1
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Stathis CJ, Zhu H, Carlin K, Phan TL, Toomey D, Hill JA, Zerr DM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of HHV-6 and mortality after hematopoietic cell transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024:10.1038/s41409-024-02398-w. [PMID: 39245683 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-024-02398-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) reactivation has been associated with non-relapse mortality (NRM) and overall mortality (OM) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to better quantify the association. Studies were included if they systematically tested a cohort of HCT recipients for HHV-6 infection or reactivation and described mortality for patients with and without HHV-6B. Random effects models were used to assess the pooled effect of HHV-6B positivity on each outcome of interest. Bayesian aggregation was additionally performed if models included 10 or fewer studies. Eight studies were included in the NRM analysis, which demonstrated a significant association between HHV-6 detection and NRM (pooled effect: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.29-2.62) without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.55). A Bayesian aggregation of the raw data used to construct the NRM random effects model supported these findings (95% credible interval: 0.15-1.13). Twenty-five studies were included in OM analysis, which showed a significant positive association (pooled effect: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.07-1.76), though considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 36.7%, p < 0.05). HHV-6 detection is associated with NRM and OM following HCT. Randomized trials are warranted to evaluate if preventing or treating HHV-6B reactivation improves outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stathis
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA
| | - Harrison Zhu
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Danny Toomey
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, 18509, USA
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Seattle Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Webb G, Leong MYM, Bishop E, Sehu M. Diagnostic Dilemmas: A Review of Reported Cases of Human Herpesvirus 6 Encephalitis in Immunocompetent Adults. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae501. [PMID: 39301106 PMCID: PMC11412321 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is associated with its presentation in the pediatric population as roseola infantum. Rarely, it is the causative agent of encephalitis, with most cases reported among the immunocompromised population due to reactivation. This review article analyzes the published records of cases labeled HHV-6 encephalitis in immunocompetent adults, aiming to understand the diagnostic methods behind each case and explore the complexities of such a diagnosis. We note significant variability in the methods used to come to a diagnosis of HHV-6 encephalitis, as well as inconsistent approaches to treatment of this condition. Given the rarity of HHV-6 encephalitis in immunocompetent adults, there are no clearly structured diagnostic guidelines for this condition in this patient population. We highlight several diagnostic methods that provide more convincing evidence of true HHV-6 encephalitis and may provide a basis for further development of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yen Michelle Leong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Bishop
- Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marjoree Sehu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Victoria, Australia
- University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Terao T, Matsuoka KI, Fuji S, Kawamura S, Toya T, Doki N, Uchida N, Tanaka M, Fukuda T, Sawa M, Ishikawa J, Nishida T, Ohigashi H, Maruyama Y, Fujiwara SI, Kanda Y, Ota S, Ishimaru F, Atsuta Y, Kanda J, Ogata M, Yakushijin K, Nakasone H. Association between human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the letermovir era. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024; 59:1224-1231. [PMID: 38796633 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-024-02313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The impact of letermovir (LTV)-an anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug-on human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis is unclear. We hypothesized that LTV prophylaxis may increase the incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis by reducing anti-CMV therapies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To evaluate the association between HHV-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis, 7985 adult patients from a nationwide registry who underwent their first HSCT between January 2019 and December 2021 were analyzed. The incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis on day 100 after HSCT was 3.6%; 11.5% for the broad-spectrum antiviral group (foscarnet, ganciclovir, or valganciclovir); 2.8% for the LTV group, and 3.8% for the other antiviral group (p < 0.001). These differences persisted when cord blood transplantation (CBT) was analyzed separately (14.1%, 5.9%, and 7.4%, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, CBT (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.90), broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis (HR: 1.91), and grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease requiring systemic corticosteroids (HR: 2.42) were independent risk factors for encephalitis (all p < 0.001). The findings of this large modern database study indicate that broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis, rather than LTV prophylaxis, is paradoxically associated with HHV-6 encephalitis in the LTV era. This paradoxical finding needs to be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Terao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunto Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takashi Toya
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations TORANOMON HOSPITAL, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Sawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohigashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumiko Maruyama
- Department of Hematology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ishimaru
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junya Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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4
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Al Nuaimi M, Al Khaaldi A, Trad O, Almulla A, Al Rufaye H, Ghatasheh G, Al Dhaheri F. HHV6-Associated Hydrocephalus in a Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipient: An Unusual Presentation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e426-e429. [PMID: 38832402 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a widely spread DNA virus that is ubiquitous and persistent with primary infection occurring in early childhood, with reactivation of the infection a common phenomenon in severely immunocompromised hosts, including hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients, influencing morbidity and mortality. A wide spectrum of clinical presentations is reported in the literature with HHV-6 reactivation including post-transplant limbic encephalitis (PALE). We report the unusual case of a 6-year-old female 107 days postallogenic HSCT due to transfusion dependent beta thalassemia major who developed acute cerebellitis with secondary supratentorial hydrocephalus that required invasive surgical intervention. In addition to accompanying imaging findings, the patient tested positive for HHV-6 by PCR from both serum and CSF samples and demonstrated dramatic improvement with the institution of steroid therapy in addition to ganciclovir treatment. The availability of rapid diagnostic measures in addition to a multidisciplinary approach is crucial to manage HHV-6 encephalitis and associated complications in HSCT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al Nuaimi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain
| | - Aisha Al Khaaldi
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Qassimi Women and Children Hospital
- Sharjah University Hospital, Sharjah
| | - Omar Trad
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
| | - Asia Almulla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
- Sharjah University Hospital, Sharjah
| | - Haydar Al Rufaye
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Tawam Oncology Centre
| | - Ghassan Ghatasheh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Tawam Hospital
| | - Fatima Al Dhaheri
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu-Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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5
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Kampouri E, Little JS, Crocchiolo R, Hill JA. Human herpesvirus-6, HHV-8 and parvovirus B19 after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant: the lesser-known viral complications. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:245-253. [PMID: 38726832 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Viral infections continue to burden allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. We review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, HHV-8 and parvovirus B19 following HCT. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in HCT practices significantly improved outcomes but impact viral epidemiology: post-transplant cyclophosphamide for graft-versus-host disease prevention increases HHV-6 reactivation risk while the impact of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis - and resulting decrease in broad-spectrum antivirals - is more complex. Beyond the well established HHV-6 encephalitis, recent evidence implicates HHV-6 in pneumonitis. Novel less toxic therapeutic approaches (brincidofovir, virus-specific T-cells) may enable preventive strategies in the future. HHV-8 is the causal agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, which is only sporadically reported after HCT, but other manifestations are possible and not well elucidated. Parvovirus B19 can cause severe disease post-HCT, frequently manifesting with anemia, but can also be easily overlooked due to lack of routine screening and ambiguity of manifestations. SUMMARY Studies should establish the contemporary epidemiology of HHV-6, and other more insidious viruses, such as HHV-8 and parvovirus B19 following HCT and should encompass novel cellular therapies. Standardized and readily available diagnostic methods are key to elucidate epidemiology and optimize preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the burden of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kampouri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica S Little
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Crocchiolo
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Kampouri E, Krantz EM, Xie H, Ibrahimi SS, Kiem ES, Sekhon MK, Liang EC, Cowan AJ, Portuguese A, Green DJ, Albittar A, Huang JJ, Gauthier J, Pérez-Osorio AC, Jerome KR, Zerr DM, Boeckh MJ, Hill JA. Human herpesvirus 6 reactivation and disease are infrequent in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy recipients. Blood 2024; 144:490-495. [PMID: 38635788 PMCID: PMC11406171 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) reactivation and disease are increasingly reported after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy (CARTx). HHV-6 reactivation in the CAR T-cell product was recently reported, raising questions about product and patient management. Because of overlapping manifestations with immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, diagnosing HHV-6B encephalitis is challenging. We provide 2 lines of evidence assessing the incidence and outcomes of HHV-6B after CARTx. First, in a prospective study with weekly HHV-6B testing for up to 12 weeks after infusion, HHV-6B reactivation occurred in 8 of 89 participants; 3 had chromosomally integrated HHV-6 and were excluded, resulting in a cumulative incidence of HHV-6B reactivation of 6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2-12.5). HHV-6B detection was low level (median peak, 435 copies per mL; interquartile range, 164-979) and did not require therapy. Second, we retrospectively analyzed HHV-6B detection in the blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within 12 weeks after infusion in CARTx recipients. Of 626 patients, 24 had symptom-driven plasma testing, with detection in 1. Among 34 patients with CSF HHV-6 testing, 1 patient had possible HHV-6 encephalitis for a cumulative incidence of 0.17% (95% CI, 0.02-0.94), although symptoms improved without treatment. Our data demonstrate that HHV-6B reactivation and disease are infrequent after CARTx. Routine HHV-6 monitoring is not warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kampouri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth M Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Hu Xie
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Sarah S Ibrahimi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Erika S Kiem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Mandeep K Sekhon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Emily C Liang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J Cowan
