1
|
Gebreyesus A, Niguse AT, Shishay F, Mamo L, Gebremedhin T, Tsegay K, Gebremariam AG, Kidanu KG, Gidey S, Tesfay F. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among community hosted internally displaced people of Tigray; during war and siege. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:3. [PMID: 38166772 PMCID: PMC10763281 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Displacement is a psychologically stressful event. Since the war began, the people of Tigray were subjected to stressful events such as torture, rape, the killing of a family member, forced displacement, and even ethnic cleansing in their home countries. Especially displaced individuals are faced mental health problems. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among community internally displaced people due to the war on Tigray, in 2021. METHODS The community-based cross-sectional study design was applied from August 06 to 30, 2021 in all Weredas of Tigray. A total of 1,990 cIDP were recruited through a two-stage sampling technique. A structured and standardized questionnaire was used to collect data. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify associated risk factors and AOR with 95% confidence interval was used to select statistically significant variables. RESULTS The prevalence of depression among internally displaced people was 81.2% (95% CI: 79.4-83%), with more than 60% categorized as moderate and severe depression. The married and divorced marital status, being government employee, having family size > = 4, destruction of household fixed assets, looting of cereals, and having disabled family members due to the war were the significantly associated risk factors of depression. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of depression among community internally displaced people during the war on Tigray is very high compared to other studies conducted elsewhere. Almost 8 of 10 IDPs are developed depression and this is a very series health issue that needs immediate intervention by local, international organizations and communities around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aregawi Gebreyesus
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | | | - Fiyori Shishay
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Liya Mamo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Teklit Gebremedhin
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Kahsu Tsegay
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kokob Gebru Kidanu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gidey
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Fisaha Tesfay
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Melbourne, Australia.
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas FC, Coulombe S, Girard TA, Hart TL, Doherty S, Dass G, Wickramage K, Siriwardhana C, Surenthirakumaran R, McShane K. Displacement-related stressors in a Sri Lankan war-affected community: Identifying the impact of war exposure and ongoing stressors on trauma symptom severity. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
3
|
Mesa-Vieira C, Haas AD, Buitrago-Garcia D, Roa-Diaz ZM, Minder B, Gamba M, Salvador D, Gomez D, Lewis M, Gonzalez-Jaramillo WC, Pahud de Mortanges A, Buttia C, Muka T, Trujillo N, Franco OH. Mental health of migrants with pre-migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 7:e469-e481. [DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00061-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
4
|
Berhe SM, Azale T, Fanta T, Demeke W, Minyihun A. Prevalence and Predictors of Depression Among Eritrean Refugees in Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1971-1980. [PMID: 34916858 PMCID: PMC8668244 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s337255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depressive disorders place an enormous burden on society and ranked fourth in the global disease burden accounting for 4.4% of the total disability-adjusted life years and 11.9% of total years lived with disability. Depression is associated with high level of morbidity and it is the most common contributor to suicide. Refugees have higher rates of mental disorders, in particular depression than those usually found in the non-war affected general population. There is a dearth of evidence in Ethiopia regarding the mental health of refugees. Objective This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among Eritrean refugees in Tigray North Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Maiayni refugee camp. A total of 800 participants were interviewed using systematic random sampling method. Pretested, structured and interviewer administered questionnaire that included socio demographic, clinical, behavioral, Harvard trauma questionnaire, and the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results With 786 (98.3%) of response rate, the prevalence of depression was found to be 37.8%, 95% confidence interval (34.2, 41.2). The odds of depression was higher in females [(AOR=8.92 95% CI (5.21, 15.25)], older age [(AOR=2.72 95% CI (1.03-7.16)], those who never attended school [(AOR=3.09 95% CI (1.16-8.24)], among the unemployed [(AOR=2.36 95% CI (1.16-4.83)], those with poor social support [(AOR=8.67 95% CI (4.24-17.77)], past psychiatric history [(AOR=4.76 95% CI (1.94-11.67)], family history of a psychiatric disorder [(AOR=3.96 95% CI (1.93-8.13)], those who were using substances [(AOR=4.08 95% CI (2.51-6.65)], and among those who stayed for longer than a year at the camp [(AOR=4.18 95% CI (2.47-7.08))]. Conclusion The study revealed that depression is a major mental health and public health problem among Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia. Several socio-demographic, psychosocial, behavioral and clinical factors were significant predictors of depression among the study participants. Mental health service provision for the refugees needs to be part of the support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Telake Azale
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tolesa Fanta
- Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Wubit Demeke
- Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Minyihun
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ajrouch KJ, Barr R, Daiute C, Huizink AC, Jose PE. A lifespan developmental science perspective on trauma experiences in refugee situations. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2020; 45:100342. [PMID: 36698276 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developmental science theory and empirical research on refugee situations requires an updated approach to the study of trauma as a multi-systemic and multilevel phenomenon. We present a theoretical framework that integrates developmental science approaches to highlight critical threats to development in situations of violent displacement. Given the complexities of displacement (causes, trajectories, and living circumstances once displaced), this theoretical model highlights the utility of an approach that recognizes the person-age-context fit in which displaced individuals live their lives and how both trauma and ongoing major disruption to daily life affects outcomes. In so doing, we aim to broaden understanding for future trauma and intervention research as well as practice with those who experience potentially traumatic events and severe disruption to their social ecology at different points in the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Barr
- Georgetown University, Washington DC 20057 USA.
