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Haldar S, Agrawal H, Saha S, Straughn AR, Roy P, Kakar SS. Overview of follicle stimulating hormone and its receptors in reproduction and in stem cells and cancer stem cells. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:675-692. [PMID: 35002517 PMCID: PMC8741861 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and its receptor (FSHR) have been reported to be responsible for several physiological functions and cancers. The responsiveness of stem cells and cancer stem cells towards the FSH-FSHR system make the function of FSH and its receptors more interesting in the context of cancer biology. This review is comprised of comprehensive information on FSH-FSHR signaling in normal physiology, gonadal stem cells, cancer cells, and potential options of utilizing FSH-FSHR system as an anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Haldar
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.,Current address: Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405
| | - Himanshu Agrawal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, India
| | - Alex R Straughn
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Bhartiya D, Patel H. An overview of FSH-FSHR biology and explaining the existing conundrums. J Ovarian Res 2021; 14:144. [PMID: 34717708 PMCID: PMC8557046 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-021-00880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FSH was first identified in 1930 and is central to mammalian reproduction. It is indeed intriguing that despite being researched upon for about 90 years, there is still so much more to learn about FSH-FSHR biology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current understanding of FSH-FSHR biology, to review published data on biological and clinical relevance of reported mutations, polymorphisms and alternately spliced isoforms of FSHR. Tissue-resident stem/progenitor cells in multiple adult tissues including ovaries, testes and uterus express FSHR and this observation results in a paradigm shift in the field. The results suggest a direct action of FSH on the stem cells in addition to their well-studied action on Granulosa and Sertoli cells in the ovaries and testes respectively. Present review further addresses various concerns raised in recent times by the scientific community regarding extragonadal expression of FSHR, especially in cancers affecting multiple organs. Similar population of primitive and pluripotent tissue-resident stem cells expressing FSHR exist in multiple adult tissues including bone marrow and reproductive tissues and help maintain homeostasis throughout life. Any dysfunction of these stem cells results in various pathologies and they also most likely get transformed into cancer stem cells and initiate cancer. This explains why multiple solid as well as liquid tumors express OCT-4 and FSHR. More research efforts need to be focused on alternately spliced FSHR isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Maharashtra, 400012, Mumbai, India. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Hiren Patel
- Stem Cell Biology Department, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Maharashtra, 400012, Mumbai, India.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Cheung J, Lokman NA, Abraham RD, Macpherson AM, Lee E, Grutzner F, Ghinea N, Oehler MK, Ricciardelli C. Reduced Gonadotrophin Receptor Expression Is Associated with a More Aggressive Ovarian Cancer Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010071. [PMID: 33374698 PMCID: PMC7793521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) play important roles in regulating cell growth and proliferation in the ovary. However, few studies have explored the expression of FSH and LH receptors (FSHR and LHCGR) in ovarian cancer, and their functional roles in cancer progression remain inconclusive. This study investigated the potential impact of both mRNA (FSHR, LHCGR) and protein (FSHR, LHCGR) expression on ovarian cancer progression using publicly available online databases, qRT-PCR (high grade serous ovarian cancers, HGSOC, n = 29 and benign ovarian tumors, n = 17) and immunohistochemistry (HGSOC, n = 144). In addition, we investigated the effect of FSHR and LHCGR siRNA knockdown on the pro-metastatic behavior of serous ovarian cancer cells in vitro. High FSHR or high LHCGR expression in patients with all subtypes of high-grade ovarian cancer was significantly associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). High FSHR protein expression was associated with increased PFS (p = 0.050) and OS (p = 0.025). HGSOC patients with both high FSHR and high LHCGR protein levels had the best survival outcome, whilst both low FSHR and low LHCGR expression was associated with poorest survival (p = 0.019). Knockdown of FSHR significantly increased the invasion of serous ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR3 and COV362) in vitro. LHCGR knockdown also promoted invasion of COV362 cells. This study highlights that lower FSHR and LHCGR expression is associated with a more aggressive epithelial ovarian cancer phenotype and promotes pro-metastatic behaviour.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, FSH/genetics
- Receptors, FSH/metabolism
- Receptors, LH/genetics
- Receptors, LH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Cheung
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
| | - Noor A. Lokman