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew Portuguese
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Damian J Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aya Albittar
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jennifer J Huang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jordan Gauthier
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ailyn C Pérez-Osorio
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael J Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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7
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Duan Z, Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhu H, Chen R, Xu W, Miao K. The impact of matched and mismatched donor-recipient genotypes for MDR1 polymorphisms (G2677TA, C1236T and C3435T) on the outcomes of patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2024; 205:634-644. [PMID: 38924031 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether matched and mismatched multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) genotypes (G2677TA, C1236T and C3435T) were associated with prognosis in patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One hundred patients after transplantation and their donors were enrolled. Matched MDR1 G2677TA donor-recipient was associated with an increased risk of non-relapse mortality (NRM) (29.5% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.002), poor overall survival (OS) (51.7% vs. 63.8%, p = 0.024) and disease-free survival (DFS) (38.6% vs. 67%, p = 0.005). There were no differences in OS, DFS or NRM between MDR1 C1236T- and C3435T-matched and -mismatched groups. Subgroup analysis suggested that within the matched MDR1 G2677TA group, male gender, haematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index ≥1, serum creatinine >137.2 μmol/L and post-transplantation thrombocytopenia were associated with poor survival. Our results demonstrated that patients receiving matched MDR1 G2677TA allo-HSCT experienced a poorer prognosis compared with the mismatched group. The potential mechanism may involve increased expression of P-glycoprotein, leading to decreased accumulation of antimicrobial agents and ultimately contributing to the progression of inflammation. This identification of MDR1 G2677TA genotype compatibility holds promise as a valuable molecular tool for selecting donors for allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Duan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruize Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Kourong Miao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
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8
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Sassine J, Siegrist EA, Shafat TF, Chemaly RF. Advances and prospect in herpesviruses infections after haematopoietic cell transplantation: closer to the finish line? Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00300-8. [PMID: 38945270 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses represent common and significant infectious complications after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In the last decade, major advances in the prevention and treatment of these infections were accomplished. OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to review the recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of herpesvirus infections after allogeneic HCT, to assess the persisting challenges, and to offer future directions for the prevention and management of these infections. SOURCES We searched PubMed for relevant literature regarding specific herpesviruses complicating allogeneic HCT through March 2024. CONTENT The largest advances in this past decade were witnessed for cytomegalovirus (CMV) with the advent of letermovir for primary prophylaxis and the development of maribavir as an option for refractory and/or resistant CMV infections in transplant recipients. For varicella zoster virus, prevention of reactivation with the recombinant zoster vaccine offers an additional prophylactic intervention. Pritelivir is being explored for the treatment of drug-resistant or refractory Herpes simplex virus infections. Although rituximab is now an established option for preemptive therapy for Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpesvirus-6 remains the most elusive virus of the herpesvirus family, with a lack of evidence supporting the benefit of any agent for prophylaxis or for optimal preemptive therapy. IMPLICATIONS Although considerable advances have been achieved for the treatment and prevention of herpes virus infections, most notably with CMV, the coming years should hold additional opportunities to tame the beast in these herpesviruses postallogeneic HCT, with the advent of new antivirals, cell-mediated immunity testing, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sassine
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | | | - Tali Fainguelernt Shafat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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9
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Yan B, Sun G, Wu Y, Wu W, Song K, Cheng Y, Huang A, Pan T, Tang B, Zhu X. Letermovir prophylaxis reduced cytomegalovirus reactivation and resistance post umbilical cord blood transplantation. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:2378-2389. [PMID: 38581290 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
To explore the impact of letermovir (LET) prophylaxis on cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and resistance in both adult and paediatric umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) patients, we retrospectively compared 43 UCBT patients who received LET as CMV prophylaxis with a historical cohort of 207 UCBT patients without LET usage. LET was administered from Day +1 to Day +100. The 180-day cumulative incidence of CMV reactivation (47.3% vs. 74.4%, p < 0.001) and the proportion of refractory CMV reactivation (15.0% vs. 42.9%, p = 0.016) were significantly lower than those in the control group. However, more frequent late CMV infection (31.0% vs. 4.3%, p = 0.002) and the 180-day cumulative incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation (9.3% vs. 3.4%, p = 0.087) were observed in UCBT patients with LET prophylaxis. Meanwhile, older age (>15 years old) and the occurrence of pre-engraftment syndrome were identified as the significant risk factors for CMV reactivation, and in patients at high risk, the incidence of CMV reactivation in the LET group was lower than that in the control group (46.7% vs. 86.5%, p < 0.001), while this decline was less pronounced among patients at low risk (47.8% vs. 62.1%, p = 0.120).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Yan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guangyu Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Kaidi Song
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Aijie Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tianzhong Pan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Baolin Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and Applications, Hefei, China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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10
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Zhu H, Komaroff AL, Ren V. Relevance of Human Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation in Drug Rash With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms. JAMA Dermatol 2024; 160:687. [PMID: 38691374 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Zhu
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anthony L Komaroff
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vicky Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Kim TY, Park MS, Yun SA, Kang M, Kim DR, Shin A, Kim HY, Jang MA, Jang JH, Kwon MJ, Huh HJ, Kim YJ, Lee NY. Performance evaluation of the SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit for quantitative detection and differentiation of human herpesvirus 6A and 6B. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0424923. [PMID: 38451228 PMCID: PMC10986541 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04249-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the newly developed SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) with the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The analytical sensitivity and specificity, linearity, and precision of the SMG assay were evaluated. The clinical performance of the SMG assay was assessed and compared with that of the RealStar assay using 207 clinical specimens (HHV-6A positive, n = 51; HHV-6B positive, n = 64; HHV-6A/B negative, n = 92). The limit of detection of the SMG assay was 2.92 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A DNA and 2.88 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6B DNA. The linear range was determined to be 3.40-9.00 log10 copies/mL for both viruses. Intra- and inter-assay variability were below 5% at concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 log10 copies/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed with the 25 microorganisms included in the specificity panel. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the SMG and RealStar assays compared to in-house polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were as follows: SMG assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 96.9% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively; RealStar assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 90.6% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively. The correlation coefficients between viral loads measured by the two assays were 0.948 and 0.975, with mean differences of 0.62 and 0.32 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA, respectively. These results demonstrate that the SMG assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for the quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.IMPORTANCEQuantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) that can distinguish between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA is recommended for diagnosis of active infection. The SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) is a newly developed qPCR assay that can differentiate between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA; however, little is known about its performance. In this study, we assessed the performance of the SMG assay and compared it with that of a commercially available qPCR assay, the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The SMG assay demonstrated excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity, precision, and linearity. Furthermore, the viral loads measured by the SMG assay were highly correlated with those measured by the RealStar assay. Our results suggest that the SMG assay is a useful diagnostic tool for quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Seung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yun
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minhee Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Ri Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Areum Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Ogata M, Oshima K, Takano K, Kawano R, Ueda Y, Imamura T, Nakamura Y, Okada T, Toubai T, Ueki T, Uoshima N, Ishida H, Shinohara A, Seo S, Fukuda T, Inagaki M. Effects of human herpesvirus 6B reactivation on cognitive function in cord blood transplant recipients: a prospective multicenter study. Int J Hematol 2024; 119:432-441. [PMID: 38407786 PMCID: PMC10960775 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-024-03714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This prospective multicenter study aimed to determine the effects of human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) reactivation on central nervous system (CNS) function in cord blood transplant (CBT) recipients. Our focus was to track HHV-6B reactivation and evaluate its association with delirium and cognitive function, specifically in the domains of verbal memory, attention/processing speed, and quality of life (QOL). A cohort of 38 patients participated in this study. Of the 37 patients evaluated, seven (18.9%) developed delirium, with six of these cases emerging after HHV-6B reactivation (median lag, 7 days). Evaluation of verbal memory showed that the final trial score for unrelated words at 70 days after transplantation was significantly lower than that before preconditioning (P = 0.004) among patients (n = 15) who experienced higher-level HHV-6B reactivation (median or higher maximum plasma HHV-6 DNA load for participating patients). Patients without higher-level reactivation did not show significant declines in verbal memory scores. QOL was assessed using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey, and the social functioning score 1 year post-transplantation was significantly lower in patients who experienced higher-level HHV-6B reactivation than in those who did not. Our findings suggest that higher-level HHV-6B reactivation can detrimentally affect certain cognitive functions in CBT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-Machi, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan.
