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Yang Q, Zhang H, Jin Z, Zhang B, Wang Y. Effects of Valproic Acid Therapy on Rats with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2024; 182:12-28. [PMID: 37923014 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.10.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate the efficacy of valproic acid (VPA) in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) to reduce the risk of clinical conversion and provide a valuable reference for future animal and clinical studies. METHODS We searched scientific databases, including PubMed, Ovid-Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The relevant literature was searched from the establishment date of the database to June 28, 2023. The search results were screened, data were extracted, and the quality of the literature was evaluated independently by 2 reviewers. RESULTS Among 656 nonduplicated references, 14 articles were included for meta-analysis. The summary results showed that the overall Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores of the VPA intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 1-6 weeks after VPA intervention. Subgroup analysis showed that the injury model, administration dose, rat strain, country of study, or follow-up duration had no significant effect on the efficacy of VPA on rats with SCI. In addition, mesh analysis showed that high doses of the VPA group had a better effect on SCI rats, compared with the low dose group and the medium dose group. CONCLUSIONS To date, this is the first systematic evaluation of the potential effects of VPA on motor recovery in rats with SCI. We concluded that VPA can promote motor recovery in rats with SCI, and higher doses of VPA seem to be more effective in rats with SCI. However, the limited quality and sample of included studies reduced the application of this meta-analysis. In the future, more high-quality, direct comparative studies are needed to explore this issue in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huaibin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuanmei Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baolin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Mayerhofer E, Parodi L, Narasimhalu K, Wolking S, Harloff A, Georgakis MK, Rosand J, Anderson CD. Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke 2024; 19:84-93. [PMID: 37489815 DOI: 10.1177/17474930231190259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproate is a candidate for ischemic stroke prevention due to its anti-atherosclerotic effects in vivo. Although valproate use is associated with decreased ischemic stroke risk in observational studies, confounding by indication precludes causal conclusions. AIMS We applied Mendelian randomization to determine whether genetic variants that influence seizure response among valproate users associate with ischemic stroke. METHODS We derived a genetic score for valproate response using genome-wide association data of seizure response after valproate intake from the Epilepsy Pharmacogenomics Consortium. We then tested this score among valproate users of the UK Biobank for association with incident and recurrent ischemic stroke using Cox proportional hazard models. As replication, we tested found associations in an independent cohort of valproate users of the Mass General Brigham Biobank. RESULTS Among 2150 valproate users (mean 56 years, 54% females), 82 ischemic strokes occurred over a mean 12 year follow-up. Higher valproate response genetic score was associated with higher serum valproate levels (+5.78 µg/ml per 1 standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) (3.45, 8.11)). After adjusting for age and sex, higher valproate response genetic score was associated with lower ischemic stroke risk (hazard ratio (HR) per 1 SD 0.73, 95% CI (0.58, 0.91)) with a halving of absolute risk in the highest compared to the lowest score tertile (4.8% vs 2.5%, p trend = 0.027). Among 194 valproate users with prevalent stroke at baseline, a higher valproate response genetic score was associated with lower recurrent ischemic stroke risk (HR per 1 SD 0.53, 95% CI (0.32, 0.86)) with reduced absolute risk in the highest compared to the lowest score tertile (3/51, 5.9% vs 13/71, 18.3%, p trend = 0.026). The valproate response genetic score was not associated with ischemic stroke among the 427,997 valproate non-users (p = 0.61), suggesting minimal pleiotropy. In 1241 valproate users of the Mass General Brigham Biobank with 99 ischemic stroke events over 6.5 years follow-up, we replicated our observed associations between the valproate response genetic score and ischemic stroke (HR per 1 SD 0.77, 95% CI (0.61, 0.97)). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that a genetically predicted favorable seizure response to valproate is associated with higher serum valproate levels and reduced ischemic stroke risk among valproate users, providing causal support for valproate effectiveness in ischemic stroke prevention. The strongest effect was found for recurrent ischemic stroke, suggesting potential dual-use benefits of valproate for post-stroke epilepsy. Clinical trials will be required in order to identify populations that may benefit most from valproate for stroke prevention. DATA ACCESS STATEMENT UK Biobank participant data are available after approval of a research proposal. The weights of the used genetic scores are available in the Supplemental Tables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Mayerhofer
