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van der Schans S, De Loos F, Boersma C, Postma MJ, Büller H. A novel perspective on pharmaceutical R&D costs: opportunities for reductions. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 22:167-175. [PMID: 34595997 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2022.1987219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION R&D costs as an element of medicines' pricing play a prominent role in the discussions regarding the affordability of medicine. This paper investigates the details of R&D costs and the potential for reductions. AREAS COVERED The manuscript focuses on the constitution of R&D costs in relation to medicines' pricing and its potential developments. This manuscript builds on a cost-of-opportunity approach to explore the results of potential changes in drug development and its possible economic, political, and societal impacts. EXPERT OPINION The cost of capital is the largest cost category that could be affected by authorities. Public institutions can affect these costs by increasing public investments in R&D and reducing the amount of development time that is associated with a high capital need. In order to affect the cost of failure, it is key to understand its drivers. A government taking risks as the funder of early innovation yields an opportunity to introduce an alternative model for medicine development. Next, to control pricing, it is important to adequately reward innovation in order to ensure improved quality of care, access, and affordability of systems. Innovation, high-quality care, access, and affordability require entrepreneurial and changing positions of governments, authorities, public institutions, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon van der Schans
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Science, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Fair Medicine Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans De Loos
- Fair Medicine Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Boersma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Science, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Management Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Postma
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Science, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -epidemiology & -economics (Pte2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Economics & Business, Department of Economics, Econometrics & Finance, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Büller
- Fair Medicine Foundation, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Granados Moreno P, Ali-Khan SE, Capps B, Caulfield T, Chalaud D, Edwards A, Gold ER, Rahimzadeh V, Thorogood A, Auld D, Bertier G, Breden F, Caron R, César PM, Cook-Deegan R, Doerr M, Duncan R, Issa AM, Reichman J, Simard J, So D, Vanamala S, Joly Y. Open science precision medicine in Canada: Points to consider. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Open science can significantly influence the development and translational process of precision medicine in Canada. Precision medicine presents a unique opportunity to improve disease prevention and healthcare, as well as to reduce health-related expenditures. However, the development of precision medicine also brings about economic challenges, such as costly development, high failure rates, and reduced market size in comparison with the traditional blockbuster drug development model. Open science, characterized by principles of open data sharing, fast dissemination of knowledge, cumulative research, and cooperation, presents a unique opportunity to address these economic challenges while also promoting the public good. The Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University organized a stakeholders’ workshop in Montreal in March 2018. The workshop entitled “Could Open be the Yellow Brick Road to Precision Medicine?” provided a forum for stakeholders to share experiences and identify common objectives, challenges, and needs to be addressed to promote open science initiatives in precision medicine. The rich presentations and exchanges that took place during the meeting resulted in this consensus paper containing key considerations for open science precision medicine in Canada. Stakeholders would benefit from addressing these considerations as to promote a more coherent and dynamic open science ecosystem for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Granados Moreno
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Benjamin Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Damien Chalaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Aled Edwards
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - E. Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Vasiliki Rahimzadeh
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Adrian Thorogood
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Bertier
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roxanne Caron
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Priscilla M.D.G. César
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Barrett & O’Connor Washington Center, Arizona State University, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | | | - Ross Duncan
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Amalia M. Issa
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada
- Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19803, USA
- Health Policy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Derek So
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Vanamala
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
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Jasny BR, Wigginton N, McNutt M, Bubela T, Buck S, Cook-Deegan R, Gardner T, Hanson B, Hustad C, Kiermer V, Lazer D, Lupia A, Manrai A, McConnell L, Noonan K, Phimister E, Simon B, Strandburg K, Summers Z, Watts D. Fostering reproducibility in industry-academia research. Science 2017; 357:759-761. [PMID: 28839064 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N Wigginton
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - M McNutt
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - T Bubela
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S Buck
- Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Houston, TX 77056, USA
| | - R Cook-Deegan
- Consortium for Science Policy and Outcomes at Arizona State University, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - T Gardner
- Riffyn, Inc., Oakland, CA 94612, USA
| | - B Hanson
- American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 20009, USA
| | - C Hustad
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - V Kiermer
- Public Library of Science (PLOS), San Francisco, CA 94111, USA
| | - D Lazer
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Lupia
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A Manrai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - L McConnell
- Bayer U.S., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - K Noonan
- McDonnell Boehnen Hulbert & Berghoff LLP, Chicago, IL 60606, USA
| | - E Phimister
- The New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - B Simon
- Thomas Jefferson School of Law, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - K Strandburg
- New York University School of Law, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Z Summers
- ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
| | - D Watts
- Microsoft Research, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Abstract
Rising pressure from chronic diseases means that we need to learn how to deal with challenges at a different level, including the use of systems approaches that better connect across fragments, such as disciplines, stakeholders, institutions, and technologies. By learning from progress in leading areas of health innovation (including oncology and AIDS), as well as complementary indications (Alzheimer's disease), I try to extract the most enabling innovation paradigms, and discuss their extension to additional areas of application within a systems approach. To facilitate such work, a Precision, P4 or Systems Medicine platform is proposed, which is centered on the representation of health states that enable the definition of time in the vision to provide the right intervention for the right patient at the right time and dose. Modeling of such health states should allow iterative optimization, as longitudinal human data accumulate. This platform is designed to facilitate the discovery of links between opportunities related to a) the modernization of diagnosis, including the increased use of omics profiling, b) patient-centric approaches enabled by technology convergence, including digital health and connected devices, c) increasing understanding of the pathobiological, clinical and health economic aspects of disease progression stages, d) design of new interventions, including therapies as well as preventive measures, including sequential intervention approaches. Probabilistic Markov models of health states, e.g. those used for health economic analysis, are discussed as a simple starting point for the platform. A path towards extension into other indications, data types and uses is discussed, with a focus on regenerative medicine and relevant pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rebhan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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Triggle CR, Triggle DJ. From Gutenberg to Open Science: An Unfulfilled Odyssey. Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:3-23. [PMID: 27767221 PMCID: PMC5324562 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical Research With the almost global availability of the Internet comes the expectation of universal accessibility to knowledge, including scientific knowledge-particularly that generated by public funding. Currently this is not the case. In this Commentary we discuss access to this knowledge, the politics that govern peer review and publication, and the role of this knowledge as a public good in medicine. Gutenberg's invention of the printing press in 1440 opened an avenue for the distribution of scholarly information to the entire world. The scientific literature first appeared in 1665 with Le Journal des Sçavans followed in the same year by Philosophical Transactions. Today there are more than 5000 scientific publishing companies, 25,000 journals and 1.5 million articles published/year generating revenue of $25 billion USD. The European Union and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development have argued for open access (OA) to scientific data for all publicly funded research by 2020 with a similar initiative in the USA via the Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR). However, OA to published science is but one step in this odyssey. If the products of science are not openly available then it can be argued that the norms of science as defined by Merton including "universalism" and "communalism" have yet to be accomplished. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the delivery of medicines to the poor and for rare diseases, the attempts to privatize human genetic information and, not least, dealing with the challenges of antibiotic resistance and new disease pandemics exacerbated by climate change. Drug Dev Res 78 : 3-23, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Triggle
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medical EducationWeill Cornell Medicine in QatarP.O. Box 24144, Qatar FoundationEducation CityDohaQatar
| | - David J. Triggle
- Emeritus Professor, State University of New YorkBuffaloNY14260USA. Current address: 1512 Pelican Point Drive, Unit BA 161, Sarasota, FL, 34231‐1718, USA
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