- Research Center for GLOBAL and LOCAL Infectious Diseases, Oita University, Oita, Japan.
| | - Kumi Oshima
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniko Takano
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Rie Kawano
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ueda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Imamura
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yukinori Nakamura
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okada
- Department of Hematology, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan
| | - Tomomi Toubai
- Division of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Ueki
- Department of Hematology, Nagano Red Cross Hospital, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Uoshima
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daini Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akihito Shinohara
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Seo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
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13
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Kampouri E, Handley G, Hill JA. Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6) Reactivation after Hematopoietic Cell Transplant and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)- T Cell Therapy: A Shifting Landscape. Viruses 2024; 16:498. [PMID: 38675841 PMCID: PMC11054085 DOI: 10.3390/v16040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
HHV-6B reactivation affects approximately half of all allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. HHV-6B is the most frequent infectious cause of encephalitis following HCT and is associated with pleiotropic manifestations in this setting, including graft-versus-host disease, myelosuppression, pneumonitis, and CMV reactivation, although the causal link is not always clear. When the virus inserts its genome in chromosomes of germ cells, the chromosomally integrated form (ciHHV6) is inherited by offspring. The condition of ciHHV6 is characterized by the persistent detection of HHV-6 DNA, often confounding diagnosis of reactivation and disease-this has also been associated with adverse outcomes. Recent changes in clinical practice in the field of cellular therapies, including a wider use of post-HCT cyclophosphamide, the advent of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis, and the rapid expansion of novel cellular therapies require contemporary epidemiological studies to determine the pathogenic role and spectrum of disease of HHV-6B in the current era. Research into the epidemiology and clinical significance of HHV-6B in chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy recipients is in its infancy. No controlled trials have determined the optimal treatment for HHV-6B. Treatment is reserved for end-organ disease, and the choice of antiviral agent is influenced by expected toxicities. Virus-specific T cells may provide a novel, less toxic therapeutic modality but is more logistically challenging. Preventive strategies are hindered by the high toxicity of current antivirals. Ongoing study is needed to keep up with the evolving epidemiology and impact of HHV-6 in diverse and expanding immunocompromised patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kampouri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Toya T, Mizuno K, Sakurai M, Kato J, Mori T, Doki N, Masuda S, Aotsuka N, Tsukamoto S, Sakaida E, Nakajima Y, Fujisawa S, Machida S, Aoyama Y, Yokoyama H, Shono K, Hatta Y, Usuki K, Kataoka K, Kanda Y. Differential clinical impact of letermovir prophylaxis according to graft sources: a KSGCT multicenter retrospective analysis. Blood Adv 2024; 8:1084-1093. [PMID: 38330190 PMCID: PMC10907401 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Clinically significant cytomegalovirus infection (csCMVi) is frequently observed after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and prophylaxis with letermovir is commonly adopted. However, the clinical benefit of letermovir prophylaxis according to graft sources has not been sufficiently elucidated. We retrospectively analyzed 2194 recipients of HSCT who were CMV-seropositive (236 with letermovir prophylaxis and 1958 without prophylaxis against CMV). csCMVi was significantly less frequent in patients with letermovir prophylaxis than in those without (23.7% vs 58.7% at 100 days after HSCT, P < .001) and the same trend was seen when recipients of bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC), or cord blood (CB) transplantation were separately analyzed. In recipients of BM, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was significantly lower in the letermovir group at 6 months after HSCT (5.0% vs 14.9%, P = .018), and the same trend was observed in recipients of PBSCs (14.7% vs 24.8%, P = .062); however, there was no statistical significance at 1 year (BM, 21.1% vs 30.4%, P = .67; PBSCs, 21.2% vs 30.4%, P = .096). In contrast, NRM was comparable between recipients of CB with and without letermovir prophylaxis throughout the clinical course (6 months, 23.6% vs 24.3%, P =.92; 1 year, 29.3% vs 31.0%, P = .77), which was confirmed by multivariate analyses. In conclusion, the impact of letermovir prophylaxis on NRM and csCMVi should be separately considered according to graft sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Toya
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Mizuno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Sakurai
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masuda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Aotsuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Emiko Sakaida
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakajima
- Department of Hematology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Fujisawa
- Department of Hematology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Machida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Aoyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University Hospital, Isehara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yokoyama
- Division of Clinical Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Shono
- Department of Hematology, Aoba Municipal Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hatta
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Usuki
- Department of Hematology, NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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15
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Yuan H, Ma X, Xu J, Han P, Rao G, Chen G, Zhang K, Yang R, Han C, Jiang M. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases after allo-HSCT: a single-center analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:279. [PMID: 38438967 PMCID: PMC10910774 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in diagnosing infectious diseases in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). METHODS Fifty-four patients who had fever following allo-HSCT from October 2019 to February 2022 were enrolled. Conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) and mNGS, along with imaging and clinical manifestations, were used to diagnose infection following allo-HSCT. The clinical diagnostic value of mNGS was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 61 mNGS tests were performed, resulting in the diagnosis of 46 cases of infectious diseases. Among these cases, there were 22 cases of viral infection, 13 cases of fungal infection, and 11 cases of bacterial infection. Moreover, 27 cases (58.7%) were classified as bloodstream infections, 15 (32.6%) as respiratory infections, 2 (4.3%) as digestive system infections, and 2 (4.3%) as central nervous system infections. Additionally, there were 8 cases with non-infectious diseases (8/54, 14.81%), including 2 cases of interstitial pneumonia, 2 cases of bronchiolitis obliterans, 2 cases of engraftment syndrome, and 2 cases of acute graft-versus-host disease. The positive detection rates of mNGS and CMT were 88.9% and 33.3%, respectively, with significant differences (P < 0.001). The sensitivity of mNGS was 97.82%, the specificity was 25%, the positive predictive value was 93.75%, and the negative predictive value was 50%. Following treatment, 51 patients showed improvement, and 3 cases succumbed to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. CONCLUSIONS mNGS plays an important role in the early clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases after allo-HSCT, which is not affected by immunosuppression status, empiric antibiotic therapy, and multi-microbial mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yuan
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Department of Hematology, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianli Xu
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Peng Han
- Genskey Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Rao
- Genskey Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Kaile Zhang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Ruixue Yang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Chuixia Han
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Institute of Hematology, No.137 Liyushan South Road, Urumqi, 830054, China.
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Li N, Zhang R, Wang J, Zhu X, Meng F, Cao Y, Wang G, Yang Y. Case report: Acute HHV6B encephalitis/myelitis post CAR-T cell therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1334000. [PMID: 38487325 PMCID: PMC10937551 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1334000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized treatment outcomes in patients with lymphoid malignancies. However, several studies have reported a relatively high rate of infection in adult patients following CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy, particularly in the first 28 days. Notably, acute human herpesvirus 6 B (HHV6B) reactivation occurs in up to two-thirds of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients. Case presentations Herein, we describe a report of HHV6B encephalitis/myelitis in three patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma post CAR T-cell therapy. All three patients received multiple lines of prior treatment (range: 2-9 lines). All patients presented with fever that persisted for at least 2 weeks after CAR-T cell infusion (CTI). Both the onset time and duration were similar to those of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS); nevertheless, the CRS grades of the patients were low (grade 1 or 2). Delirium and memory loss after CTI were the earliest notable mental presentations. Neurological manifestations progressed rapidly, with patients experiencing varying degrees of impaired consciousness, seizures, and coma. Back pain, lumbago, lower limb weakness and uroschesis were also observed in Patient 3, indicating myelitis. High HHV6B loads were detected in all Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Only one patient required high-activity antivirals and IgG intravenous pulse treatment finally recovered, whereas the other two patients died from HHV6B encephalitis. Conclusion Considering its fatal potential, HHV6B encephalitis/myelitis should be urgently diagnosed post CAR-T cell-based therapy. Furthermore, hematologists should differentially diagnose these conditions from CRS or other immunotherapy-related neurotoxicities as early as possible. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of mNGS in the early diagnosis of HHV6B infection, particularly when the organism is difficult to culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ruoxuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fankai Meng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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17
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Thomas SJ, Ouellette CP. Viral meningoencephalitis in pediatric solid organ or hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: a diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1259088. [PMID: 38410764 PMCID: PMC10895047 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1259088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurologic complications, both infectious and non-infectious, are frequent among hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Up to 46% of HCT and 50% of SOT recipients experience a neurological complication, including cerebrovascular accidents, drug toxicities, as well as infections. Defects in innate, adaptive, and humoral immune function among transplant recipients predispose to opportunistic infections, including central nervous system (CNS) disease. CNS infections remain uncommon overall amongst HCT and SOT recipients, compromising approximately 1% of total cases among adult patients. Given the relatively lower number of pediatric transplant recipients, the incidence of CNS disease amongst in this population remains unknown. Although infections comprise a small percentage of the neurological complications that occur post-transplant, the associated morbidity and mortality in an immunosuppressed state makes it imperative to promptly evaluate and aggressively treat a pediatric transplant patient with suspicion for viral meningoencephalitis. This manuscript guides the reader through a broad infectious and non-infectious diagnostic differential in a transplant recipient presenting with altered mentation and fever and thereafter, elaborates on diagnostics and management of viral meningoencephalitis. Hypothetical SOT and HCT patient cases have also been constructed to illustrate the diagnostic and management process in select viral etiologies. Given the unique risk for various opportunistic viral infections resulting in CNS disease among transplant recipients, the manuscript will provide a contemporary review of the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of viral meningoencephalitis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya J. Thomas
- Host Defense Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher P. Ouellette
- Host Defense Program, Section of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
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18