| | - Colette Daiute
- The Graduate Center, City University New York, New York, NY 10016 USA.
| | | | - Paul E Jose
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140 New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mahmood HN, Ibrahim H, Goessmann K, Ismail AA, Neuner F. Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Syrian refugees residing in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Confl Health 2019; 13:51. [PMID: 31728157 PMCID: PMC6842196 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-019-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the Syrian civil war began in March 2011, more than half of the Syrian population was forced to escape from their homes, and more than 5 million of them fled their country. The aim of the present study is to estimate the psychological consequences of this conflict among the refugee population who fled to Iraq. Method In 2017, a team of locally trained psychologists and social workers interviewed 494 married couples (988 individuals) who were Syrian Kurdish refugees in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Validated Kurdish Kurmanji and Arabic versions of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Checklist for DSM-5 and depression section of Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 were used for assessing PTSD and depression symptoms. Results Almost all of the participants (98.5%) had experienced at least one traumatic event and 86.3% of them experienced three or more traumatic event types. The prevalence of probable PTSD was about 60%. Gender, length of time in the camp, area in which participants were grown up, and the number of traumatic event types were significant predictors for the presence of PTSD symptoms. Approximately the same rate of participants (59.4%) experienced probable depression, which was associated with gender, age, time spent in the camp, and the number of traumatic event types. Conclusion PTSD and depression are prevalent among refugees exposed to traumatic events, and various variables play important roles. The pattern of risk factors in this population is consistent with findings from war-affected populations in other regions and should be considered for intervention within this population and more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harem Nareeman Mahmood
- 1Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,3Department of Clinical Psychology, Koya University, Koya, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq
| | - Hawkar Ibrahim
- 1Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,vivo international, Konstanz, Germany.,3Department of Clinical Psychology, Koya University, Koya, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq
| | - Katharina Goessmann
- 1Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Azad Ali Ismail
- 3Department of Clinical Psychology, Koya University, Koya, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Iraq
| | - Frank Neuner
- 1Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,vivo international, Konstanz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Post-migration treatment targets associated with reductions in depression and PTSD among survivors of torture seeking asylum in the USA. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:565-572. [PMID: 30554104 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mental health research among asylum seekers and refugees has largely focused on effects of pre-migration trauma on post-migration wellbeing. While emerging literature highlights the importance of post-migration factors, we do not yet understand how addressing these factors may influence change in psychological distress. This study uses archival clinical data to identify post-migration correlates of reductions in distress among torture survivors, after accounting for pre-migration trauma. Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Harvard Trauma Questionnaire) were measured among torture survivors following 6 months of interdisciplinary treatment (N = 323). Relationships between pre-, post-migration factors, and changes in symptom levels from intake to six months follow-up, were evaluated using regression analyses. Average levels of depression and PTSD significantly reduced after six months of treatment. Higher exposure to pre-migration trauma, female gender, and change to a more secure visa status were associated with reduced distress. Accessing more social services and not reporting chronic pain were associated with reduced PTSD. Stable housing and employment significantly moderated the relationship between lower chronic pain and reduced PTSD. Although effect sizes were small, results emphasize the importance of post-migration factors on wellbeing among torture survivors and are a first step towards identifying key treatment targets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Le L, Morina N, Schnyder U, Schick M, Bryant RA, Nickerson A. The effects of perceived torture controllability on symptom severity of posttraumatic stress, depression and anger in refugees and asylum seekers: A path analysis. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:143-150. [PMID: 29631246 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Torture is associated with greater psychopathology, however, the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of torture remain unclear. Research suggests that the perceived uncontrollable nature of, rather than the exposure to, torture, influences the development of psychological disorders. Perceived distress during torture has also been shown to influence psychological outcomes. This cross-sectional study explored the relationship between perceived torture controllability, emotions (i.e., anger and fear) during torture, and current posttraumatic stress (PTS), depression and anger symptoms, controlling for the effects of post-migration living difficulties. Data were collected from 108 refugees and asylum seekers in treatment at two psychiatric clinics in Zurich, Switzerland. Path analyses revealed negative correlations between PTS, depression and anger symptoms, and perceived torture controllability, and positive correlations with anger and fear during torture. Furthermore, the effects of perceived torture controllability on PTS and depression symptoms were mediated by fear during torture, and on anger symptoms via anger during torture. This was over and above the effects of post-migration living difficulties on psychological symptoms. The study provides preliminary evidence that perceived uncontrollability and distress during torture might be significant risk factors for current mental health of torture survivors. These findings may have implications for informing interventions for torture survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Le