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Livia Parodi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaavya Narasimhalu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Harloff
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Aly EK, Mahmoud HS, Alkhalifah DHM, Shehab GMG, Abuelsaad ASA, Abdel-Rehiem ES, Abdul-Hamid M. Bee venom ameliorates oxidative stress and histopathological changes of hippocampus, liver and testis during status epileptics. Neuropeptides 2023; 101:102368. [PMID: 37562116 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The unrelenting progression of neurodegenerative diseases has a negative impact on affected individuals, their families, and society. Recurrent epileptic seizures are the hallmark of epilepsy, and treating it effectively remains difficult. Clarify and understanding effects of the antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in epilepsy by comparing the therapeutic effects between rats receiving valproic acid (VPA) and Bee venom (BV) was aimed throughout the present study. Four male Wistar rat groups were included: control, epileptic group receiving pilocarpine (PILO), epileptic group treated with VPA and BV respectively. Cognitive functions were assessed by evaluating latency time in hot plate, despair swim test, grooming, rearing and ambulation frequency in the open field. BV has ameliorative effect on electrolytes balancing, assured by decreasing lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and increasing catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. BV enhanced restoration of liver functions indicated by alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), total proteins, and albumin; hormonal parameters total and free testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) were preserved by BV with great recovery of hippocampus, liver and testicular histopathology and ultrastructure comparing with the epileptic rats. The present findings suggested that BV and its active components offer fresh options for controlling epilepsy and prospective methods via minimize or manage the severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa K Aly
- Cell Biology & Histology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Hanan S Mahmoud
- Ecology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Dalal Hussien M Alkhalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber M G Shehab
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelaziz S A Abuelsaad
- Immunology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Eman S Abdel-Rehiem
- Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Manal Abdul-Hamid
- Cell Biology & Histology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt.
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Mayerhofer E, Parodi L, Narasimhalu K, Wolking S, Harloff A, Georgakis MK, Rosand J, Anderson CD. Genetic variation supports a causal role for valproate in prevention of ischemic stroke. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.14.23285856. [PMID: 36865155 PMCID: PMC9980256 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.23285856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Valproate is a candidate for ischemic stroke prevention due to its anti-atherosclerotic effects in vivo. Although valproate use is associated with decreased ischemic stroke risk in observational studies, confounding by indication precludes causal conclusions. To overcome this limitation, we applied Mendelian randomization to determine whether genetic variants that influence seizure response among valproate users associate with ischemic stroke. We derived a genetic score for valproate response using genome-wide association data of seizure response after valproate intake from the Epilepsy Pharmacogenomics Consortium. We then tested this score among valproate users of the UK Biobank for association with incident and recurrent ischemic stroke using Cox proportional hazard models. Among 2,150 valproate users (mean 56 years, 54% females), 82 ischemic strokes occurred over a mean 12-year follow-up. Higher valproate response genetic score was associated with higher serum valproate levels (+5.78 μg/ml per one SD, 95% CI [3.45, 8.11]). After adjusting for age and sex, higher valproate response genetic score was associated with lower ischemic stroke risk (HR per one SD 0.73, [0.58, 0.91]) with a halving of absolute risk in the highest compared to the lowest score tertile (4.8% vs 2.5%, p-trend=0.027). Among 194 valproate users with prevalent stroke at baseline, a higher valproate response genetic score was associated with lower recurrent ischemic stroke risk (HR per one SD 0.53, [0.32, 0.86]) with reduced absolute risk in the highest compared to the lowest score tertile (3/51, 5.9% vs. 13/71, 18.3%, p-trend=0.026). The valproate response genetic score was not associated with ischemic stroke among the 427,997 valproate non-users (p=0.61), suggesting minimal pleiotropy. In an independent cohort of 1,241 valproate users of the Mass General Brigham Biobank with 99 ischemic stroke events over 6.5 years follow-up, we replicated our observed associations between the valproate response genetic score and ischemic stroke (HR per one SD 0.77, 95% CI: [0.61, 0.97]). These results demonstrate that a genetically predicted favorable seizure response to valproate is associated with higher serum valproate levels and reduced ischemic stroke risk among valproate users, providing causal support for valproate effectiveness in ischemic stroke prevention. The strongest effect was found for recurrent ischemic stroke, suggesting potential dual-use benefits of valproate for post-stroke epilepsy. Clinical trials will be required in order to identify populations that may benefit most from valproate for stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Mayerhofer