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Paviglianiti A, Maia T, Gozlan JM, Brissot E, Malard F, Banet A, Van de Wyngaert Z, Ledraa T, Belhocine R, Sestili S, Capes A, Stocker N, Bonnin A, Vekhoff A, Legrand O, Mohty M, Duléry R. Human herpesvirus type 6 reactivation after haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin: risk factors and clinical impact. Clin Hematol Int 2024; 6:26-38. [PMID: 38817703 PMCID: PMC11087003 DOI: 10.46989/001c.92525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6) reactivation after haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) has been scarcely studied, especially when antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is added to the graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in 100 consecutive patients receiving haploidentical HCT with PT-Cy. We systematically monitored HHV6 DNA loads in blood samples on a weekly basis using quantitative PCR until day +100. The 100-day cumulative incidence of HHV6 reactivation was 54%. Clinically significant HHV6 infections were rare (7%), associated with higher HHV6 DNA loads, and had favorable outcomes after antiviral therapy. The main risk factor for HHV6 reactivation was a low absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) \< 290/µL on day +30 (68% versus 40%, p = 0.003). Adding ATG to PT-Cy did not increase the incidence of HHV6 reactivation (52% with ATG versus 79% without ATG, p = 0.12). Patients experiencing HHV6 reactivation demonstrated delayed platelet recovery (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.07-3.05, p = 0.026), higher risk of acute grade II-IV GvHD (39% versus 9%, p \< 0.001) but similar overall survival and non-relapse mortality to the other patients. In conclusion, our findings endorse the safety of combining ATG and PT-Cy in terms of the risk of HHV6 reactivation and infection in patients undergoing haploidentical HCT. Patients with a low ALC on day +30 face a higher risk of HHV6 reactivation and may require careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Paviglianiti
- HematologySorbonne University
- Università Campus Bio-Medico
- Clinical HematologyInstitut Català d’Oncologia
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Tânia Maia
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- Clinical HematologyHospital de São João
| | - Joël-Meyer Gozlan
- VirologySorbonne University
- Virology, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Eolia Brissot
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- INSERM, UMRs 938Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine
| | - Florent Malard
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- INSERM, UMRs 938Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine
| | - Anne Banet
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Zoé Van de Wyngaert
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Tounes Ledraa
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Ramdane Belhocine
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Simona Sestili
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Antoine Capes
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Nicolas Stocker
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- INSERM, UMRs 938Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine
| | - Agnès Bonnin
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Anne Vekhoff
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Ollivier Legrand
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- INSERM, UMRs 938Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine
| | - Rémy Duléry
- HematologySorbonne University
- Clinical Hematology and Cellular Therapy, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris
- INSERM, UMRs 938Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine
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19
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Teh BW, Mikulska M, Averbuch D, de la Camara R, Hirsch HH, Akova M, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Baddley JW, Tan BH, Mularoni A, Subramanian AK, La Hoz RM, Marinelli T, Boan P, Aguado JM, Grossi PA, Maertens J, Mueller NJ, Slavin MA. Consensus position statement on advancing the standardised reporting of infection events in immunocompromised patients. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e59-e68. [PMID: 37683684 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients can be immunocompromised from a diverse range of disease and treatment factors, including malignancies, autoimmune disorders and their treatments, and organ and stem-cell transplantation. Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, and the disease treatment landscape is continually evolving. Despite being a critical but preventable and curable adverse event, the reporting of infection events in randomised trials lacks sufficient detail while inconsistency of categorisation and definition of infections in observational and registry studies limits comparability and future pooling of data. A core reporting dataset consisting of category, site, severity, organism, and endpoints was developed as a minimum standard for reporting of infection events in immunocompromised patients across study types. Further additional information is recommended depending on study type. The standardised reporting of infectious events and attributable complications in immunocompromised patients will improve diagnostic, treatment, and prevention approaches and facilitate future research in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Teh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dina Averbuch
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Murat Akova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John W Baddley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ban Hock Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Mularoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS), Palermo, Italy
| | - Aruna K Subramanian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo M La Hoz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tina Marinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Boan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jose Maria Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), CIBERINFEC, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo A Grossi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria-ASST-Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Haematology, Universitaire Ziekenhuizen Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monica A Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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20
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Kampouri E, Zamora D, Kiem ES, Liu W, Ibrahimi S, Blazevic RL, Lovas EA, Kimball LE, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Ueda Oshima M, Mielcarek M, Zerr DM, Boeckh MJ, Krantz EM, Hill JA. Human herpesvirus-6 reactivation and disease after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation in the era of letermovir for cytomegalovirus prophylaxis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:1450.e1-1450.e7. [PMID: 37532126 PMCID: PMC10828110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Letermovir for cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients has decreased anti-CMV therapy use. Contrary to letermovir, anti-CMV antivirals are also active against human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). We assessed changes in HHV-6 epidemiology in the post-letermovir era. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients comparing time periods before and after routine use of prophylactic letermovir. HHV-6 testing was at the discretion of clinicians. We computed the cumulative incidence of broad-spectrum antiviral initiation (foscarnet, (val)ganciclovir, and/or cidofovir), HHV-6 testing, and HHV-6 detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid within 100 days after HCT. We used Cox proportional-hazards models with stabilized inverse probability of treatment weights to compare outcomes between cohorts balanced for baseline factors. RESULTS We analysed 738 patients, 376 in the pre-letermovir and 362 in the post-letermovir cohort. Broad-spectrum antiviral initiation incidence decreased from 65% (95% CI, 60-70%) pre-letermovir to 21% (95% CI, 17-25%) post-letermovir. The cumulative incidence of HHV-6 testing (17% [95% CI, 13-21%] pre-letermovir versus 13% [95% CI, 10-16%] post-letermovir), detection (3% [95% CI, 1-5%] in both cohorts), and HHV-6 encephalitis (0.5% [95% CI, 0.1-1.8%] pre-letermovir and 0.6% [95% CI, 0.1-1.9%] post-letermovir) were similar between cohorts. First HHV-6 detection occurred at a median of 37 days (interquartile range, 18-58) in the pre-letermovir cohort and 27 (interquartile range, 25-34) in the post-letermovir cohort. In a weighted model, there was no association between the pre-versus post-letermovir cohort and HHV-6 detection (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.44-2.62). DISCUSSION Despite a large decrease in broad-spectrum antivirals after the introduction of letermovir prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive allogeneic HCT recipients, there was no evidence for increased clinically detected HHV-6 reactivation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kampouri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danniel Zamora
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erika S Kiem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Winnie Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Ibrahimi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel L Blazevic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erika A Lovas
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louise E Kimball
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Masumi Ueda Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marco Mielcarek
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael J Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Krantz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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21
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Wormser VR, Agudelo Higuita NI, Ramaswami R, Melendez DP. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the noncytomegalovirus herpesviruses. Transpl Infect Dis 2023; 25 Suppl 1:e14201. [PMID: 38041493 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and other cellular therapies have significantly improved outcomes in the management of multiple hematological and nonhematological malignancies, the resulting impairment in humoral and cellular response increases the risk for opportunistic infection as an undesirable side effect. With their ability to establish latent infection and reactivate when the host immune system is at its weakest point, the Herpesviridae family constitutes a significant proportion of these opportunistic pathogens. Despite recent advancements in preventing and managing herpesvirus infections, they continue to be a common cause of significant morbidity and mortality in transplanted patients. Herein, we aim to provide and update on herpesvirus other than cytomegalovirus (CMV) affecting recipients of HSCT and other cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Wormser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dante P Melendez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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22
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Xu B, Jia Y, Lv L, Chen L, Cheng P, Ren S, Liu H, Zhang M, Zhang H. HHV-6B infection after umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation with pruritus as the first symptom. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1693-1696. [PMID: 37559456 PMCID: PMC10577449 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Clinical MedicineJining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Panpan Cheng
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Saisai Ren
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Haihui Liu
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of HematologyAffiliated Hospital of Jining Medical UniversityJining272000China
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23
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Handley G, Pasikhova Y, Hill JA. Letter to the Editor Regarding "Once-Daily Foscarnet Is Effective for Human Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation". Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:645-646. [PMID: 37543212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Yanina Pasikhova
- Department of Pharmacy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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24
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Noviello M, Lorentino F, Xue E, Racca S, Furnari G, Valtolina V, Campodonico E, Dvir R, Lupo-Stanghellini MT, Giglio F, Piemontese S, Clerici D, Oltolini C, Tassi E, Beretta V, Farina F, Mannina D, Ardemagni A, Vago L, Bernardi M, Corti C, Peccatori J, Clementi M, Ciceri F, Bonini C, Greco R. Human herpesvirus 6-specific T-cell immunity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Blood Adv 2023; 7:5446-5457. [PMID: 37067947 PMCID: PMC10515312 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022009274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) and may lead to severe symptoms. HHV-6-specific immune responses after HSCT are largely unexplored. We conducted a prospective observational study on 208 consecutive adult patients who received allo-HSCT to investigate HHV-6 reactivations and specific immune responses. Interferon gamma-producing HHV-6-specific T cells were quantified using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). HHV-6 reactivation occurred in 63% of patients, at a median of 25 days from allo-HSCT. Only 40% of these presented a clinically relevant infection, defined by the presence of classical HHV-6 end-organ diseases (EODs), based on European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia (ECIL) guidelines, and other possible HHV6-related EODs. Using multivariate analysis, we identified risk factors for HHV-6 reactivation: previous allo-HSCT, posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy), and time-dependent steroids introduction. The use of PT-Cy and steroids were associated with clinically relevant infections, whereas higher CD3+ cell counts seemed to be protective. Interestingly, circulating HHV-6-specific T cells were significantly higher in patients with reactivated virus. Moreover, HHV-6-specific T-cell responses, quantified at >4 days after the first viremia detection, predicted clinically relevant infections (P < .0001), with higher specificity (93%) and sensitivity (79%) than polyclonal CD3+ cells per μL. Overall survival and transplant-related mortality were not affected by time-dependent HHV-6 reactivation, whereas a significant association was observed between clinically relevant infections and acute graft-versus-host disease. These results shed light on the role of HHV-6 in allo-HSCT and may affect HHV-6 monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Noviello