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Naser Morina
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schnyder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthis Schick
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Zurich University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Nickerson
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Turkey is hosting the majority of Syrian refugees. The current study investigates the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among adult Syrians residing in a camp (N = 781) and potential predictors. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised was used to measure PTSD and the Beck Depression Inventory depression. Probable PTSD prevalence was 83.4%, with predictors being female sex (odds ratio [OR], 4.1), previous mental health problems (OR, 4.5), life threat (OR, 3.0), and injury of a loved one (OR, 1.8). Probable depression prevalence was 37.4%, with predictors being female sex (OR, 5.1), previous mental health problems (OR, 2.9), having a loved one who was tortured (OR, 1.7), and not being satisfied at the camp (OR, 1.7). The current study reveals high rates of probable PTSD and depression among Syrian refugees and highlights vulnerabilities such as great risk for women of having psychopathology.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stevanović A, Frančišković T, Vermetten E. Relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and PTSD symptom severity: a retrospective study on female civilian victims of war. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2016; 7:30964. [PMID: 27056034 PMCID: PMC4824847 DOI: 10.3402/ejpt.v7.30964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consequences of war-related traumatisation have mostly been investigated in military and predominant male populations, while research on female civilian victims of war has been neglected. Furthermore, research of post-war posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in women has rarely included early-life trauma in their prediction models, so the contribution of trauma in childhood and early youth is still unexplored. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship of early-life trauma, war-related trauma, personality traits, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress among female civilian victims of the recent war in Croatia. METHOD The cross-sectional study included 394 participants, 293 war-traumatised adult women civilians, and 101 women without war-related trauma. Participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method. The applied instruments included the Clinician-Administrated PTSD Scale (CAPS), the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R), the War Stressors Assessment Questionnaire (WSAQ), and the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form (ETISR-SF). A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the prediction model of PTSD symptom severity measured by CAPS score for current PTSD. RESULTS The prevalence of current PTSD (CAPS cut-off score=65) in this cohort was 20.7%. The regression model that included age, early-life trauma, war-related trauma, neuroticism, and extraversion as statistically significant predictors explained 45.8% of variance in PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Older age, exposure to early-life trauma, exposure to war-related traumatic events, high neuroticism, and low extraversion are independent factors associated with higher level of PTSD symptoms among women civilian victims of war.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stevanović
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Tanja Frančišković
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Military Mental Health Research, Department of Defence, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Arq Psychotrauma Research Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feyera F, Mihretie G, Bedaso A, Gedle D, Kumera G. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among Somali refugee at Melkadida camp, Southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15:171. [PMID: 26204950 PMCID: PMC4513619 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological distress, psychosomatic complaints and clinical mental disorders such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are highly prevalent among refugees than other populations. Even though there were several studies done on mental health of refugees globally, there is very few in Ethiopia regarding the mental health of these vulnerable populations. Thus we aimed at determining the prevalence of depression and identifying determinants of depression among refugees. METHODS A community based cross-sectional multistage survey with 847 adult refugees was conducted in May 2014 at Melkadida camp, Southeast Ethiopia. Data were collected by face to face interviews on socio demographic by using structured questionnaire, level of exposure to trauma by Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and depression symptoms by using Patient Health Questionnaire. Data entry and clearance were carried out by EpInfo version 7 and analysis was carried out by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version-20 software package. Data was examined using descriptive statistics and logistic regression, odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals. RESULT Over one third (38.3 %) of respondents met the symptoms criteria for depression. Gender, marital status, displaced previously as refugee, witnessing murderer of family or friend, lack of house or shelter and being exposed to increased number of cumulative traumatic events were significantly associated with depression among Somali refugees in Melkadida camp. CONCLUSION The study revealed a relatively high prevalence of depression episode among refugees. Being female, divorced, deprived of shelter and witnessing the murder of family are most determinants of depression in refugees. Strengthening the clinical set up and establishing good referral linkage with mental health institutions is strongly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fetuma Feyera
- Lecturer, department of Nursing, Debra Markos University college of Medicine and Health Science, Debra Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Getnet Mihretie
- Lecturer, department of psychiatry, University of Gondar, college of Medicine and Health Science, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Asres Bedaso
- Lecturer, department of Nursing, Arbaminchi University college of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminchi, Ethiopia.
