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Huang RJ, Laszkowska M, In H, Hwang JH, Epplein M. Controlling Gastric Cancer in a World of Heterogeneous Risk. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:736-751. [PMID: 36706842 PMCID: PMC10270664 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of global mortality but also a cancer whose footprint is highly unequal. This review aims to define global disease epidemiology, critically appraise strategies of prevention and disease attenuation, and assess how these strategies could be applied to improve outcomes from GC in a world of variable risk and disease burden. Strategies of primary prevention focus on improving the detection and eradication of the main environmental risk factor, Helicobacter pylori. In certain countries of high incidence, endoscopic or radiographic screening of the asymptomatic general population has been adopted as a means of secondary prevention. By contrast, identification and targeted surveillance of individuals with precancerous lesions (such as intestinal metaplasia) is being increasingly embraced in nations of low incidence. This review also highlights existing knowledge gaps in GC prevention as well as the role of emerging technologies for early detection and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Monika Laszkowska
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Service, Department of Subspecialty Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Haejin In
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Joo Ha Hwang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Meira Epplein
- Duke University, Department of Population Health Sciences, and Cancer Risk, Detection, and Interception Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
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Mazidimoradi A, Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Barriers and Facilitators Associated with Delays in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer: a Systematic Review. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:782-796. [PMID: 34499307 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to identify barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. METHODS Comprehensive search was conducted on 2021 in various databases, including Medline, Web of science, and Scopus. Keywords such as gastric cancer, screening programs, endoscopy, barriers, facilitators, and factor were used for the search, as single or in combination. Also a manual search was done in valid scientific journals to find related full-text articles. The search results were entered into the Endonote-X8 software, which automatically removes duplicate articles. Then, the title and the abstract and finally, the text of the articles were studied. Articles that addressed barriers and facilitators of early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were included. RESULTS In according to the results of 22 included articles, delay time in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer were high, and factors such as age, sex, race and ethnicity, economic and social status, access to diagnostic services, implementation of screening programs, type and accuracy of screening methods, use of insurance services, error in care services, and presence of gastrointestinal symptoms were considered to be contributing factors in this regard. CONCLUSIONS It seems that to reduce delay in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, factors such as implementing screening programs using acceptable methods with high sensitivity and accuracy with a high level of participation, increasing insurance coverage and reducing the share of people in payments, increasing people's access to diagnostic services, educating people about the symptoms and risks of gastric cancer, undertaking proper follow-up in patients and suspects cases identified in screening, as well as increasing patients' access to medical services through financial and insurance support are significantly important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamid Salehiniya
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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3
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Xia R, Zeng H, Liu W, Xie L, Shen M, Li P, Li H, Wei W, Chen W, Zhuang G. Estimated Cost-effectiveness of Endoscopic Screening for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer in High-Risk Areas in China. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2121403. [PMID: 34402889 PMCID: PMC8371571 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Upper gastrointestinal tract cancer, including esophageal and gastric cancers, in China accounts for 50% of the global burden. Endoscopic screening may be associated with a decreased incidence of and mortality from upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic screening for esophageal and gastric cancers among people aged 40 to 69 years in areas of China where the risk of these cancers is high. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS For this economic evaluation, a Markov model was constructed for initial screening at different ages from a health care system perspective, and 5 endoscopic screening strategies with different frequencies (once per lifetime and every 10 years, 5 years, 3 years, and 2 years) were evaluated. The study was conducted between January 1, 2019, and October 31, 2020. Model parameters were estimated based on this project, government documents, and published literature. For each initial screening age (40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, and 65-69 years), a closed cohort of 100 000 participants was assumed to enter the model and follow the alternative strategies. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cost-effectiveness was measured by calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), and the willingness-to-pay threshold was assumed to be 3 times the per capita gross domestic product in China (US $10 276). Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the robustness of model findings. RESULTS The study included a hypothetical cohort of 100 000 individuals aged 40 to 69 years. All 5 screening strategies were associated with improved effectiveness by 1087 to 10 362 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and increased costs by US $3 299 000 to $22 826 000 compared with no screening over a lifetime, leading to ICERs of US $1343 to $3035 per QALY. Screening at a higher frequency was associated with an increase in QALYs and costs; ICERs for higher frequency screening compared with the next-lower frequency screening were between US $1087 and $4511 per QALY. Screening every 2 years would be the most cost-effective strategy, with probabilities of 90% to 98% at 3 times the per capita gross domestic product of China. The model was the most sensitive to utility scores of esophageal cancer- or gastric cancer-related health states and compliance with screening. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The findings suggest that combined endoscopic screening for esophageal and gastric cancers may be cost-effective in areas of China where the risk of these cancers is high; screening every 2 years would be the optimal strategy. These data may be useful for development of policies targeting the prevention and control of upper gastrointestinal tract cancer in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Mingwang Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - He Li