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Livia Parodi
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaavya Narasimhalu
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Wolking
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, University Hospital Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Harloff
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marios K Georgakis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA
- McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee BJ, Jeong JH. Early Decompression in Acute Spinal Cord Injury : Review and Update. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2023; 66:6-11. [PMID: 36274255 PMCID: PMC9837486 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2022.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has a significant negative effect on the quality of life due to permanent neurologic damage and economic burden by continuous treatment and rehabilitation. However, determining the correct approach to ensure optimal clinical outcomes can be challenging and remains highly controversial. In particular, with the introduction of the concept of early decompression in brain pathology, the discussion of the timing of decompression in SCI has emerged. In addition to that, the concept of "time is spine" has been added recently, and the mortality and complications caused by SCI have been reduced by providing timely and professional treatment to patients. However, there are many difficulties in establishing international clinical guidelines for the timing of early decompression in SCI because policies for each country and medical institution differ according to the circumstances of medical infrastructure and economic conditions in the surgical treatment of SCI. Therefore, we aim to provide a current review of timing of early decompression in patient with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Jou Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience & Radiosurgery Hybrid Research Center, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Je Hoon Jeong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
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An aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) prevents seizures and reduces anxiety in kainate-treated rats: modulation of GABA neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09549. [PMID: 35663738 PMCID: PMC9160348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common form of drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, medicinal plants provide an alternative source for the discovery of new antiepileptic drugs. Aim of the study This study was aimed at investigating the antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (K. senegalensis) in kainate-treated rats. Methods Seventy-two rats received a single dose of kainate (12 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Those that exhibited two hours of status epilepticus were selected and monitored for the first spontaneous seizure. Then, animals that developed seizures were divided into 6 groups of 8 rats each and treated twice daily for 14 days as follows: negative control group received per os (p.o.) distilled water (10 ml/kg); two positive control groups received either sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or phenobarbital (20 mg/kg, p.o.); and three test groups received different doses of the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o.). In addition, a group of 8 normal rats (normal control group) received distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.). During the treatment period, the animals were video-monitored 12 h/day for behavioral seizures. At the end of the treatment period, animals were subjected to elevated plus-maze and open field tests. Thereafter, rats were euthanized for the analysis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, oxidative stress status, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus. Results The aqueous extract of K. senegalensis significantly reduced spontaneous recurrent seizures (generalized tonic-clonic seizures) and anxiety-like behavior compared to the negative control group. These effects were more marked than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital. Furthermore, the extract significantly increased GABA concentration, alleviated oxidative stress, and mitigated neuronal loss in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Conclusion These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of K. senegalensis possesses antiepileptic- and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects were greater than those of sodium valproate or phenobarbital, standard antiepileptic drugs. Furthermore, these effects are accompanied by neuromodulatory and antioxidant activities that may be related to their behavioral effects. These data justify further studies to identify the bioactive molecules present in the extract for possible future therapeutic development and to unravel their mechanisms of action.
