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Kim S, Kim MS, Nowakowska A, Choi H, Bang HW, Kim YB, Lee HJ. Generation of rescued Japanese encephalitis virus genotype 1 from infectious full-size clone using reverse genetics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33142. [PMID: 39040327 PMCID: PMC11261045 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a pathogen responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates among children with encephalitis. Since JEV genotype 1 (GI) is the most prevalent strain in South Korea these days, corresponding research and vaccine development is urgently required. Molecular genetic studies on JEV vaccines can be boosted by obtaining genetically stable full-length infectious JEV complementary DNA (cDNA) clones. Furthermore, the significance of the reverse genetics system in facilitating molecular biological analyses of JEV properties has been demonstrated. This study constructed a recombinant JEV-GI strain using a reverse genetics system based on a Korean wild-type GI isolate (K05GS). RNA extracted from JEV-GI was used to synthesize cDNA, a recombinant full-length JEV clone, pTRE-JEVGI, was generated from the DNA fragment, and the virus was rescued. We performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to analyze the rescued JEV-GI virus. The rescued JEV-GI exhibited similar characteristics to wild-type JEV. These results suggest that our reverse genetics system can generate full-length infectious clones that can be used to analyze molecular biological factors that influence viral properties and immunogenicity. Additionally, it may be useful as a heterologous gene expression vector and help develop new strains for JEV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehyun Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Chungcheongnam-do, 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleksandra Nowakowska
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Bang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Bio-industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Shin GE, Lee KK, Ku BK, Oh SH, Jang SH, Kang B, Jeoung HY. Prevalence of viral agents causing swine reproductive failure in Korea and the development of multiplex real-time PCR and RT-PCR assays. Biologicals 2024; 86:101763. [PMID: 38641502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure in pigs in Korea. In addition, two types of multiplex real-time PCR (mqPCR) were developed for the simultaneous detection of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) in mqPCR and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in reverse transcription mqPCR (mRT-qPCR). A total of 150 aborted fetus samples collected from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus was the most prevalent (49/150 32.7%), followed by porcine circovirus type 2 (31/150, 20.7%), and PPV1 (7/150, 4.7%), whereas ADV, EMCV, and JEV were not detected. The newly developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR could simultaneously detect and differentiate with high sensitivities and specificities. When applied to aborted fetuses, the newly developed mqPCR for PPV was 33.3% more sensitivities than the previously established diagnostic method. Amino acid analysis of the VP2 sequences of PPV isolates revealed considerable similarity to the highly pathogenic Kresse strain. This study successfully evaluated the prevalence of viral agents causing reproductive failure among swine in Korea, the developed mqPCR and mRT-qPCR methods could be utilized as effective and accurate diagnostic methods for the epidemiological surveillance of ADV, PPV, EMCV, and JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go-Eun Shin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bok-Kyung Ku
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su Hong Oh
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Ho Jang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bokyu Kang
- Mediandiagnostics, Chuncheon, 24399, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Khan A, Riaz R, Nadeem A, Amir A, Siddiqui T, Batool UEA, Raufi N. Japanese encephlu emergence in Australia: the potential population at risk. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:1540-1549. [PMID: 38463109 PMCID: PMC10923274 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an RNA virus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily cycles between aquatic birds and mosquitoes with pigs as amplifying hosts, posing a significant global encephalitis threat. The emergence and spread of the JEV in new epidemiological regions, such as recent cases in Australia and nonendemic areas like Pune, India, raise significant concerns. With an estimated 68 000 clinical cases and 13 600 to 20 400 deaths annually, JEV poses a substantial global health threat. The virus primarily affects children, with a case-fatality ratio of 20-30% and long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. The changing epidemiology, influenced by factors like bird migration, climate change, and increased urbanization, contributes to the geographic expansion of JEV. The recent outbreaks underscore the potential for the virus to establish itself in nonendemic regions, posing a threat to populations previously considered at low-risk. With limited treatment options and high rates of neurological complications, continued surveillance, traveler vaccination, and research into treatments are crucial to mitigate the impact of JEV on human health. The evolving scenario necessitates proactive measures to prevent and control the spread of the virus in both endemic and newly affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Khan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rumaisa Riaz
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Amir
- Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation
| | - Tasmiyah Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Um e A. Batool
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan
