability over a relevant therapeutic window of 24 h and alteration in the presence of excess L-GSH. The mechanism-of-action studies show that Au-3 induces mitochondrial uncoupling, membrane depolarization, and G1 cell cycle arrest and prompts apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, Au-3 is the first biphenyl gold-phosphine complex to uncouple mitochondria and inhibit TNBC growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chibuzor Olelewe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Jong H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Hemendra Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536, U.S.A
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
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11
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Samartsev VN, Khoroshavina EI, Pavlova EK, Dubinin MV, Semenova AA. Bile Acids as Inducers of Protonophore and Ionophore Permeability of Biological and Artificial Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050472. [PMID: 37233533 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that the role of bile acids in the organism is not limited to their participation in the process of food digestion. Indeed, bile acids are signaling molecules and being amphiphilic compounds, are also capable of modifying the properties of cell membranes and their organelles. This review is devoted to the analysis of data on the interaction of bile acids with biological and artificial membranes, in particular, their protonophore and ionophore effects. The effects of bile acids were analyzed depending on their physicochemical properties: namely the structure of their molecules, indicators of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance, and the critical micelle concentration. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of bile acids with the powerhouse of cells, the mitochondria. It is of note that bile acids, in addition to their protonophore and ionophore actions, can also induce Ca2+-dependent nonspecific permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane. We consider the unique action of ursodeoxycholic acid as an inducer of potassium conductivity of the inner mitochondrial membrane. We also discuss a possible relationship between this K+ ionophore action of ursodeoxycholic acid and its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Samartsev
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Ekaterina I Khoroshavina
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Evgeniya K Pavlova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Dubinin
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Alena A Semenova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell Biology and Microbiology, Mari State University, pl. Lenina 1, 424001 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
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12
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Nazarov PA, Khrulnova SA, Kessenikh AG, Novoyatlova US, Kuznetsova SB, Bazhenov SV, Sorochkina AI, Karakozova MV, Manukhov IV. Observation of Cytotoxicity of Phosphonium Derivatives Is Explained: Metabolism Inhibition and Adhesion Alteration. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040720. [PMID: 37107081 PMCID: PMC10135132 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new antibiotics, substances that kill prokaryotic cells and do not kill eukaryotic cells, is an urgent need for modern medicine. Among the most promising are derivatives of triphenylphosphonium, which can protect the infected organs of mammals and heal damaged cells as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. In addition to the antioxidant action, triphenylphosphonium derivatives exhibit antibacterial activity. It has recently been reported that triphenylphosphonium derivatives cause either cytotoxic effects or inhibition of cellular metabolism at submicromolar concentrations. In this work, we analyzed the MTT data using microscopy and compared them with data on changes in the luminescence of bacteria. We have shown that, at submicromolar concentrations, only metabolism is inhibited, while an increase in alkyltriphenylphosphonium (CnTPP) concentration leads to adhesion alteration. Thus, our data on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells confirm a decrease in the metabolic activity of cells by CnTPPs but do not confirm a cytocidal effect of TPPs at submicromolar concentrations. This allows us to consider CnTPP as a non-toxic antibacterial drug at low concentrations and a relatively safe vector for delivering other antibacterial substances into bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A Nazarov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Khrulnova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- National Research Center for Hematology, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew G Kessenikh
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Uliana S Novoyatlova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey V Bazhenov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Sorochkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Karakozova
- Center of Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya V Manukhov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology,141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Laboratory for Microbiology, BIOTECH University, 125080 Moscow, Russia
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13
