The prognostic influence of tumour budding in Western patients with stage II colorectal cancer

Pathological Features and Prognostication in Colorectal Cancer

The prognostication of colorectal cancer (CRC) has traditionally relied on staging as defined by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM staging classifications. However, clinically, there appears to be differences in survival patterns independent of stage, suggesting a complex interaction of stage, pathological features, and biomarkers playing a role in guiding prognosis, risk stratification, and guiding neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies. Histological features such as tumour budding, perineural invasion, apical lymph node involvement, lymph node yield, lymph node ratio, and molecular features such as MSI, KRAS, BRAF, and CDX2 may assist in prognostication and optimising adjuvant treatment. This study provides a comprehensive review of the pathological features and biomarkers that are important in the prognostication and treatment of CRC. We review the importance of pathological features and biomarkers that may be important in colorectal cancer based on the current evidence in the literature.

Prognostic Role of Tumor Budding in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neo-Adjuvant Therapy

Background: Isolated tumor cells or small clusters of tumor cells observed in the vicinity of the main tumor mass in pathology sections, termed tumor budding, are common in cancers and have been associated with prognosis in some settings. This study examined the clinical associations and treatment efficacy implications of tumor budding in breast cancer patients receiving neo-adjuvant therapy. Methods: Breast cancer patients that received neo-adjuvant therapy before definitive surgical treatment in a single cancer center over a 7-year period were included, and their records were reviewed. Data extracted included patient demographics, tumor characteristics and pathologic response to treatment at surgery. The initial breast cancer biopsy before any therapy was reviewed by two pathologists, and a hot spot area was evaluated for tumor budding (defined as 1 to 5 cancer cells observed detached from the main tumor mass). Results: Seventy-five patients who received neo-adjuvant therapy (73 received chemotherapy and 2 received hormonal therapy) were included. Tumor budding was observed in two-thirds of the patients. There were no significant differences in patient (age and menopause status) and tumor (stage, histology and molecular sub-type equivalent) characteristics between the group that had tumor budding and the group that did not have tumor budding in the pre-treatment biopsy. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of complete or partial responses between the two groups. Conclusion: In this cohort of breast cancer patients receiving neo-adjuvant therapy, tumor budding was frequent, but it was not associated with tumor characteristics or pathologic responses to treatment. The value of tumor budding as a prognostic factor in the neo-adjuvant setting within the general breast cancer population could not be confirmed, but such a value in specific sub-groups deserves further investigation, given the pathophysiologic rationale and data from other settings.