| | - Dereje Gedle
- Lecturer, department of Public health, Debra Markos University college of Medicine and Health Science, Debra Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Gemechu Kumera
- Lecturer, department of Public health, Debra Markos University college of Medicine and Health Science, Debra Markos, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alpak G, Unal A, Bulbul F, Sagaltici E, Bez Y, Altindag A, Dalkilic A, Savas HA. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2015; 19:45-50. [PMID: 25195765 DOI: 10.3109/13651501.2014.961930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Refugees have had major challenges to meet their health care needs throughout history especially in war zones and natural disaster times. The health care needs of Syrian refugees have been becoming an increasingly important issue. We aimed to examine the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and explore its relation with various socioeconomic variables among Syrian refugees, who sought asylum in Turkey. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tent city. Sample size calculation yielded 352 and the participants of the study were determined randomly. Experienced and native Arabic speaking, psychiatrist evaluated the participants. RESULTS The frequency of PTSD was 33.5%. Through the binary logistic regression analysis, we calculated that the probability of having PTSD among Syrian refugees in our sample was 71%, if they had the following features: with female gender; being diagnosed with psychiatric disorder in the past; having a family history of psychiatric disorder; and experiencing 2 or more traumas. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our study suggest that PTSD among Syrian refugees in Turkey might be an important mental health issue in refugee camps especially among female refugees, who were exposed to 2 or more traumatic events and had a personal or family history of psychiatric disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokay Alpak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shultz JM, Garfin DR, Espinel Z, Araya R, Oquendo MA, Wainberg ML, Chaskel R, Gaviria SL, Ordóñez AE, Espinola M, Wilson FE, García NM, Ceballos ÁMG, Garcia-Barcena Y, Verdeli H, Neria Y. Internally displaced "victims of armed conflict" in Colombia: the trajectory and trauma signature of forced migration. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16:475. [PMID: 25135775 PMCID: PMC4765495 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While conflict-induced forced migration is a global phenomenon, the situation in Colombia, South America, is distinctive. Colombia has ranked either first or second in the number of internally displaced persons for 10 years, a consequence of decades of armed conflict compounded by high prevalence of drug trafficking. The displacement trajectory for displaced persons in Colombia proceeds through a sequence of stages: (1) pre-expulsion threats and vulnerability, (2) expulsion, (3) migration, (4) initial adaptation to relocation, (5) protracted resettlement (the end point for most forced migrants), and, rarely, (6) return to the community of origin. Trauma signature analysis, an evidence-based method that elucidates the physical and psychological consequences associated with exposures to harm and loss during disasters and complex emergencies, was used to identify the psychological risk factors and potentially traumatic events experienced by conflict-displaced persons in Colombia, stratified across the phases of displacement. Trauma and loss are experienced differentially throughout the pathway of displacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Shultz
- Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dana Rose Garfin
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zelde Espinel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ricardo Araya
- Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria A. Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milton L. Wainberg
- Global Mental Health T32 Research Fellowship, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Chaskel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Anna E. Ordóñez
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Espinola
- McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fiona E. Wilson
- Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Natalia Muñoz García
- Program in Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
| | | | - Yanira Garcia-Barcena
- Department of Health Informatics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Louis Calder Memorial Library, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Helen Verdeli
- Teachers College and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuval Neria
- Department of Psychiatry & Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Managing Mental Health Disorders Resulting from Trauma through Yoga: A Review. DEPRESSION RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012; 2012:401513. [PMID: 22778930 PMCID: PMC3388328 DOI: 10.1155/2012/401513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There are many and varied types of trauma. The extent to which trauma influences the mental health of an individual depends on the nature of trauma, as well as on the individual's coping capabilities. Often trauma is followed by depression, anxiety, and PTSD. As the pharmacological remedies for these conditions often have undesirable side-effects, nonpharmacological remedies are thought of as a possible add-on treatment. Yoga is one such mind-body intervention. This paper covers eleven studies indexed in PubMed, in which mental health disorders resulting from trauma were managed through yoga including meditation. The aim was to evaluate the use of yoga in managing trauma-related depression, anxiety, PTSD and physiological stress following exposure to natural calamities, war, interpersonal violence, and incarceration in a correctional facility. An attempt has also been made to explore possible mechanisms underlying benefits seen. As most of these studies were not done on persons exposed to trauma that had practiced yoga, this is a definite area for further research.
Collapse
|