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Agarwal S, Jindal I, Balazs A, Paul D. Catecholamine-Secreting Tumors in Pediatric Patients With Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:2135-2150. [PMID: 31687640 PMCID: PMC6821216 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamine-secreting tumors are rare among the pediatric population but are increasingly being reported in children with sustained hypoxia secondary to cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD). With this review, we report the clinical characteristics of these tumors in children with CCHD. The articles included in the present review were identified using PubMed through February 2019. A manual search of the references retrieved from relevant articles was also performed. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) in children are commonly associated with high-risk germline or somatic mutations. There is evidently a higher risk of tumorigenesis in children with CCHD as compared with the general pediatric population, even in the absence of susceptible gene mutations. This is due to molecular mechanisms involving the aberrant activation of hypoxia-response elements, likely secondary to sustained hypoxemia, resulting in tumorigenesis. Due to overlapping symptoms with CCHD, the diagnosis of PPGL may be delayed or missed in these patients. We studied all previously reported PPGL cases in children with CCHD and reviewed phenotypic and biochemical features to assess for contributing factors in tumorigenesis. Larger studies are needed to help determine other potential predisposing factors and to establish screening guidelines in this high-risk population. A delay in diagnosis of the PPGL tumors can lead to exacerbation of cardiac failure, and therefore early diagnosis and intervention may provide better outcomes in these patients, necessitating the need for regular surveillance. We recommend routine biochemical screening in patients with sustained hypoxia secondary to CCHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swashti Agarwal
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ishita Jindal
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrea Balazs
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David Paul
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Song MK, Kim GB, Bae EJ, Lee YA, Kim HY, Min SK, Kim JH, Won JK. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in Fontan patients: Common more than expected. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2018; 13:608-616. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyoung Song
- Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Bae
- Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics; Seoul National University Children's Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kee Min
- Department of Surgery; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Kim TH, Yang HK, Jang HJ, Yoo SJ, Khalili K, Kim TK. Abdominal imaging findings in adult patients with Fontan circulation. Insights Imaging 2018; 9:357-367. [PMID: 29623675 PMCID: PMC5991003 DOI: 10.1007/s13244-018-0609-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The Fontan procedures, designed to treat paediatric patients with functional single ventricles, have markedly improved the patient’s survival into adulthood. The physiology of the Fontan circuit inevitably increases systemic venous pressure, which may lead to multi-system organ failure in the long-term follow-up. Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) can progress to liver cirrhosis with signs of portal hypertension. Focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules commonly develop in FALD. Imaging surveillance is often performed to monitor the progression of FALD and to detect hepatocellular carcinoma, which infrequently develops in FALD. Other abdominal abnormalities in post-Fontan patients include protein losing enteropathy and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Given that these abdominal abnormalities are critical for patient management, it is important for radiologists to become familiar with the abdominal abnormalities that are common in post-Fontan patients on cross-sectional imaging. Teaching points • Fontan procedure for functional single ventricle has improved patient survival into adulthood. • Radiologists should be familiar with unique imaging findings of Fontan-associated liver disease. • Focal nodular hyperplasia-like nodules commonly develop in Fontan-associated liver disease. • Hepatocellular carcinoma, protein-losing enteropathy, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma may develop. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s13244-018-0609-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyung Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.,Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongnogu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Hyun-Jung Jang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5J2L4, Canada
| | - Korosh Khalili
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada
| | - Tae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto General Hospital, 585 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2N2, Canada.
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Tapia-Orihuela RKA, Huaringa-Marcelo J, Loja-Oropeza D. Tetralogy of Fallot and pheochromocytoma in a situs inversus totalis: An unusual association. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:132-136. [PMID: 27777699 PMCID: PMC5075362 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Situs inversus totalis is an uncommon anomaly which exist a complete transposition of organs and it’s occasionally associated with congenital heart diseases, such as tetralogy of fallot. Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor with an annual incidence of 2-8 cases per million people and for years has been studied its relationship with the hypoxic pathway.
Case Report: A 29 year old male with a history of tetralogy of fallot corrected at 10 years and situs inversus totalis. He was admitted to hospital with a progressive story of four months of constipation, palpitations, headache, dyspnea and sweating. Physical examination revealed a thinned man with peripheral cyanosis, clubbing and signs of decompensated congestive heart failure as hepatomegaly, legs edema, multifocal systodiastolic murmurs, abdominal distension and jugular venous distention. The echocardiogram shows severe right ventricular dysfunction and severe pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, abdominal computed tomography shows right adrenal mass. Elevated metanephrines and catecholamines confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Surgical removal is decided and preoperative management begins with alpha-adrenergic blockade, however the patient had a hemodynamic decompensation with an unfavorable evolution.