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
| | - Riya D. Abraham
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
| | - Anne M. Macpherson
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
| | - Eunice Lee
- School of Biological Science, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (E.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Frank Grutzner
- School of Biological Science, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (E.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Nicolae Ghinea
- Curie Institute, Research Center, Translational Research Department, Tumor Angiogenesis Team, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (J.C.); (N.A.L.); (R.D.A.); (A.M.M.); (M.K.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Shi Q, Carman CV, Chen Y, Sage PT, Xue F, Liang XM, Gilbert GE. Unexpected enhancement of FVIII immunogenicity by endothelial expression in lentivirus-transduced and transgenic mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:2272-2285. [PMID: 32453842 PMCID: PMC7252558 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor VIII (FVIII) replacement therapy for hemophilia A is complicated by development of inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors) in ∼30% of patients. Because endothelial cells (ECs) are the primary physiologic expression site, we probed the therapeutic potential of genetically restoring FVIII expression selectively in ECs in hemophilia A mice (FVIIInull). Expression of FVIII was driven by the Tie2 promoter in the context of lentivirus (LV)-mediated in situ transduction (T2F8LV) or embryonic stem cell-mediated transgenesis (T2F8Tg). Both endothelial expression approaches were associated with a strikingly robust immune response. Following in situ T2F8LV-mediated EC transduction, all FVIIInull mice developed inhibitors but had no detectable plasma FVIII. In the transgenic approach, the T2F8Tg mice had normalized plasma FVIII levels, but showed strong sensitivity to developing an FVIII immune response upon FVIII immunization. A single injection of FVIII with incomplete Freund adjuvant led to high titers of inhibitors and reduction of plasma FVIII to undetectable levels. Because ECs are putative major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-expressing nonhematopoietic, "semiprofessional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we asked whether they might directly influence the FVIII immune responses. Imaging and flow cytometric studies confirmed that both murine and human ECs express MHCII and efficiently bind and take up FVIII protein in vitro. Moreover, microvascular ECs preconditioned ex vivo with inflammatory cytokines could functionally present exogenously taken-up FVIII to previously primed CD4+/CXCR5+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells to drive FVIII-specific proliferation. Our results show an unanticipated immunogenicity of EC-expressed FVIII and suggest a context-dependent role for ECs in the regulation of inhibitors as auxiliary APCs for Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhen Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Midwest Athletes Against Childhood Cancer Fund Research Center, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Christopher V Carman
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Peter T Sage
- Renal Division, Transplant Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Feng Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Xin M Liang
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gary E Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Chrusciel M, Ponikwicka-Tyszko D, Wolczynski S, Huhtaniemi I, Rahman NA. Extragonadal FSHR Expression and Function-Is It Real? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:32. [PMID: 30778333 PMCID: PMC6369633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), besides gonadal tissues, has recently been detected in several extragonadal normal and tumorous tissues, including different types of primary and metastatic cancer and tumor vessel endothelial cells (TVEC). The suggested FSH actions in extragonadal tissues include promotion of angiogenesis, myometrial contractility, skeletal integrity, and adipose tissue accumulation. Non-malignant cells within cancer tissue have been shown to be devoid of FSHR expression, which implies a potential role of FSHR as a diagnostic, prognostic, or even a therapeutic tool. There are shared issues between several of the published reports questioning the validity of some of the conclusion. Firstly, protein expression of FSHR was performed solely with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using either an unavailable "in house" FSHR323 monoclonal antibody or poorly validated polyclonal antibodies, usually without additional methodological quality control and confirmations. Secondly, there is discrepancy between the hardly traceable or absent FSHR gene amplification/transcript data and non-reciprocal strong FSHR protein immunoreactivity. Thirdly, the pharmacological high doses of recombinant FSH used in in vitro studies also jeopardizes the physiological or pathophysiological meaning of the findings. We performed in this review a critical analysis of the results presenting extragonadal expression of FSHR and FSH action, and provide a rationale for the validation of the reported results using additional more accurate and sensitive supplemental methods, including in vivo models and proper positive and negative controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Chrusciel