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Park KS, Kim JB, Keung M, Seo YJ, Seo SY, Mun SA, Lee YS, Cho DC, Hwang JH, Han I, Kim CH, Kim KT. Chronic Hyperglycemia before Spinal Cord Injury Increases Inflammatory Reaction and Astrogliosis after Injury: Human and Rat Studies. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1165-1181. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Su Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Bum Kim
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Keung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ye Jin Seo
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Seo
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ah Mun
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seok Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Heon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Lee YS, Cho DC, Kim CH, Han I, Gil EY, Kim KT. Effect of curcumin on the inflammatory reaction and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in a hyperglycemic rat model. Spine J 2019; 19:2025-2039. [PMID: 31421247 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on the histological changes and functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). STUDY DESIGN One hundred twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into a sham, SCI only, SCI-hyperglycemia, and SCI-hyperglycemia-curcumin (200 mg/kg/day, i.p.) groups. METHODS SCI was induced using a clip at T9-10 and hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin (60-70 mg/kg, i.v.). Plasma malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity was measured to determine oxidative stress. The activity of macrophages in the spinal cord after SCI was stained by the anti-CD68 antibody (ED-1). The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot was used to verify the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases and STAT3. The glial fibrillary acidic protein expression was evaluated by immunofluorescence analysis. Functional recovery was assessed according to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale and histologic outcome was evaluated by the lesion volume and spared tissue area. RESULTS Superoxide dismutase activity increased, the malondialdehyde level decreased, and ED-1 macrophage marker level decreased in the SCI-hyperglycemia-curcumin group than in the SCI-hyperglycemia group at 2 weeks after SCI (p<.01). The SCI-hyperglycemia-curcumin group showed a statistically significant reduction in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels compared with the SCI-hyperglycemia group after SCI. The phosphorylated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, phosphorylated-JNK, and phospho-p38 levels were significantly lower in the SCI-hypoglycemia-curcumin group than in the SCI-hypoglycemia group. The SCI-hyperglycemia-curcumin group showed a decrease in glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after SCI compared with the SCI-hyperglycemia group. The SCI-hyperglycemia-curcumin group showed a lower lesion volume, higher spared tissue, and better functional recovery than the SCI-hyperglycemia group. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin may have a potential neuroprotective effect in SCI with hyperglycemia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Curcumin decreased the inflammatory response and decreased astrogliosis and improved the functional recovery and histologic outcomes in SCI with hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seok Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Heon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, 03080 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Gil
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JH, Kim SH, Cho SR, Lee JY, Kim JH, Baek A, Jung HS. The Modulation of Neurotrophin and Epigenetic Regulators: Implication for Astrocyte Proliferation and Neuronal Cell Apoptosis After Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Rehabil Med 2016; 40:559-67. [PMID: 27606261 PMCID: PMC5012966 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2016.40.4.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate alterations in the expression of the main regulators of neuronal survival and death related to astrocytes and neuronal cells in the brain in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Eight-week-old male imprinting control region mice (n=36; 30–35 g) were used in this study and randomly assigned to two groups: the naïve control group (n=18) and SCI group (n=18). The mice in both groups were randomly allocated to the following three time points: 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks (n=6 each). The expression levels of regulators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP 2) in the brain were evaluated following thoracic contusive SCI. In addition, the number of neuronal cells in the motor cortex (M1 and M2 areas) and the number of astrocytes in the hippocampus were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results BDNF expression was significantly elevated at 2 weeks after injury (p=0.024). The GDNF level was significantly elevated at 3 days (p=0.042). The expression of HDAC1 was significantly elevated at 1 week (p=0.026). Following SCI, compared with the control the number of NeuN-positive cells in the M1 and M2 areas gradually and consistently decreased at 2 weeks after injury. In contrast, the number of astrocytes was significantly increased at 1 week (p=0.029). Conclusion These results demonstrate that the upregulation of BDNF, GDNF and HDAC1 might play on important role in brain reorganization after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Heon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sung-Rae Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Ahreum Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Graduate School of Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Hong Sun Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Lee JY, Na WH, Choi HY, Lee KH, Ju BG, Yune TY. Jmjd3 mediates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord injury by regulating MMP-3 and MMP-9 expressions. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:66-81. [PMID: 27425890 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) by matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activation is a detrimental event that leads to blood cell infiltration, inflammation, and apoptosis, thereby contributing to permanent neurological disability after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Mmp gene regulation have not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrated the critical role of histone H3K27 demethylase Jmjd3 in the regulation of Mmp gene expression and BSCB disruption using in vitro cellular and in vivo animal models. We found that Jmjd3 up-regulation, in cooperation with NF-κB, after SCI is required for Mmp-3 and Mmp-9 gene expressions in injured vascular endothelial cells. In addition, Jmjd3 mRNA depletion inhibited Mmp-3 and Mmp-9 gene expressions and significantly attenuated BSCB permeability and the loss of tight junction proteins. These events further led to improved functional recovery, along with decreased hemorrhage, blood cell infiltration, inflammation, and cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes after SCI. Thus, our findings suggest that Jmjd3 regulation may serve as a potential therapeutic intervention for preserving BSCB integrity following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Y Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Won H Na
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Y Choi
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang H Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong G Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Y Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Kim KT, Kim HJ, Cho DC, Bae JS, Park SW. Substance P stimulates proliferation of spinal neural stem cells in spinal cord injury via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Spine J 2015; 15:2055-65. [PMID: 25921821 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that can influence neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation and neurogenesis in the brain. However, we could not find any experimental study that investigates SP action in the spinal cord. PURPOSE The aims of our study were to investigate the potential of the neuropeptide SP in promoting the proliferation of spinal cord-derived NSPCs (SC-NSPCs) after spinal cord injury (SCI) and to clarify the roles of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway in the process. STUDY DESIGN This is a randomized animal study. METHODS The SC-NSPCs were suspended in 100 μL of a neurobasal medium containing SP (binds neurokinin-1 receptor [NK1R]) or L-703,606 (NK1R antagonist) and cultured in a 96-well plate for 5 days. A cell proliferation assay was performed using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay. A cord clipping method was used for the SCI model. Substance P and the NK1R antagonist (L-703,606) were infused intrathecally in SCI and sham models. Neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation was evaluated with immunostaining for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the immature neural marker nestin. An immunoblotting method was used for evaluating the MAP kinase signaling protein that contains extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs and p38) and β-actin as the control group. RESULTS In vitro, SP (0.01-10 μmol/L) increased the proliferation of cultured SC-NSPCs, with a peak increase of 35±2% at the 0.1 μmol/L concentration. Substance P of 0.1 μmol/L continuously increased SC-NSPC proliferation from 6 hours to 5 days, whereas the proliferation decreased from 18% to 98% with L-703,606 (1-10 μM). Intrathecal infusion of SP (1 μmol/L) for 7 days significantly increased the number of proliferating NPSCs (cells positive for both BrdU and nestin) in the spinal cord (by 120±17%, p<.05) in adult rats, but infusion of L-703,606 (10 μmol/L) significantly decreased the post-SCI induction of NPSC proliferation in the spinal cord (by 87±4%). Also, SP stimulates proliferation of SC-NSPCs via the MAP kinase signaling pathway, especially the phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated p38 proteins. The phosphorylated ERK and phosphorylated p38 protein levels increased with SP (0.1 μmol/L, p<.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that SP can promote proliferation of SC-NSPCs in SCI and normal conditions and have important roles in neuronal regeneration after SCI. Also, ERKs and p38 MAP kinases are important signaling proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Jeong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Chul Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk-2-ga, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Bae
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Won Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, 224-1 Heukseok dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-755, Republic of Korea
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Metabolism and epigenetics in the nervous system: Creating cellular fitness and resistance to neuronal death in neurological conditions via modulation of oxygen-, iron-, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Brain Res 2015; 1628:273-287. [PMID: 26232572 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modern definitions of epigenetics incorporate models for transient but biologically important changes in gene expression that are unrelated to DNA code but responsive to environmental changes such as injury-induced stress. In this scheme, changes in oxygen levels (hypoxia) and/or metabolic co-factors (iron deficiency or diminished 2-oxoglutarate levels) are transduced into broad genetic programs that return the cell and the organism to a homeostatic set point. Over the past two decades, exciting studies have identified a superfamily of iron-, oxygen-, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that sit in the nucleus as modulators of transcription factor stability, co-activator function, histone demethylases, and DNA demethylases. These studies have provided a concrete molecular scheme for how changes in metabolism observed in a host of neurological conditions, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease, could be transduced into adaptive gene expression to protect the nervous system. We will discuss these enzymes in this short review, focusing primarily on the ten eleven translocation (TET) DNA demethylases, the jumonji (JmJc) histone demethylases, and the oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (HIF PHDs). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Neuroprotection.