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Lorentino
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Xue
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Racca
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Veronica Valtolina
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Edoardo Campodonico
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Roee Dvir
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Giglio
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Piemontese
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Clerici
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Oltolini
- Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Tassi
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Beretta
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Farina
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Mannina
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Ardemagni
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Vago
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Bernardi
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Consuelo Corti
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Jacopo Peccatori
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milano, Italy
- Cell Therapy Immunomonitoring Laboratory, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Greco
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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25
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Mah J, Huang C, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA. Evaluation of an automated system for the quantitation of human Herpesvirus-6 DNA from clinical specimens. Pract Lab Med 2023; 36:e00329. [PMID: 37649537 PMCID: PMC10462668 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2023.e00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitation of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) DNA in clinical specimens is important for the diagnosis and management of HHV-6-associated infection and reactivation in immunocompromised patients, particularly transplant recipients. Methods The analytical performance of the Altona RealStar ASR HHV-6 qPCR on the semi-automated AltoStar AM16 system was assessed using HHV-6 reference material in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Qualitative and quantitative agreement was determined using 123 clinical EDTA plasma specimens tested using a laboratory-developed HHV-6 qPCR. Results The 95% Lower Limit of Detection was 20 IU/mL [95% confidence interval (CI): 10 to 29] in plasma and 78 IU/mL (95% CI: 55 to 146) in CSF. The assay was linear from 7.0 to 2.0 log10 IU/mL in both matrices. Overall agreement of the RealStar ASR HHV-6 qPCR on the AltoStar AM16 with a laboratory-developed test was 95.9% (95% CI: 90.8 to 98.7). Passing-Bablok analysis of specimens quantifiable by both methods and at levels >1000 copies/mL revealed a regression line of Y = 1.00*X-0.20, with neither systematic (95% CI Y-intercept: -0.66 to 0.26) nor proportional (95% CI slope: 0.89 to 1.10) bias compared to the reference. Conclusions The RealStar ASR HHV-6 qPCR on the AltoStar AM16 provides accurate quantitation for clinical monitoring of HHV-6 in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Mah
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - ChunHong Huang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Malaya K. Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Dadwal SS, Papanicolaou GA, Boeckh M. How I prevent viral reactivation in high-risk patients. Blood 2023; 141:2062-2074. [PMID: 36493341 PMCID: PMC10163320 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing viral infections at an early stage is a key strategy for successfully improving transplant outcomes. Preemptive therapy and prophylaxis with antiviral agents have been successfully used to prevent clinically significant viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Major progress has been made over the past decades in preventing viral infections through a better understanding of the biology and risk factors, as well as the introduction of novel antiviral agents and advances in immunotherapy. High-quality evidence exists for the effective prevention of herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus infection and disease. Few data are available on the effective prevention of human herpesvirus 6, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus, and BK virus infections. To highlight the spectrum of clinical practice, here we review high-risk situations that we handle with a high degree of uniformity and cases that feature differences in approaches, reflecting distinct hematopoietic cell transplant practices, such as ex vivo T-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet S. Dadwal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Genovefa A. Papanicolaou
- Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious and Clinical Research Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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27
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Once Daily Foscarnet is Effective for HHV-6 Reactivation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2023:S2666-6367(23)01132-6. [PMID: 36878429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation is common after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and is associated with higher mortality and transplant-related complications. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that preemptive treatment with short course of foscarnet at lower cut point of plasma HHV-6 viral load would be effective in treating early HHV-6 reactivation, prevent complications and hospitalization of these patients. METHODS We reviewed outcomes of adult patients (18 years or older) who received preemptive treatment with once daily foscarnet 60-90 mg/kg for 7 days for HHV-6 reactivation after allo-HSCT at our institution between 05/2020-11/2022. Plasma HHV-6 viral load was monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction twice monthly in the first 100 days post-transplant and twice weekly after reactivation until resolution. RESULTS Eleven patients with a median age of 46 years (range, 23-73) were included in the analysis. Ten patients received HSCT from a haploidentical and one patient from HLA matched related donor. The most common diagnosis was acute leukemia (9 cases). Myeloablative- and reduced-intensity conditioning regimens were used in 4 cases and 7 cases, respectively. Most patients (10/11) received post-transplantation cyclophosphamide-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Median follow-up was 440 days (range, 174-831). Median time to HHV-6 reactivation was 22 days post-transplantation (range, 15-89), median level of viral load 3,100 copies/mL (range, 210-118,000) at first reactivation and median peak viral load was 11,300 copies/mL (range, 600-983,000). All patients received a short course of foscarnet of 90 mg/kg/day (N=7) and 60 mg/kg/day (N=4). Plasma HHV-6 DNA in all patients became undetected after completion of one week treatment. No HHV-6 encephalitis or pneumonitis occurred. All patients achieved neutrophil and platelet engraftment after a median time of 16 (range, 8-22) and 26 (range, 14-168) days, respectively, with no secondary graft failure. No complications related to foscarnet administration were noted. One patient with very high HHV-6 viremia had recurrent reactivation and received a second course of foscarnet as outpatient. CONCLUSIONS Short course of once daily foscarnet is effective in treating early HHV-6 reactivation post-transplant, may reduce incidence of HHV-6-related and treatment-related complications, and prevent hospitalization in these patients.
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28
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Miranda-Silva W, de Molla VC, Knebel FH, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Arrais-Rodrigues C, Camargo AA, Braz-Silva PH, Fregnani ER. Oral shedding of herpesviruses and clinical outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Oral Dis 2023; 29:815-826. [PMID: 34523191 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the oral shedding of herpes viruses in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) and investigate its relationship with clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic digestion were performed to identify the oral shedding of the members of the Herpesviridae family in 31 patients. The samples were collected from the oral cavity at five timestamps. RESULTS The presence of each herpesvirus in the oral cavity was observed in 3.2%, 12.9%, 19.3%, 32.2%, 54.8% and 93.5% patients for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A, herpes simplex virus-1, HHV-6B, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and HHV-7, respectively. Oral shedding of herpes virus was not uncommon after alloHSCT. There was a statistically significant association between the EBV and CMV oral shedding at C1 and the cumulative incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The results suggested that the presence of HSV-1 at C2 was related to a relapse. The HHV-7 oral shedding at C2 suggests a possible link between relapse, progression-free survival and overall survival of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients who developed aGVHD showed higher CMV and EBV shedding in the oral cavity at aplasia, suggesting modifications to the pattern of immune cell response and inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Campos de Molla
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Celso Arrais-Rodrigues
- Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Allen C, Rao SJ, Gill K, Wolff M, Haas CJ. Recurrent herpes simplex virus encephalitis with presumptive Human Herpesvirus 6 chromosomal integration. IDCases 2023; 31:e01720. [PMID: 36860284 PMCID: PMC9969062 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis can lead to encephalopathy, epileptic activity, focal neurological deficits, and death. Prompt recognition and a high index of clinical suspicion can lead to early initiation of appropriate management. We describe an interesting case of a 61-year-old presenting with fever and altered mental status, diagnosed with numerous episodes of viral encephalitis caused by divergent and recurrent viruses. On his initial presentation, lumbar puncture revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis and positivity for Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), and he was treated with ganciclovir. On subsequent admissions, he was diagnosed with recurrent HHV-6 encephalitis as well as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 encephalitis and treated with ganciclovir, foscarnet and acyclovir. Despite prolonged courses of treatment and resolution of symptoms, he continued to have persistently high plasma viral loads of HHV-6, consistent with probable chromosomal integration. In this report, we emphasize the clinical pearl of chromosomally integrated HHV-6 that can present in a patient with persistently high plasma viral loads of HHV-6, that are non-responsive to treatment. Individuals with chromosomally integrated HHV-6 may be more susceptible to other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Allen
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health Internal Medicine Residency Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiavax J. Rao
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health Internal Medicine Residency Program, Baltimore, MD, United States,Correspondence to: MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Department of Medicine, 201 E University Pkwy, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
| | - Kavneet Gill
- Department of Hospital Medicine, MedStar Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcos Wolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J. Haas
- Department of Medicine, MedStar Health Internal Medicine Residency Program, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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30
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Gannamani V, Varma A, Nathan S, Ustun C. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) associated permanent hyponatremia in umbilical cord blood transplant recipient. Transpl Immunol 2023; 76:101742. [PMID: 36372142 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-term neurocognitive deficits after human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection are common in stem-cell transplant recipients, but SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) with persistent hyponatremia is rare. A 51-year-old woman presented with somnolence, hyponatremia (121 mmol/L) and HHV-6 viremia (80,330 copies/ml) on day +22 post umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT). With waterrestriction, tolvaptan and combination of foscarnet and ganciclovir, patient's hyponatremia and HHV-6 viremia improved. On day +94 UCBT, hyponatremia and HHV-6 viremia recurred. Foscarnet was restarted and continued until day +269 UCBT due to multiple HHV-6 recurrences with persistent hyponatremia. At day +712, patient remains on water-restriction, tolvaptan for continuous hyponatremia from SIADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedavyas Gannamani