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Wei Y, Hao Y, Li Y, Dan M, Yang Z, Qiu H, Li R, Yin R, Fan P. Machine learning reveals neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a crucial prognostic indicator in severe Japanese encephalitis patients. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1242317. [PMID: 38178886 PMCID: PMC10765562 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1242317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a severe infectious disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). However, limited risk factors have been identified for predicting poor prognosis (PP) in adults with severe JE. In this study, we analyzed clinical data from thirty-eight severe adult JE patients and compared them to thirty-three patients without organic CNS disease. Machine learning techniques employing branch-and-bound algorithms were used to identify clinical risk factors. Based on clinical outcomes, patients were categorized into two groups: the PP group (mRs ≥ 3) and the good prognosis (GP) group (mRs ≤ 2) at three months post-discharge. We found that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the percentage of neutrophilic count (N%) were significantly higher in the PP group compared to the GP group. Conversely, the percentage of lymphocyte count (L%) was significantly lower in the PP group. Additionally, elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and blood glucose were observed in the PP group compared to the GP group. The clinical parameters most strongly correlated with prognosis, as indicated by Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), were NLR (PCC 0.45) and blood glucose (PCC 0.45). In summary, our findings indicate that increased serum NLR, N%, decreased L%, abnormal glucose metabolism, and liver function impairment are risk factors associated with poor prognosis in severe adult JE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxuan Wei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Li
- Department of Neurology, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meiling Dan
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Sichuan China 81 Rehabilitation Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huihui Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Gansu Province Central Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, (Beijing), Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
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Hsu JY, Hung CC, Tsou TP, Chen WC. Epidemiology and risk factors of Japanese encephalitis in Taiwan, 2010-2022. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011421. [PMID: 37782654 PMCID: PMC10569588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taiwan introduced a two-dose inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) mouse brain-derived (JE-MB) vaccine into routine childhood immunization in 1968, with booster vaccination implemented in 1974 and 1983. In 2017, JE-MB vaccine was replaced by a two-dose live-attenuated chimeric vaccine (JE-CV). After implementation of JE vaccination programs, JE cases have shifted from children to adults. In this study, we described the JE epidemiology and identify high-risk groups to further inform vaccine policy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We extracted data from Taiwan's notifiable disease surveillance database, vital statistics, and employment statistics from 2010 to 2022. Diagnosis of JE was confirmed by JE seroconversion, a four-fold increase in virus-specific antibodies, a positive JE viral nucleic-acid test, or JE virus isolation. From 2010 to 2022, a total of 313 cases of JE were diagnosed, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 0.10 cases per 100,000 person-years and a mortality rate of 0.006 per 100,000 population per year. Among these patients, 64% were male, and the median age was 51 years (range 0-82). Compared with people born in or after 1976 (vaccinated with four doses of JE-MB vaccine or two doses of JE-CV), those born in or before 1962 (unvaccinated) and those born during 1963-1975 (vaccinated with two or three doses of JE-MB vaccine) had a 4.2-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-5.7) and 5.9-fold (95% CI 4.3-8.1) higher risk of JE, respectively. The relative risk of working in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry, compared to other occupations, was 5.0 (95% CI 3.5-7.0). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In Taiwan, individuals born before 1976 and those employed in agriculture, forestry, fishing, or animal husbandry had a higher risk of JE. We recommend JE vaccination for people in these high-risk groups who have not been fully vaccinated or have an unknown vaccination history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yu Hsu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Pei Tsou
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chin Chen
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Q, Deng W, Guo X, Li K. High-throughput sequencing-based Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus and its effect on micro ribonucleic acid. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106267. [PMID: 37482114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
it was to explore the mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) under high-throughput sequencing. 20 experimental mice, with good growth status and no disease infection, were selected. The cells used in the experiment included mouse microglial cell line (BV2), mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NA), and mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3). JEV titration was performed with JEV-infected cells, ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the cells was extracted, and finally the miRNA high-throughput sequencing data was analyzed. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the 28S and 18S electrophoresis bands were bright. Among the miRNAs detected in mouse brain tissues, 2986 were down-regulated and 1251 were up-regulated. Among miRNAs detected in NA cells, 4238 the decreasing expression and 2356 were expressed increasingly. In reducing miRNA expression, 1 multiplicity of infection (MOI) of P3 strain infection was more significant than 0.1 MOI. 10 miRNAs with significantly decreasing expression were miR-466d-3p, miR-381-3p, miR-540-3p, miR-466a-3p, miR-467a-3p, miR-574-5p, miR-199a-5p, miR-467a-5p, miR-674-5p, and miR-376b-3p. These were all obviously down-regulated in JEV-infected BV2, NA, and bEnd.3 neurons. High-throughput sequencing of JEV-infected mouse brain tissues and mouse neuronal cells found that JEV infection led to down-regulation of overall miRNA expression in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Department of Neurology 2, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weisheng Deng
- Department of Neurology 2, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuemin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translation Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, 514031, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Kangsheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, 505041, Guangdong Province, China.