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Wang W, Shen H, Xie JJ, Ling J, Lu H. Neuroprotective effect of ginseng against spinal cord injury induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:3514-3521. [PMID: 26064243 PMCID: PMC4443077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) occur as a result of oxidative stress and inflammatory mechanisms. In the present study we analyzed the protective role of ginseng on spinal injury in wistar rats. To evaluate the redox status, we investigated various parameters including estimation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation content, protein carbonyl and sulphydryl content, myeloperoxidase activity, antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-s-transferase). Expression of antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was determined through immunoblot. Inflammatory study was performed by evaluating the expression of nuclear factor-κB, cycloxygenase-2 by western blot analysis. Further the pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined through ELISA (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β). We observed a significant enhancement in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in rats with SCI injury. Ginseng treatment significantly down regulated the oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant status in SCI rats. Significant inhibition of inflammation was observed through down regulation of inflammatory proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus our findings show that Ginseng significantly ameliorated spinal cord injury in wistar rats by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai 200092, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Chongming BranchShanghai 202150, China
| | - Jian Ling
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Chongming BranchShanghai 202150, China
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine Chongming BranchShanghai 202150, China
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Börcek AÖ, Çivi S, Öcal Ö, Gülbahar Ö. Effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker adalimumab in experimental spinal cord injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2015; 57:73-6. [PMID: 25733985 PMCID: PMC4345196 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2015.57.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) have proven effects in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Current study is designed to evaluate the effects of an anti-TNF-α agent, adalimumab, on spinal cord clip compression injury in rats. Methods Thirty two male adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups (sham, trauma, infliximab, and adalimumab groups) and SCI was introduced using an aneurysm clip. Animals in treatment groups received 5 mg/kg subcutaneous adalimumab and infliximab right after the trauma. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were studied in traumatized spinal cord tissues 72 hours after the injury as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Results Animals that received anti-TNF-α agents are found to have significantly decreased MDA levels. MDA levels were significantly different between the trauma and infliximab groups (p<0.01) and trauma and adalimumab groups (p=0.022). There was no significant difference in neurological evaluation of the rats using Tarlov scale. Conclusion These results suggest that, like infliximab, adalimumab has favorable effects on lipid peroxidation induced by spinal cord trauma in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alp Özgün Börcek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Soner Çivi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medicana Private Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Özgür Öcal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gülbahar
- Department of Biochemistry, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Goding JA, Gilmour AD, Martens PJ, Poole-Warren LA, Green RA. Small bioactive molecules as dual functional co-dopants for conducting polymers. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5058-5069. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscope image of surface morphology of conducting polymer PEDOT doped with bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Goding
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - A. D. Gilmour
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - P. J. Martens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - L. A. Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - R. A. Green
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
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16
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Chu T, Zhou H, Lu L, Kong X, Wang T, Pan B, Feng S. Valproic acid-mediated neuroprotection and neurogenesis after spinal cord injury: from mechanism to clinical potential. Regen Med 2014; 10:193-209. [PMID: 25485637 DOI: 10.2217/rme.14.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is difficult to treat because of secondary injury. Valproic acid (VPA) is clinically approved for mood stabilization, but also counteracts secondary damage to functionally rescue SCI in animal models by improving neuroprotection and neurogenesis via inhibition of HDAC and GSK-3. However, a comprehensive review summarizing the therapeutic benefits and mechanisms of VPA for SCI and the issues affecting clinical trials is lacking, limiting future research on VPA and impeding its translation into clinical therapy for SCI. This article presents the current status of VPA treatment for SCI, emphasizing interactions between enhanced neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Crucial issues are discussed to optimize its clinical potential as a safe and effective treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianci Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, PR China
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Decreased GFAP expression and improved functional recovery in contused spinal cord of rats following valproic acid therapy. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2319-33. [PMID: 25205382 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have illustrated that much of the post-traumatic degeneration of the spinal cord cells is caused by the secondary mechanism. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the anti-inflammatory property of valproic acid (VPA) on injured spinal cords (SC). The rats with the contused SC received intraperitoneal single injection of VPA (150, 200, 300, 400 or 500 mg/kg) at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h post-injury. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) test and H-reflex evaluated the functional outcome for 12 weeks. The SC were investigated 3 months post-injury using morphometry and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression. Reduction in cavitation, H/M ratio, BBB scores and GFAP expression in the treatment groups were significantly more than that of the untreated one (P < 0.05). The optimal improvement in the condition of the contused rats was in the ones treated at the acute phase of injury with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury, they had the highest increase in BBB score and decrease in astrogliosis and axonal loss. We conclude that treating the contused rats with 300 mg/kg of VPA at 12 h post-injury improves the functional outcome and reduces the traumatized SC gliosis.