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Kirsanov RS, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Iaubasarova IR, Nazarov PA, Panteleeva AA, Lyamzaev KG, Popova LB, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Ester-stabilized phosphorus ylides as protonophores on bilayer lipid membranes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108369. [PMID: 36638678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium ylides are commonly used as key intermediates in the Wittig reaction. Based on the known acidities of stabilized ylide precursors, we proposed that a methylene group adjacent to phosphorus in these compounds can ensure proton shuttling across lipid membranes. Here, we synthesized (decyloxycarbonylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (CMTPP-C10) by reaction of triphenylphosphine with decyl bromoacetate. This phosphonium salt precursor of the ester-stabilized phosphorus ylide along with its octyl (CMTPP-C8) and dodecyl (CMTPP-C12) analogues was found to be a carrier of protons in mitochondrial, chloroplast and artificial lipid membranes, suggesting that it can reversibly release hydrogen ions and diffuse through the membranes in both zwitterionic (ylide) and cationic forms. The CMTPP-C10-mediated electrical current across planar bilayer lipid membranes exhibited pronounced proton selectivity. Similar to conventional protonophores, known to uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis, CMTPP-Cn (n = 8, 10, 12) stimulated mitochondrial respiration, while decreasing membrane potential, at micromolar concentrations, thereby showing the classical uncoupling activity in mitochondria. CMTPP-C12 also caused dissipation of transmembrane pH gradient on chloroplast membranes. Importantly, CMTPP-C10 exhibited substantially lower toxicity in cell culture, than C12TPP. Thus, we report the finding of a new class of ylide-type protonophores, which is of substantial interest due to promising therapeutic properties of uncouplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R Iaubasarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; The "Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila B Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Manoj KM, Jacob VD, Kavdia M, Tamagawa H, Jaeken L, Soman V. Questioning rotary functionality in the bacterial flagellar system and proposing a murburn model for motility. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15691-15714. [PMID: 36970840 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellar system (BFS) was the primary example of a purported 'rotary-motor' functionality in a natural assembly. This mandates the translation of a circular motion of components inside into a linear displacement of the cell body outside, which is supposedly orchestrated with the following features of the BFS: (i) A chemical/electrical differential generates proton motive force (pmf, including a trans-membrane potential, TMP), which is electro-mechanically transduced by inward movement of protons via BFS. (ii) Membrane-bound proteins of BFS serve as stators and the slender filament acts as an external propeller, culminating into a hook-rod that pierces the membrane to connect to a 'broader assembly of deterministically movable rotor'. We had disclaimed the purported pmf/TMP-based respiratory/photosynthetic physiology involving Complex V, which was also perceived as a 'rotary machine' earlier. We pointed out that the murburn redox logic was operative therein. We pursue the following similar perspectives in BFS-context: (i) Low probability for the evolutionary attainment of an ordered/synchronized teaming of about two dozen types of proteins (assembled across five-seven distinct phases) towards the singular agendum of rotary motility. (ii) Vital redox activity (not the gambit of pmf/TMP!) powers the molecular and macroscopic activities of cells, including flagella. (iii) Flagellar movement is noted even in ambiances lacking/countering the directionality mandates sought by pmf/TMP. (iv) Structural features of BFS lack component(s) capable of harnessing/achieving pmf/TMP and functional rotation. A viable murburn model for conversion of molecular/biochemical activity into macroscopic/mechanical outcomes is proposed herein for understanding BFS-assisted motility. HIGHLIGHTSThe motor-like functionalism of bacterial flagellar system (BFS) is analyzedProton/Ion-differential based powering of BFS is unviable in bacteriaUncouplers-sponsored effects were misinterpreted, resulting in a detour in BFS researchThese findings mandate new explanation for nano-bio-mechanical movements in BFSA minimalist murburn model for the bacterial flagella-aided movement is proposedCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Vivian David Jacob
- Satyamjayatu, The Science & Ethics Foundation, Palakkad District, Kerala, India
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hirohisa Tamagawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Laurent Jaeken
- Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Karel de Grote-Hogeschool, Antwerp University Association, Belgium
| | - Vidhu Soman
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, IIT Bombay (& DSS Imagetech Pvt. Ltd), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Usnic Acid-Mediated Exchange of Protons for Divalent Metal Cations across Lipid Membranes: Relevance to Mitochondrial Uncoupling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416203. [PMID: 36555847 PMCID: PMC9783568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Usnic acid (UA), a unique lichen metabolite, is a protonophoric uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, widely known as a weight-loss dietary supplement. In contrast to conventional proton-shuttling mitochondrial uncouplers, UA was found to carry protons across lipid membranes via the induction of an electrogenic proton exchange for calcium or magnesium cations. Here, we evaluated the ability of various divalent metal cations to stimulate a proton transport through both planar and vesicular bilayer lipid membranes by measuring the transmembrane electrical current and fluorescence-detected pH gradient dissipation in pyranine-loaded liposomes, respectively. Thus, we obtained the following selectivity series of calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese and copper cations: Zn2+ > Mn2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ >> Cu2+. Remarkably, Cu2+ appeared to suppress the UA-mediated proton transport in both lipid membrane systems. The data on the divalent metal cation/proton exchange were supported by circular dichroism spectroscopy of UA in the presence of the corresponding cations.