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ilpo Huhtaniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nafis A. Rahman
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Moeker N, Peters S, Rauchenberger R, Ghinea N, Kunz C. Antibody Selection for Cancer Target Validation of FSH-Receptor in Immunohistochemical Settings. Antibodies (Basel) 2017; 6:antib6040015. [PMID: 31548530 PMCID: PMC6698838 DOI: 10.3390/antib6040015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-receptor (FSHR) has been reported to be an attractive target for antibody therapy in human cancer. However, divergent immunohistochemical (IHC) findings have been reported for FSHR expression in tumor tissues, which could be due to the specificity of the antibodies used. METHODS Three frequently used antibodies (sc-7798, sc-13935, and FSHR323) were validated for their suitability in an immunohistochemical study for FSHR expression in different tissues. As quality control, two potential therapeutic anti-hFSHR Ylanthia® antibodies (Y010913, Y010916) were used. The specificity criteria for selection of antibodies were binding to native hFSHR of different sources, and no binding to non-related proteins. The ability of antibodies to stain the paraffin-embedded Flp-In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)/FSHR cells was tested after application of different epitope retrieval methods. RESULTS From the five tested anti-hFSHR antibodies, only Y010913, Y010916, and FSHR323 showed specific binding to native, cell-presented hFSHR. Since Ylanthia® antibodies were selected to specifically recognize native FSHR, as required for a potential therapeutic antibody candidate, FSHR323 was the only antibody to detect the receptor in IHC/histochemical settings on transfected cells, and at markedly lower, physiological concentrations (ex., in Sertoli cells of human testes). The pattern of FSH323 staining noticed for ovarian, prostatic, and renal adenocarcinomas indicated that FSHR was expressed mainly in the peripheral tumor blood vessels. CONCLUSION Of all published IHC antibodies tested, only antibody FSHR323 proved suitable for target validation of hFSHR in an IHC setting for cancer. Our studies could not confirm the previously reported FSHR overexpression in ovarian and prostate cancer cells. Instead, specific overexpression in peripheral tumor blood vessels could be confirmed after thorough validation of the antibodies used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Moeker
- MorphoSys AG, Discovery Alliance and Technologies, 82152 Planegg, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Solveig Peters
- MorphoSys AG, Discovery Alliance and Technologies, 82152 Planegg, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Robert Rauchenberger
- MorphoSys AG, Discovery Alliance and Technologies, 82152 Planegg, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Nicolae Ghinea
- Curie Institute, Inserm-Tumoral Angiogenesis Unit, Translational Research Department, Curie Hospital, 75005-Paris, France.
| | - Christian Kunz
- MorphoSys AG, Discovery Alliance and Technologies, 82152 Planegg, Bavaria, Germany.
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Papadimitriou K, Kountourakis P, Kottorou AE, Antonacopoulou AG, Rolfo C, Peeters M, Kalofonos HP. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR): A Promising Tool in Oncology? Mol Diagn Ther 2017; 20:523-530. [PMID: 27392476 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-016-0218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular pathway of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and its receptor (FSHR) is typically involved in reproduction in mammals. In humans, the FSHR is normally found in cells of the testis and the ovary, while it is scarcely expressed in other normal tissues. The expression of FSH/FSHR is studied in prostate, thyroid, and ovarian cancer tissues. Recently, the expression of FSHR was uniformly documented in malignant vascular endothelial cells from different tumor types, while in normal or inflammatory tissues its expression was scarce, suggesting a potential role of a pan-receptor in cancer. Subsequent studies have attempted to verify this unique specificity of this molecule and further define its features in malignant microenvironments but have had conflicting results, mostly because of differing techniques and immaturity of antibodies. Still, the lack of FSHR expression in most non-cancerous cells, in contrast to its specific correlation with the malignant tissue microenvironment, implies a potential role as both a diagnostic and a therapeutic tool. FSHR might also have a very specific role in malignancies, such as angiogenic and/or growth factor malignancies, but this is yet to be validated. Moreover, the expression of FSHR in endothelial malignant cells could have a predictive impact on disease progression, especially in relation to therapies targeting the tumor vasculature. In this review we look deep into the physiology of the FSH/FSHR pathway and evaluate the potential of FSHR as a predictive and prognostic tool in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Christian Rolfo