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ankur Varma
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sunita Nathan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Celalettin Ustun
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Mouton W, Conrad A, Alcazer V, Boccard M, Bodinier M, Oriol G, Subtil F, Labussière-Wallet H, Ducastelle-Lepretre S, Barraco F, Balsat M, Fossard G, Brengel-Pesce K, Ader F, Trouillet-Assant S. Distinct Immune Reconstitution Profiles Captured by Immune Functional Assays at 6 Months Post Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:94.e1-94.e13. [PMID: 36336259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immune reconstitution after allogeneic-hematopoietic-stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a complex and individual process. In this cross-sectional study, whole-blood (WB) immune functional assay (IFA) was used to characterize immune function by assessing immune-related gene/pathway alterations. The usefulness of this tool in the context of infection, 6 months after transplantation, was evaluated. Sixty allo-HSCT recipients at 6 months after transplantation and 10 healthy volunteers (HV) were included. WB was stimulated in standardized TruCulture tubes using lipopolysaccharides and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Gene expression was quantified using a custom 144-gene panel using NanoString nCounter technology and analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The relationships between immune function and clinical characteristics, immune cell counts, and post-transplantation infections were assessed. Allo-HSCT recipients were able to activate similar networks of the innate and adaptive immune response compared to HV, with, nevertheless, a lower intensity. A reduced number and a lower expression of genes associated with immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes were observed in allo-HSCT recipients. The use of immunosuppressive treatments was associated with a protracted immune reconstitution revealed by transcriptomic immunoprofiling. No difference in immune cell counts was observed among patients receiving or not receiving immunosuppressive treatments using a large immunophenotyping panel. Moreover, the expression of a set of genes, including CCL3/CCL4, was significantly lower in patients with Herpesviridae reactivation (32%, 19/60), which once again was not identified using classical immune cell counts. Transcriptional IFA revealed the heterogeneity among allo-HSCT recipients with a reduced immune function, a result that could not be captured by circulating immune cell counts. This highlights the potential added value of this tool for the personalized care of immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mouton
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Virology and Human Pathology - Virpath Team, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Conrad
- Legionella Pathogenesis Team, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Alcazer
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; LIB TEAM, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Oullins, France
| | - Mathilde Boccard
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Legionella Pathogenesis Team, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Bodinier
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Guy Oriol
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Fabien Subtil
- Biostatistics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon France, Lyon 1 University, Villeurbanne, France; CNRS, Biometrics and Evolutionary Biology Laboratory UMR, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hélène Labussière-Wallet
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | | | - Fiorenza Barraco
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marie Balsat
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Gaëlle Fossard
- Clinical Hematology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Karen Brengel-Pesce
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Florence Ader
- Legionella Pathogenesis Team, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Lyon, France; Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Joint Research Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon-bioMérieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Virology and Human Pathology - Virpath Team, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
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32
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Jiang S, Yan H, Lu X, Wei R, Chen H, Zhang A, Shi W, Xia L. How to improve the outcomes of elderly acute myeloid leukemia patients through allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102966. [PMID: 37207218 PMCID: PMC10189056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the gradual advancement of haploidentical transplantation technology, the availability of donors has increased significantly, along with the widespread use of reduced-intensity conditioning and the improvement of nursing techniques, giving more elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients the chance to receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We have summarized the classic and recently proposed pre-transplant assessment methods and assessed the various sources of donors, conditioning regimens, and post-transplant complication management based on the outcomes of large-scale clinical studies for elderly AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Shi
- *Correspondence: Linghui Xia, ; Wei Shi,
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33
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Guo Y, Zhu Z, Cai W, Tao S, Yin D. Intracerebral opportunistic infections caused by immunosuppressants after orthotopic liver transplantation: Report of two cases and literature review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003254. [PMID: 36544772 PMCID: PMC9762491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections in adults are rare because of normal immunity and the existence of the blood brain barrier, which prevents the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Liver transplant recipients are at an increased risk of opportunistic infections (OI) due to immunosuppressive therapy compared to those with normal immunity. Early diagnosis and timely implementation of treatment are critical for the successful treatment of these infections. We present two cases of intracerebral OI after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), with different clinical presentations. Patient 1 presented with epileptic seizures, mainly manifested as unresponsiveness, unconsciousness, and coma complicated with involuntary limb twitching. Patient 2 presented with a consciousness disorder, mainly manifested as unclear consciousness content, poor orientation, calculation power, and logical ability. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) examination of the cerebrospinal fluid confirmed human herpesvirus 6 B (HHV-6B) infection in patient 1 and intracranial Aspergillus infection in patient 2. Intracranial OI has insidious onset and atypical clinical manifestations. NGS can allow for the proper diagnosis and monitoring of the effects of treatment.
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34
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Demin MV, Tikhomirov DS, Tupoleva TA, Filatov FP. [Resistance to antiviral drugs in human viruses from the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae]. Vopr Virusol 2022; 67:285-294. [PMID: 36515284 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The review provides information on the mechanisms of the emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs in human viruses from the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Data on the principles of action of antiviral drugs and their characteristics are given. The occurrence rates of viral resistance in various groups of patients is described and information about the possible consequences of the emergence of resistance to antiviral drugs is given. Information is provided regarding the virus genes in which mutations occur that lead to viral resistance, and a list of such mutations that have described so far is given. The significance of the study of mutations leading to the resistance of the virus to antiviral drugs for medical practice is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Demin
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - D S Tikhomirov
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T A Tupoleva
- National Medical Research Center of Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - F P Filatov
- I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Serums of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.,National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of Russia
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35
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Heldman MR, Aagaard KM, Hill JA. Assessing and restoring adaptive immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1345-1350. [PMID: 35150885 PMCID: PMC9363517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) cause severe infections in immunocompromised hosts. Interventions to optimize virus-specific adaptive immunity may have advantages over antivirals in the prophylaxis and treatment of these infections. OBJECTIVES We sought to review adaptive immune responses and methods for assessing and replenishing cellular and humoral immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. SOURCES We searched PubMed for relevant studies on immune responses to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 as well as studies describing methods for evaluating and restoring cell-mediated immunity to other double-stranded DNA viruses in transplant recipients. Recent studies, randomized controlled trials, and investigations highlighting key concepts in clinical virology were prioritized for inclusion. CONTENT We describe the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 and limitations of antivirals as prophylaxis and treatment for these infections in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. We review methods for measuring and restoring cellular immunity to double-stranded DNA viruses; their potential applications to management of HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 in immunocompromised hosts; and barriers to clinical use. Vaccination and virus-specific T cell therapies are discussed in detail. IMPLICATIONS The growing repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques focused on virus-specific adaptive immunity provides a novel approach to management of viral infections in transplant recipients. Investigations to optimize such interventions specifically in HSV, VZV, and HHV-6 are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R. Heldman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kaja M. Aagaard
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Handley G. Current Role of Prospective Monitoring, Pre-emptive and Prophylactic Therapy for Human Herpesvirus-6 after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac398. [PMID: 36004309 PMCID: PMC9394762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) frequently reactivates after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Most patients are asymptomatic and viremia often resolves without therapy; however, transplant-related complications may be associated with reactivation. Multiple presentations have been attributed to HHV-6 reactivation after SCT including encephalitis. Several strategies have been trialed to reduce such risks or complications. Challenges exist with prospective monitoring strategies, and established thresholds of high-level reactivation may be limited. Three published guidelines and extensive trials focusing on preemptive and prophylactic strategies are reviewed. Future areas of investigation and high-risk populations are described. Existing trials and testing platforms have significant limitations, and to date no clear benefit for a preemptive or prophylactic intervention has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
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37
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Immunocompromised host section: Adoptive T-cell therapy for dsDNA viruses in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2022; 35:302-311. [PMID: 35849520 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses remain important causes of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). As treatment options are limited, adoptive therapy with virus-specific T cells (VST) is promising in restoring immunity and thereby preventing and treating virus infections. Here we review current evidence and recent advances in the field of VST for dsDNA viruses in allogeneic HCT recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Four different protocols for VST generation are currently used in clinical trials, and various products including multivirus-specific and off-the-shelf products are under investigation for prophylaxis, preemptive therapy or treatment. Data from nearly 1400 dsDNA-VST applications in allogeneic HCT patients have been published and demonstrated its safety. Although Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and adenovirus-specific T-cell therapy studies have predominated over the past 25 years, additional human herpes viruses were added to multivirus-specific T cells over the last decade and clinical evidence for polyomavirus-specific VST has just recently emerged. Response rates of around 70-80% have been reported, but cautious interpretation is warranted as data are predominantly from phase 1/2 studies and clinical efficacy needs to be confirmed in phase 3 studies. SUMMARY Investigation on the 'ideal' composition of VST is ongoing. Several products recently entered phase 3 trials and may allow widespread clinical use in the near future.