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16
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Prola A, Pilot-Storck F. Cardiolipin Alterations during Obesity: Exploring Therapeutic Opportunities. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1638. [PMID: 36358339 PMCID: PMC9687765 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a specific phospholipid of the mitochondrial inner membrane that participates in many aspects of its organization and function, hence promoting proper mitochondrial ATP production. Here, we review recent data that have investigated alterations of cardiolipin in different tissues in the context of obesity and the related metabolic syndrome. Data relating perturbations of cardiolipin content or composition are accumulating and suggest their involvement in mitochondrial dysfunction in tissues from obese patients. Conversely, cardiolipin modulation is a promising field of investigation in a search for strategies for obesity management. Several ways to restore cardiolipin content, composition or integrity are emerging and may contribute to the improvement of mitochondrial function in tissues facing excessive fat storage. Inversely, reduction of mitochondrial efficiency in a controlled way may increase energy expenditure and help fight against obesity and in this perspective, several options aim at targeting cardiolipin to achieve a mild reduction of mitochondrial coupling. Far from being just a victim of the deleterious consequences of obesity, cardiolipin may ultimately prove to be a possible weapon to fight against obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Prola
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Pilot-Storck
- Team Relaix, INSERM, IMRB, Université Paris-Est Créteil, F-94010 Créteil, France
- EnvA, IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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17
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Wotring JW, McCarty SM, Shafiq K, Zhang CJ, Nguyen T, Meyer SR, Fursmidt R, Mirabelli C, Clasby MC, Wobus CE, O’Meara MJ, Sexton JZ. In Vitro Evaluation and Mitigation of Niclosamide's Liabilities as a COVID-19 Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1284. [PMID: 36016172 PMCID: PMC9412300 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide, an FDA-approved oral anthelmintic drug, has broad biological activity including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Niclosamide has also been identified as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, generating interest in its use for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Unfortunately, there are several potential issues with using niclosamide for COVID-19, including low bioavailability, significant polypharmacology, high cellular toxicity, and unknown efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In this study, we used high-content imaging-based immunofluorescence assays in two different cell models to assess these limitations and evaluate the potential for using niclosamide as a COVID-19 antiviral. We show that despite promising preliminary reports, the antiviral efficacy of niclosamide overlaps with its cytotoxicity giving it a poor in vitro selectivity index for anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. We also show that niclosamide has significantly variable potency against the different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is most potent against variants with enhanced cell-to-cell spread including the B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant. Finally, we report the activity of 33 niclosamide analogs, several of which have reduced cytotoxicity and increased potency relative to niclosamide. A preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis reveals dependence on a protonophore for antiviral efficacy, which implicates nonspecific endolysosomal neutralization as a dominant mechanism of action. Further single-cell morphological profiling suggests niclosamide also inhibits viral entry and cell-to-cell spread by syncytia. Altogether, our results suggest that niclosamide is not an ideal candidate for the treatment of COVID-19, but that there is potential for developing improved analogs with higher clinical translational potential in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W. Wotring
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sean M. McCarty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Khadija Shafiq
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Charles J. Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Theophilus Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sophia R. Meyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Reid Fursmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Martin C. Clasby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Christiane E. Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J. O’Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- U-M Center for Drug Repurposing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Firsov AM, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Antibiotic Pyrrolomycin as an Efficient Mitochondrial Uncoupler. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:812-822. [PMID: 36171648 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922080120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolomycins C (Pyr_C) and D (Pyr_D) are antibiotics produced by Actinosporangium and Streptomyces. The mechanism of their antimicrobial activity consists in depolarization of bacterial membrane, leading to the suppression of bacterial bioenergetics through the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, which is based on the protonophore action of these antibiotics [Valderrama et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2019) 63, e01450]. Here, we studied the effect of pyrrolomycins on the isolated rat liver mitochondria. Pyr_C was found to be more active than Pyr_D and uncoupled mitochondria in the submicromolar concentration range, which was observed as the mitochondrial membrane depolarization and stimulation of mitochondrial respiration. In the case of mitoplasts (isolated mitochondria with impaired outer membrane integrity), the difference in the action of Pyr_C and Pyr_D was significantly less pronounced. By contrast, in inverted submitochondrial particles (SMPs), Pyr_D was more active as an uncoupler, which caused collapse of the membrane potential even at the nanomolar concentrations. The same ratio of the protonophoric activity of Pyr_D and Pyr_C was obtained by us on liposomes loaded with the pH indicator pyranine. The protonophore activity of Pyr_D in the planar bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) was maximal at ~pH 9, i.e., at pH values close to pKa of this compound. Pyr_D functions as a typical anionic protonophore; its activity in the BLM could be reduced by the addition of the dipole modifier phloretin. The difference between the protonophore activity of Pyr_C and Pyr_D in the mitochondria and BLMs can be attributed to a higher ability of Pyr_C to penetrate the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Firsov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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19
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The Short-Term Opening of Cyclosporin A-Independent Palmitate/Sr2+-Induced Pore Can Underlie Ion Efflux in the Oscillatory Mode of Functioning of Rat Liver Mitochondria. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070667. [PMID: 35877870 PMCID: PMC9319229 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are capable of synchronized oscillations in many variables, but the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that rat liver mitochondria, when exposed to a pulse of Sr2+ ions in the presence of valinomycin (a potassium ionophore) and cyclosporin A (a specific inhibitor of the permeability transition pore complex) under hypotonia, showed prolonged oscillations in K+ and Sr2+ fluxes, membrane potential, pH, matrix volume, rates of oxygen consumption and H2O2 formation. The dynamic changes in the rate of H2O2 production were in a reciprocal relationship with the respiration rate and in a direct relationship with the mitochondrial membrane potential and other indicators studied. The pre-incubation of mitochondria with Ca2+(Sr2+)-dependent phospholipase A2 inhibitors considerably suppressed the accumulation of free fatty acids, including palmitic and stearic acids, and all spontaneous Sr2+-induced cyclic changes. These data suggest that the mechanism of ion efflux from mitochondria is related to the opening of short-living pores, which can be caused by the formation of complexes between Sr2+(Ca2+) and endogenous long-chain saturated fatty acids (mainly, palmitic acid) that accumulate due to the activation of phospholipase A2 by the ions. A possible role for transient palmitate/Ca2+(Sr2+)-induced pores in the maintenance of ion homeostasis and the prevention of calcium overload in mitochondria under pathophysiological conditions is discussed.
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20
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Wotring JW, Mccarty SM, Shafiq K, Zhang CJ, Nguyen T, Meyer SR, Fursmidt R, Mirabelli C, Clasby MC, Wobus CE, O’meara MJ, Sexton JZ. In Vitro Evaluation and Mitigation of Niclosamide’s Liabilities as a COVID-19 Treatment.. [PMID: 35860224 PMCID: PMC9298134 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.24.497526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Niclosamide, an FDA-approved oral anthelmintic drug, has broad biological activity including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Niclosamide has also been identified as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, generating interest in its use for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Unfortunately, there are several potential issues with using niclosamide for COVID-19, including low bioavailability, significant polypharmacology, high cellular toxicity, and unknown efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In this study, we used high-content imaging-based immunofluorescence assays in two different cell models to assess these limitations and evaluate the potential for using niclosamide as a COVID-19 antiviral. We show that despite promising preliminary reports, the antiviral efficacy of niclosamide overlaps with its cytotoxicity giving it a poor in vitro selectivity index for anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. We also show that niclosamide has significantly variable potency against the different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is most potent against variants with enhanced cell-to-cell spread including B.1.1.7. Finally, we report the activity of 33 niclosamide analogs, several of which have reduced cytotoxicity and increased potency relative to niclosamide. A preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis reveals dependence on a protonophore for antiviral efficacy, which implicates nonspecific endolysosomal neutralization as a dominant mechanism of action. Further single-cell morphological profiling suggests niclosamide also inhibits viral entry and cell-to-cell spread by syncytia. Altogether, our results suggest that niclosamide is not an ideal candidate for the treatment of COVID-19, but that there is potential for developing improved analogs with higher clinical translational potential in the future.
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