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Antwerp, 10 Wilrijksraat, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Antwerp, 10 Wilrijksraat, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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Pawlikowski M, Jaranowska M, Pisarek H, Kubiak R, Fuss-Chmielewska J, Winczyk K. Ectopic expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in thyroid tumors. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:1314-7. [PMID: 26788096 PMCID: PMC4697062 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.56357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In normal conditions follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) are expressed in the ovary and the testis. They can also be expressed in gonadal tumors. However, recently we have found FSHR immunostaining in pituitary adenomas, adrenal tumors and neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids). The aim of this study was to determine whether the same occurs in thyroid tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six samples of surgically excised thyroids were examined. Follicle-stimulating hormone receptors immunostaining was performed on paraffin sections using the rabbit anti-human FSHR polyclonal antibody raised against a 1-190 amino acid sequence from the human FSHR (sc-13935, Santa Cruz). RESULTS Normal thyroid follicles do not show immunopositivity for FSHR. The same concerns the majority of benign lesions, diagnosed as hyperplasia nodularis or thyroid adenomas. However, positive FSHR immunostaining in some follicles was observed. In all but one thyroid cancer (15 papillary, 10 follicular cancers and one case of anaplastic thyroid cancer) 10-100% of tumor cells exhibit positive FSHR immunostaining. In about 40% of samples FSHR immunoreactivity can be observed also in the endothelia of intrathyroidal blood vessels. This immunopositivity was more frequent in the samples of thyroid cancers (13/27) than in benign lesions (2/9). CONCLUSIONS Ectopic positive FSHR immunostaining is also present in thyroid cancers, and, to a lesser degree, in benign lesions but not in the normal thyroid epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pawlikowski
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Jaranowska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hanna Pisarek
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Kubiak
- Department of Pathology of Tumors, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julita Fuss-Chmielewska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winczyk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Pawlikowski M, Fuss-Chmielewska J, Jaranowska M, Pisarek H, Kubiak R, Winczyk K. Expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptors (FSHR) in thyroid tumours - a marker of malignancy? Thyroid Res 2015; 8:1. [PMID: 25685198 PMCID: PMC4328168 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-015-0014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In normal conditions FSHR are expressed in granulosa cells of the ovary and Sertoli cells of the testis. They can be expressed also in gonadal tumours. However, recently the expression of FSHR was found in tumoral cells and intra-tumoral blood vessels of many other tumours, including thyroid tumours. Aim of this study was to see whether the expression of FSHR can be useful in the differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid lesions. METHODS 44 samples of surgically excised thyroids were immunostained with anti- FSHR antibody raised against 1-190 amino acid sequence from the human FSHR. RESULTS Non-neoplastic thyroid follicles (i.e. the follicles situated outside the tumour) do not show the immunostaining for FSHR. The same concerns the majority of follicular adenomas. In contrast, 87.5% of follicular cancers, the same percentage of papillary cancers and all the examined undifferentiated cancers showed the FSHR immunopositivity of tumoral cells. A tendency towards the higher frequency of FSHR - positive blood vessels also concerns malignant thyroid tumours. CONCLUSIONS The ectopic FSHR immunostaining seems to be useful to differentiate malignant from benign lesions, especially follicular cancers from follicular adenomas. However, the further studies on larger material are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pawlikowski
- />Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Julita Fuss-Chmielewska
- />Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Jaranowska
- />Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Hanna Pisarek
- />Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Robert Kubiak
- />Department of Pathology of Tumors, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winczyk
- />Department of Neuroendocrinology, Chair of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Miras AD, Mogford JT, Wright J, Mendoza NN, Xekouki P, Lakhani A, Pellegata NS, Stratakis CA, Roncaroli F, Russell-Jones D. Ovarian hyperstimulation from ectopic hypersecretion of follicle stimulating hormone. Lancet 2015; 385:392. [PMID: 25706853 PMCID: PMC6309957 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Wright
- Cedar Centre, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK.
| | - Nigel N Mendoza
- Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Section of Endocrinology and Genetics, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amish Lakhani
- Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Federico Roncaroli
- Neuroradiology, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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