Discussion: In conclusion, there are few reports of cyanotic congenital heart disease with pheochromocytoma. Several studies show a significant association between both of them due to chronic hypoxia leads sustained hyperresponsiveness in adrenal medulla and it would cause the tumor. Special preoperative management of pheochromocytoma is recommended when there underlying heart disease and congestive heart failure. We present the first international report of tetralogy of fallot and pheochromocytoma in a patient with situs inversus totalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Kevin Arnold Tapia-Orihuela
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Lima, Perú ; Sociedad Científica de San Fernando, Lima, Perú
| | - Jorge Huaringa-Marcelo
- Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando, Lima, Perú ; Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Perú
| | - David Loja-Oropeza
- Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, Lima, Perú ; Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Facultad de Medicina, Lima, Perú
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Yamamoto K, Namba N, Kubota T, Usui T, Takahashi K, Kitaoka T, Fujiwara M, Hori Y, Kogaki S, Oue T, Morii E, Ozono K. Pheochromocytoma complicated by cyanotic congenital heart disease: a case report. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 25:59-65. [PMID: 27212797 PMCID: PMC4860516 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.25.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Coincidental cyanotic congenital heart disease and pheochromocytoma is uncommon, although some cases have been reported. We describe a girl aged 15 yr and 11 mo with pheochromocytoma and tricuspid atresia treated by performing the Fontan surgery. The patient did not have any specific symptoms of syndrome related to pheochromoytoma or a family history of pheochromocytoma. During cardiac catheterization, her blood pressure increased markedly, and an α-blocker was administered. Catecholamine hypersecretion was observed in the blood and urine, and abdominal computed tomography revealed a tumor in the right adrenal gland. Scintigraphy showed marked accumulation of (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine in the tumor, which led to a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. We did not detect any germline mutations in the RET, VHL, SDHB, SDHD, TMEM127, or MAX genes. This patient had experienced mild systemic hypoxia since birth, which may have contributed to the development of pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Namba
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Japan Community Health Care Organization, Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Usui
- Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Kitaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hori
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaharu Oue
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Opotowsky AR, Moko LE, Ginns J, Rosenbaum M, Greutmann M, Aboulhosn J, Hageman A, Kim Y, Deng LX, Grewal J, Zaidi AN, Almansoori G, Oechslin E, Earing M, Landzberg MJ, Singh MN, Wu F, Vaidya A. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in cyanotic congenital heart disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:1325-34. [PMID: 25581599 PMCID: PMC4399286 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aberrant cellular oxygen sensing is a leading theory for development of pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL). OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) increases the risk for PHEO-PGL. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS We investigated the association between CCHD and PHEO-PGL with two complementary studies: study 1) an international consortium was established to identify congenital heart disease (CHD) patients with a PHEO-PGL diagnosis confirmed by pathology or biochemistry and imaging; study 2) the 2000-2009 Nationwide Inpatient Survey, a nationally representative discharge database, was used to determine population-based cross-sectional PHEO-PGL frequency in hospitalized CCHD patients compared with noncyanotic CHD and those without CHD using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and genetic PHEO-PGL syndromes. RESULTS In study 1, we identified 20 PHEO-PGL cases, of which 18 had CCHD. Most presented with cardiovascular or psychiatric symptoms. Median cyanosis duration for the CCHD PHEO-PGL cases was 20 years (range 1-57 y). Cases were young at diagnosis (median 31.5 y, range 15-57 y) and 7 of 18 had multiple tumors (two bilateral PHEO; six multifocal or recurrent PGL), whereas 11 had single tumors (seven PHEO; four PGL). PGLs were abdominal (13 of 17) or head/neck (4 of 17). Cases displayed a noradrenergic biochemical phenotype similar to reported hypoxia-related PHEO-PGL genetic syndromes but without clinical signs of such syndromes. In study 2, hospitalized CCHD patients had an increased likelihood of PHEO-PGL (adjusted odds ratio 6.0, 95% confidence interval 2.6-13.7, P < .0001) compared with those without CHD; patients with noncyanotic CHD had no increased risk (odds ratio 0.9, P = .48). CONCLUSIONS There is a strong link between CCHD and PHEO-PGL. Whether these rare diseases coassociate due to hypoxic stress, common genetic or developmental factors, or some combination requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Opotowsky
- Department of Cardiology (A.R.O., L.E.M., M.J.L., M.N.S., F.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, (A.R.O., M.J.L., M.N.S., F.W.), Division of Endocrinology (A.V.), Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Department of Medicine (J.Gi., M.R.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10027; Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program (M.G.), University Hospital Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine (J.A.,A.H.), Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Cardiology (Y.K., L.X.D.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Medicine (Y.K., L.X.D.), Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Division of Cardiology (J.Gr.), St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 4H4; The Heart Center (A.N.Z.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205; Department of Internal Medicine (A.N.Z.), The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Medicine (G.A., E.O.), University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5G2C4; Department of Pediatrics (M.E.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226; Center for Adrenal Disorders (A.V.), Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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