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38
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Maes L, Theunissen K, Schepers S, Indesteege I, Delmotte K. Acute autonomic dysregulation due to HHV-6 encephalitis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and literature review. Acta Neurol Belg 2022; 122:583-585. [PMID: 35349121 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), in particularly HHV-6B, can reactivate in immunocompromised patients. Especially after stem cell transplantation, reactivation of HHV-6 can cause complications, such as limbic encephalitis. We present a case of a 61-year-old man with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. He presented with subacute lethargy, confusion and hyperhidrosis. Following this, we will give a short review of the literature considering clinical and technical features as well as treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Maes
- Department of Neurology, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, B-3500, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | - Koen Delmotte
- Department of Neurology, Jessa Hospital, Stadsomvaart 11, B-3500, Hasselt, Belgium
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Krett JD, Beckham JD, Tyler KL, Piquet AL, Chauhan L, Wallace CJ, Pastula DM, Kapadia RK. Neurology of Acute Viral Infections. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:632-646. [PMID: 36147750 PMCID: PMC9485684 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221104778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As specialists in acute neurology, neurohospitalists are often called upon to diagnose and manage acute viral infections affecting the nervous system. In this broad review covering the neurology of several acute viral infections, our aim is to provide key diagnostic and therapeutic pearls of practical use to the busy neurohospitalist. We will review acute presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of human herpesviruses, arboviruses, enteroviruses, and some vaccine-preventable viruses. The neurological effects of coronaviruses, including COVID-19, are not covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Krett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J David Beckham
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Departments of Immunology & Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth L Tyler
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Departments of Immunology & Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amanda L Piquet
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carla J Wallace
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel M Pastula
- Department of Neurology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Neurosciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ronak K Kapadia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Berneking L, Both A, Langebrake C, Aepfelbacher M, Lütgehetmann M, Kröger N, Christopeit M. Detection of human herpes virus 6 DNA and chromosomal integration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective single center analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13836. [PMID: 35389547 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. METHODS The epidemiology of HHV-6 infections and their impact on outcome after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed in 689 adult allo-HSCT recipients (January 2015-December 2018). Chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) in the donor was retrospectively investigated to critically evaluate antiviral treatment strategies. RESULTS HHV-6 DNA in any specimen was found in 89 patients. HHV-6 infections (encephalitis (1), gastroenteritis (44), dermatitis (2), hepatitis (1) or pneumonitis (5)) were diagnosed in 53/689 patients (7.7%). Elevated levels of HHV-6 DNA were found in 38 patients (5.5%). CiHHV-6, analyzed in patients with HHV-6 viral loads ≥104 copies/mL, was identified in 4 patients (10/38 patients; 10.5%). Two of those displayed copy numbers of HHV-6 ranging from ≥ 2 × 105 to 2.5 × 106 copies/mL (HHV-6A). Here, ciHHV-6 was integrated into donor and not into the patients' cells. In this series of allo-HSCT recipients, 10.5% of patients with blood viral loads of HHV-6 showed ciHHV-6. CONCLUSION Screening of the donor for chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) before initiation of antiviral therapy is recommended. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berneking
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langebrake
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christopeit
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Clinic, Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Spanjaart
- From the Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE (A.M.S., F.M.V., M.J.K.), the Department of Psychiatry (G.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (M.C.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Fleur M van der Valk
- From the Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE (A.M.S., F.M.V., M.J.K.), the Department of Psychiatry (G.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (M.C.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Geeske van Rooijen
- From the Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE (A.M.S., F.M.V., M.J.K.), the Department of Psychiatry (G.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (M.C.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- From the Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE (A.M.S., F.M.V., M.J.K.), the Department of Psychiatry (G.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (M.C.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Marie J Kersten
- From the Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE (A.M.S., F.M.V., M.J.K.), the Department of Psychiatry (G.R.), and the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience (M.C.B.), Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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42
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Singh A, Dandoy CE, Chen M, Kim S, Mulroney CM, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ganguly S, Maziarz RT, Kanakry CG, Kanakry JA, Patel SS, Hill JA, De Oliveir S, Taplitz R, Hematti P, Lazarus HM, Abid MB, Goldsmith SR, Romee R, Komanduri KV, Badawy SM, Friend BD, Beitinjaneh A, Politikos I, Perales MA, Riches M. Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Is Associated with an Increase in Non-Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Infections in Patients with Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:48.e1-48.e10. [PMID: 34587551 PMCID: PMC9717499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in recipients of haploidentical and fully matched transplantations is on the increase. Published studies have reported an increased incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with the use of PTCy. Limited data exist on the incidence and outcomes of infection with non-CMV herpesviruses (NCHV) in this setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cumulative incidence of NCHV infections and the association of NCHV infections with transplantation-specific outcomes in recipients of haploidentical transplantation with PTCy (HaploCy), matched sibling donor transplantation with PTCy (SibCy), and matched sibling donor transplantation with calcineurin inhibitor-based prophylaxis (SibCNI). We hypothesized that, like CMV infection, HaploCy recipients of also will have a higher risk of NCHV infections. Using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research database, we analyzed 2765 patients (HaploCy, n = 757; SibCNI, n = 1605; SibCy, n = 403) who had undergone their first hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) between 2012 and 2017 for acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The cumulative incidence of NCHV at 6 months post-NCT was 13.9% (99% confidence interval], 10.8% to 17.3%) in the HaploCy group, 10.7% (99% CI, 7.1% to 15%) in the SibCy group, and 5.7% (99% CI, 4.3% to 7.3%) in the Sib CNI group (P < .001). This was due primarily to a higher frequency of human herpesvirus 6 viremia reported in patients receiving PTCy. The incidence of Epstein-Barr viremia was low in all groups, and no cases of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder were seen in either PTCy group. The incidence of NCHV organ disease was low in all 3 cohorts. The development of NCHV infection was associated with increased treatment-related mortality, particularly in the HaploCy group. There was no association with the development of GVHD, relapse, or disease-free survival. Patients in PTCy cohorts who did not develop NCHV infection had lower rates of cGVHD. This study demonstrates that the use of PTCy is associated with an increased risk of NCHV infection. The development of NCHV infection was associated with increased nonrelapse mortality, especially in the HaploCy group. Prospective trials should consider viral surveillance strategies in conjunction with assessment of immune reconstitution for a better understanding of the clinical relevance of viral reactivation in different HCT settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- University of Kansas, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, Kansas,Correspondence and reprint requests: Anurag Singh, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS (A. Singh)
| | - Christopher E. Dandoy
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Chen
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Carolyn M. Mulroney
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Siddhartha Ganguly
- Division of Hematological Malignancy and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Richard T. Maziarz
- Adult Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher G. Kanakry
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer A. Kanakry
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sagar S. Patel
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Satiro De Oliveir
- Divsion of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Muhammad Bilal Abid
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Scott R. Goldsmith
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krishna V. Komanduri
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sherif M. Badawy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian D. Friend
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amer Beitinjaneh
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ioannis Politikos
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marcie Riches
- Division of Hematology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Izquierdo L, Canivet CM, De Martin E, Antonini TM, Roque-Afonso AM, Coilly A, Deback C. Investigation of Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus-6A+ and -6B+ in a Patient with Ulipristal Acetate-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010062. [PMID: 35062266 PMCID: PMC8778448 DOI: 10.3390/v14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated (ici) human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is estimated to occur in 0.6–2.7% of people worldwide. HHV-6 comprises two distinct species: HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B integration have been reported. Several drugs are capable of activating iciHHV-6 in tissues, the consequences of which are poorly understood. We report herein a case of a woman with iciHHV-6A+ and iciHHV-6B+, who developed ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator)-induced fulminant hepatic failure that required liver transplantation. We confirmed the presence of ~one copy per cell of both HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA in her hair follicles using multiplex HHV-6A/B real-time PCR and demonstrated the Mendelian inheritance of both iciHHV-6A and iciHHV-6B in her family members over three generations. Because of the rarity of this presentation, we discuss herein the possible links between reactivated HHV-6 from iciHHV-6A and/or iciHHV-6B and adverse drug reactions, suggesting that iciHHV-6 could be screened before the introduction of any hepatotoxic drugs to exclude HHV-6 active disease or combined idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Izquierdo
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193 AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (L.I.); (A.-M.R.-A.)
| | - Clémence M. Canivet
- Laboratoire HIFIH, UPRES EA3859, SFR 4208, Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Oncologie Digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Université d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Teresa M. Antonini
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193 AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (L.I.); (A.-M.R.-A.)