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Hills SL, Netravathi M, Solomon T. Japanese Encephalitis among Adults: A Review. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:860-864. [PMID: 37037440 PMCID: PMC10160886 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is becoming an increasingly important issue among adults. The reasons for this are multifactorial. During the past decades, new areas of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission have occurred in several locations, most notably in a markedly expanded area of Australia during 2021-2022. When JEV enters new areas, cases in adults frequently occur. This is unlike the typical pattern in endemic areas where the burden of disease is in children because most adults are protected through natural immunity following earlier exposure to the virus. Even in endemic areas, JEV has become relatively more important in adults because improved JE control through childhood immunization programs has resulted in a substantial decrease in pediatric JE cases and thus more prominence of adult JE cases. Finally, increases in tourism to JE risk areas have resulted in more exposure of adult travelers, who are usually non-immune, to infection in JE risk areas. In this review we describe the increasing importance of JE in adults in some areas and then consider the comparative clinical presentation and severity of illness among children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Hills
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - M. Netravathi
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Tom Solomon
- The Pandemic Institute and The National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Maamary J, Maddocks S, Barnett Y, Wong S, Rodriguez M, Hueston L, Jeoffreys N, Eden JS, Dwyer DE, Floyd T, Plit M, Kok J, Brew B. New Detection of Locally Acquired Japanese Encephalitis Virus Using Clinical Metagenomics, New South Wales, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:627-630. [PMID: 36823673 PMCID: PMC9973708 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.220632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of an emerging Japanese encephalitis outbreak within Australia, we describe a novel locally acquired case in New South Wales. A man in his 70s had rapidly progressive, fatal meningoencephalitis, diagnosed as caused by Japanese encephalitis virus by RNA-based metagenomic next-generation sequencing performed on postmortem brain tissue.
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Lee AR, Song JM, Seo SU. Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Republic of Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:955-959. [PMID: 35879275 PMCID: PMC9628952 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV has five genotypes, including genotype V (GV), which is considered ancestral to the other genotypes. The first GV strain, GV Muar, was isolated from a Malayan patient in 1952 and GV did not reappear for 57 years until GV XZ0934 was isolated from a mosquito sample in China. Since 2010, 21 GV strains have been identified in Republic of Korea (ROK). Both GV Muar and GV XZ0934 are more pathogenic than other GI/GIII strains and are serologically distinct. However, because the ROK's GV strains have not been experimentally tested, their characteristics are not known. Characterization of the ROK's isolates is needed to enable development of effective GV strain-based vaccines to protect against GV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2258-7355 Fax: +82-2-2258-8969 E-mail:
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Park SE. Importance of maintaining a high childhood vaccination rate and surveillance program against Japanese encephalitis in Korea. Clin Exp Pediatr 2022; 65:127-128. [PMID: 35176836 PMCID: PMC8898613 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2021.01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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