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18
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Kim KT, Kim MJ, Cho DC, Park SH, Hwang JH, Sung JK, Cho HJ, Jeon Y. The neuroprotective effect of treatment with curcumin in acute spinal cord injury: laboratory investigation. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2014; 54:387-94. [PMID: 24477066 PMCID: PMC4533440 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2013-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was investigating the effects of curcumin on the histological changes and functional recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model. Following either sham operation or SCI, 36 male Sprague–Dawley rats were distributed into three groups: sham group, curcumin-treated group, and vehicle-injected group. Locomotor function was assessed according to the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale in rats who had received daily intraperitoneal injections of 200 mg/kg curcumin or an equivalent volume of vehicle for 7 days following SCI. The injured spinal cord was then examined histologically, including quantification of cavitation. BBB scores were significantly higher in rats receiving curcumin than receiving vehicle (P < 0.05). The cavity volume was significantly reduced in the curcumin group as compared to the control group (P = 0.039). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly elevated in the curcumin group as compared to the vehicle group but was not significantly different from the sham group (P < 0.05, P > 0.05, respectively) at one and two weeks after SCI. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly elevated in the vehicle group as compared to the sham group (P < 0.05 at 1 and 2 weeks). MDA activity was significantly reduced in the curcumin group at 2 weeks after SCI when compared to the vehicle group (P = 0.004). The numbers of macrophage were significantly decreased in the curcumin group (P = 0.001). This study demonstrated that curcumin enhances early functional recovery after SCI by diminishing cavitation volume, anti-inflammatory reactions, and antioxidant activity.
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Bang WS, Kim KT, Cho DC, Kim HJ, Sung JK. Valproic Acid increases expression of neuronal stem/progenitor cell in spinal cord injury. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2013; 54:8-13. [PMID: 24044073 PMCID: PMC3772294 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on expression of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Methods Adult male rats (n=24) were randomly and blindly allocated into three groups. Laminectomy at T9 was performed in all three groups. In group 1 (sham), only laminectomy was performed. In group 2 (SCI-VPA), the animals received a dose of 200 mg/kg of VPA. In group 3 (SCI-saline), animals received 1.0 mL of the saline vehicle solution. A modified aneurysm clip with a closing force of 30 grams was applied extradurally around the spinal cord at T9, and then rapidly released with cord compression persisting for 2 minutes. The rats were sacrificed and the spinal cord were collected one week after SCI. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting sample were obtained from 5 mm rostral region to the lesion and prepared. We analyzed the nestin immunoreactivity from the white matter of ventral cord and the ependyma of central canal. Nestin and SOX2 were used for markers for NSPCs and analyzed by IHC and western blotting, respectively. Results Nestin and SOX2 were expressed significantly in the SCI groups but not in the sham group. Comparing SCI groups, nestin and SOX2 expression were much stronger in SCI-VPA group than in SCI-saline group. Conclusion Nestin and SOX2 as markers for NSPCs showed increased expression in SCI-VPA group in comparison with SCI-saline group. This result suggests VPA increases expression of spinal NSPCs in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Seok Bang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Park BNR, Kim SW, Cho SR, Lee JY, Lee YH, Kim SH. Epigenetic regulation in the brain after spinal cord injury : a comparative study. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2013; 53:337-41. [PMID: 24003367 PMCID: PMC3756125 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2013.53.6.