| | - Audrey Coilly
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Claire Deback
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-141-28-80-00
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Maher KR, Bouligny IM, Yeager AM. Prevention and management of infections after exposure to ionising radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2021; 41:R176-R188. [PMID: 34265748 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac14d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionising radiation impacts many organ systems, each of which comprises a level of immunity to infectious disease. Bone marrow toxicity after radiation results in a predisposition to leukopenia and subsequent susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Radiation-induced damage to mucosal, integumentary, and solid organ structures disrupts additional lines of innate defense. Over the past three decades, much progress has been made in effective antimicrobial prophylaxis, resulting in decreased infectious complications and improved survival. Vaccination schedules following myeloablative radiation have become highly regimented and treatment of overt infectious complications is largely standardised. In this article, we discuss consequences, prevention, and management of infections following exposure to ionising radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri R Maher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
- Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Ian M Bouligny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Andrew M Yeager
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States of America
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, United States of America
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Gonzalez F, Beschmout S, Chow-Chine L, Bisbal M, d'Incan E, Servan L, de Guibert JM, Vey N, Faucher M, Sannini A, Mokart D. Herpesviridae in critically ill hematology patients: HHV-6 is associated with worse clinical outcome. J Crit Care 2021; 66:138-145. [PMID: 34547554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although viral infections are frequent among patients with hematological malignancies (HM), data about herpesviridae in critically ill hematology patients are scarce. We aimed at determining the impact of herpesviridae reactivation/infection in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a single center retrospective study including all consecutive adult hematology patients admitted to our comprehensive cancer center ICU on a 6-year period. Clinical characteristics, microbiological findings, especially virus detection and outcome were recorded. RESULTS Among the 364 included patients, HHV-6 was the predominant retrieved herpesviridae (66 patients, 17.9%), followed by HSV1/2 (41 patients, 11.3%), CMV (38 patients, 10.4%), EBV (24 patients, 6.6%) and VZV (3 patients). By multivariable analysis, HHV-6 reactivation was independently associated with hospital mortality (OR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.03-5.34; P = 0.042), whereas antiviral prophylaxis during ICU stay had a protective effect (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.18-0.95; P = 0.037). HHV-6 pneumonitis was independently associated with 1-year mortality (OR, 6.87; 95% CI, 1.09-43.3; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Among critically ill hematology patients, HHV-6 reactivation and pneumonitis are independent risk factors for hospital and 1-year mortality, respectively. Impact of prevention and treatment using agents active against HHV-6 should be assessed to define a consensual diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gonzalez
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Samuel Beschmout
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Chow-Chine
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Magali Bisbal
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Evelyne d'Incan
- Hematology Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Luca Servan
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Manuel de Guibert
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Norbert Vey
- Hematology Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Marion Faucher
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Antoine Sannini
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
| | - Djamel Mokart
- Polyvalent Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 232 boulevard de Sainte Marguerite, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Gustafsson I, Aust C, Yun Z, Broliden K, Öhrmalm L. Presence of human herpesvirus type 6, polyoma BK virus and parvovirus B19V in non-transplanted patients with hematological malignancies and neutropenic fever. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lee YJ, Su Y, Cho C, Tamari R, Perales MA, Jakubowski AA, Papanicolaou G. Human herpes virus 6 DNAemia is associated with worse survival after ex vivo T-cell depleted hematopoietic cell transplant. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:453-464. [PMID: 34390240 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the correlation between persistent HHV-6 DNAemia (p-HHV-6) and absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), platelet counts (PLT) and all-cause mortality the 1-year after ex vivo T-cell depleted (TCD) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). METHODS We analyzed a cohort of adult TCD HCT recipients 2012-2016 prospectively monitored for plasma HHV-6 by qPCR from day +14 post-HCT (D+14) through D+100. P-HHV-6 was defined as ≥2 consecutive values of ≥500 copies/mL by D+100. PLT and ALC were compared between patients with and without p-HHV-6 using mixed model analysis of variance. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify the impact of p-HHV-6 on 1-year mortality. RESULTS Of 312 patients, 83 (27%) had p-HHV-6 by D+100. P-HHV-6 was associated with lower ALC and PLT in the first year post-HCT. In multivariable models, p-HHV-6 was associated with higher mortality by 1-year post-HCT (adjusted hazard ratio 2.97, 95% confidence intervals: 1.62-5.47, P=0.0005), after adjusting for age, antiviral treatment, and ALC at D+100. CONCLUSIONS P-HHV-6 was associated with lower ALC and PLT in the first year post-HCT. P-HHV-6 was an independent predictor of mortality in the first year after TCD HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Lee
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yiqi Su
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Cho
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roni Tamari
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann A Jakubowski
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Genovefa Papanicolaou
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Obeid M, Gakhal I, McDonald PJ. Persistent viremia in an immunocompetent patient with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6B. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000256. [PMID: 34888484 PMCID: PMC8650848 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), the virus which causes roseola, has traditionally been associated with benign and self-limited childhood illness. However, HHV-6 establishes lifelong latency and can reactivate in immunocompromised adult patients. In about 1% of cases, it integrates into the human genome as inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). We report the case of a 70-year-old man presenting with altered mental status and agitation. His infectious workup revealed a cerebrospinal fluid sample positive for HHV-6 with virus detectable in the blood as well. He was subsequently treated with ganciclovir. HHV-6 viremia (DNAemia) persisted, and the antiviral medications were switched to foscarnet under the assumption of treatment failure due to drug resistance. After several admissions to the hospital for the same complaint, and after noticing that DNAemia persisted despite adequate treatment for HHV-6, infectious disease specialists ordered testing for chromosomally integrated virus. Test results confirmed the presence of iciHHV-6, explaining his consistently elevated serum viral load. Primary HHV-6 infection in adults causes a transient increase in viral load with resolution and clearance after a few weeks while iciHHV-6 is characterized by persistent detection of viral DNA at a high copy number. Individuals with iciHHV-6 can develop HHV-6 disease and are at increased risk for active viral replication when treated with immunosuppressive medications, but only mRNA testing, which is not widely available can differentiate between latent and active infection. This makes the decision to treat challenging in this patient population. When faced with a positive HHV-6 DNA result in the setting of equivocal symptoms, clinicians should consider the possibility of chromosomally integrated virus rather than drug-resistant virus in order to reduce exposure to potentially toxic antiviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Obeid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Inderdeep Gakhal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip J. McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
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Olson AL, Politikos I, Brunstein C, Milano F, Barker J, Hill JA. Guidelines for Infection Prophylaxis, Monitoring and Therapy in Cord Blood Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:359-362. [PMID: 33965172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As an alternative stem cell source, cord blood (CB) has many advantages. However, delayed engraftment, lack of transferred immunity, and a significant incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease renders CB transplant (CBT) recipients at high risk of infectious complications. This guidance written by CBT and infectious disease experts outlines evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adult patients undergoing CBT. Topics addressed include bacterial, fungal, viral, pneumocystis jirovcii and toxoplasmosis prophylaxis, suggested PCR monitoring for viruses, therapy for the most commonly encountered infections after CBT. We review key concepts including the recent important role of letermovir in the prevention of CMV reactivation. In instances where there is a paucity of data, practice recommendations are provided, including the duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Olson
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | | | | | - Fillipo Milano
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juliet Barker
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua A Hill
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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Heldman MR, Job C, Maalouf J, Morris J, Xie H, Davis C, Stevens-Ayers T, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Fann JR, Zerr DM, Boeckh M, Hill JA. Association of Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6 with Neurologic Symptoms and Management after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:795.e1-795.e8. [PMID: 34111575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is associated with neurologic complications, but the impact of donor and/or recipient inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) on post-HCT central nervous system (CNS) symptoms and diagnostic and therapeutic interventions is not well understood. The aims of the present study were (1) to compare the cumulative incidence of CNS symptoms in the first 100 days following allogeneic HCT among patients with donor and/or recipient iciHHV-6 (iciHHV-6pos)with that of patients with neither donor nor recipient iciHHV-6 (iciHHV-6neg) and (2) to assess the role of HHV-6 detection in driving potentially unnecessary interventions in iciHHV-6pos patients. We performed a retrospective matched cohort study of 87 iciHHV-6pos and 174 iciHHV-6neg allogeneic HCT recipients. HHV-6 testing was performed at the discretion of healthcare providers, who were unaware of iciHHV-6 status. The cumulative incidence of CNS symptoms was similar in iciHHV-6pos (n = 37; 43%) and iciHHV-6neg HCT recipients (n = 81; 47%; P = .63). HHV-6 plasma testing was performed in similar proportions of iciHHV-6pos (n = 6; 7%) and iciHHV-6neg (9%) patients and was detected in all tested iciHHV-6pos HCTs and 2 (13%) iciHHV-6neg HCTs. This resulted in more frequent HHV-6-targeted antiviral therapy after iciHHV-6pos HCT (odds ratio, 12.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5 to 108.2) with associated side effects. HHV-6 plasma detection in 2 iciHHV-6pos patients without active CNS symptoms prompted unnecessary lumbar punctures. The cumulative incidence of CNS symptoms was similar after allogeneic HCT involving recipients or donors with and without iciHHV-6. Misattribution of HHV-6 detection as infection after iciHHV-6pos HCT may lead to unnecessary interventions. Testing for iciHHV-6 may improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R Heldman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Cassandra Job
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joyce Maalouf
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica Morris
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hu Xie
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chris Davis
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Terry Stevens-Ayers
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jesse R Fann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Danielle M Zerr
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua A Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington; Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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