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE After spinal cord injury (SCI), functional and structural reorganization occurs at multiple levels of brain including motor cortex. However, the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. The current study was performed to investigate the alterations in the expression of the main regulators of neuronal development, survival and death, in the brain following thoracic contusive SCI in a mouse model. METHODS Eight-week-old female imprinting control region mice (n=60; 30-35 g) were used in this study. We analyzed the expression levels of regulators such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 in the brain following thoracic contusive SCI. RESULTS The expression of BDNF levels were elevated significantly compared with control group at 2 weeks after injury (p<0.05). The expression of NGF levels were elevated at 2, 4 weeks compared with control group, but these difference were not significant (p>0.05). The GDNF levels were elevated at 2 week compared with control group, but these differences were not significant (p>0.05). The difference of HDAC1 levels were not significant at 2, 4 and 8 weeks compared with control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the upregulation of BDNF may play on important role in brain reorganization after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bit-Na-Ri Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wonju Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Harrison IF, Dexter DT. Epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylase: therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:34-52. [PMID: 23711791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting more than 4million people worldwide. The primary motor symptoms of the disease are due to degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Dopamine replacement therapies have therefore revolutionised disease management by partially controlling these symptoms. However these drugs can produce debilitating side effects when used long term and do not protect degenerating neurons against death. Recent evidence has highlighted a pathological imbalance in PD between the acetylation and deacetylation of the histone proteins around which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is coiled, in favour of excessive histone deacetylation. This mechanism of adding/removing acetyl groups to histone lysine residues is one of many epigenetic regulatory processes which control the expression of genes, many of which will be essential for neuronal survival. Hence, such epigenetic modifications may have a pathogenic role in PD. It has therefore been hypothesised that if this pathological imbalance can be corrected with the use of histone deacetylase inhibiting agents then neurodegeneration observed in PD can be ameliorated. This article will review the current literature with regard to epigenetic changes in PD and the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) in PD: examining the evidence of the neuroprotective effects of numerous HDACIs in cellular and animal models of Parkinsonian cell death. Ultimately answering the question: does epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylases hold therapeutic potential in PD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Harrison
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Lu WH, Wang CY, Chen PS, Wang JW, Chuang DM, Yang CS, Tzeng SF. Valproic acid attenuates microgliosis in injured spinal cord and purinergic P2X4 receptor expression in activated microglia. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:694-705. [PMID: 23404572 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral injection with a high dose of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, into animals with mild or moderate spinal cord injury (SCI) for 1 week can reduce spinal cord tissue loss and promote hindlimb locomotor recovery. A purinergic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptor subtype, P2X4 receptor (P2X4 R), has been considered as a potential target to diminish SCI-associated inflammatory responses. In this study, using a minipump-based infusion system, we found that intraspinal infusion with VPA for 3 days into injured spinal cord significantly improved hindlimb locomotion of rats with severe SCI induced by a 10-g NYU impactor dropping from the height of 50 mm onto the spinal T9/10 segment. The neuronal fibers in the injured spinal cord tissues were significantly preserved in VPA-treated rats compared with those observed in vehicle-treated animals. Moreover, the accumulation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the injured spinal cord was attenuated in the animal group receiving VPA infusion. VPA also significantly reduced P2X4 R expression post-SCI. Furthermore, in vitro study indicated that VPA, but not the other HDAC inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), caused downregulation of P2X4 R in microglia activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-triggered signaling was involved in the effect of VPA on the inhibition of P2X4 R gene expression. In addition to the findings from others, our results also provide important evidence to show the inhibitory effect of VPA on P2X4 R expression in activated microglia, which may contribute to reduction of SCI-induced gliosis and subsequently preservation of spinal cord tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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