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Chen
- National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
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Holmes L, Rios J, Berice B, Benson J, Bafford N, Parson K, Halloran D. Predictive Effect of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Carcinoma Development: Systematic Review and Quantitative Evidence Synthesis. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:medicines8010001. [PMID: 33466356 PMCID: PMC7824775 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen implicated in gastritis, gastric ulceration, and gastric carcinoma. This study aimed to synthesize literature in providing evidence on the causative role of H. pylori in gastric carcinoma development. This study is based on assessing public literature using an applied meta-analysis, namely, quantitative evidence synthesis (QES). The analytic procedure uses DerSimonian-Laird, including assessing heterogeneity. The QES also utilizes meta-regression and the environmental effect associated with H. pylori in gastric cancer development. Eighteen studies are included in the QES. There is increased prevalence of H. pylori exposure among the cases. The heterogeneity between the CES and individual effect sizes is also significant. Despite controlling for the confoundings, there is increased exposure to H. pylori among the gastric cancer cases, regardless of the differences in the geographic location. H. pylori in this synthesized literature illustrates the contributory role of this microbe in gastric carcinoma. Additionally, regardless of geographic locale, namely, South Korea or Spain, H. pylori is implicated in gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Holmes
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(302)-298-7741
| | - Jasmine Rios
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- History of Science and Medicine Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Betyna Berice
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Master of Public Health, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jacqueline Benson
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Master of Public Health Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nastocia Bafford
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Kadedrah Parson
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Halloran
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Chen Q, Liu S, Zhang S, Cao X, Li B, Quan P, Guo L, Dong L, Sun X, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The relative survival and cure fraction of gastric cancer estimated through flexible parametric models using data from population-based cancer registration during 2003-2012 in Linzhou, China. Cancer Med 2020; 9:2243-2251. [PMID: 31994324 PMCID: PMC7064094 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The proportion of cured gastric cancer patients has drawn the attention of patients, physicians, and healthcare providers after comprehensive prevention and control measures were carried out for several years. Therefore, the relative survival and cure fraction were estimated in our study. METHODS Population-based cancer registration data were used to estimate survival and cure fraction. A total of 7585 gastric cancer cases (ICD10:C16.0 ~ C16.9) were extracted and included in the final analysis. Cases were diagnosed in 2003-2012 and followed until the end of 2017. Relative survival was calculated as the ratio between the observed survival through the life-table method. The expected survival was estimated by the Ederer II method. The cure fraction was estimated using flexible parametric cure models stratified by age and calendar period when the cases were diagnosed. RESULTS The 5-year relative survival of cardia gastric cancer increased with the calendar period of 2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012 (27.5%, 28.3%, 33.5%, 38.2%, and 46.8%, respectively). The increasing trend along with the calendar periods was also observed in cure proportion of cardia gastric cancer (24.8%, 25.2%, 31.7%, 36.0%, and 43.1%, respectively). Notable improvement of cure proportion was observed in the period of 2011-2012, compared with the initial period of 2003-2004. There was an improvement of 79.8% among all gastric cancer subjects, and it was 74.1% and 55.7% in cardia gastric and noncardia gastric cancer subjects, respectively. The median survival of "uncured" patients showed no significant improvement along with the calendar periods in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS Notable improvement of gastric cancer relative survival and cure proportion was observed in Linzhou during 2003-2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Shu‐Zheng Liu
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Shao‐kai Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiao‐Qin Cao
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Bian‐Yun Li
- Linzhou Cancer RegistryLinzhou Cancer HospitalLinzhouChina
| | - Pei‐Liang Quan
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Lan‐Wei Guo
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Lee Dong
- University of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Xi‐Bin Sun
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of SurgeryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesYale School of Public HealthNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jian‐Gong Zhang
- Department of EpidemiologyAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University/ Henan Provincial Cancer HospitalZhengzhouChina
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Jin S, Jeon SW, Kwon Y, Nam SY, Yeo SJ, Kwon SH, Lee SJ. Optimal Endoscopic Screening Interval for Early Detection of Gastric Cancer: a Single-Center Study. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e166. [PMID: 29853821 PMCID: PMC5976893 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal endoscopic screening interval for early gastric cancer (EGC) detection still remains controversial. Thus, we performed this prospective study to clarify the optimal interval between endoscopic examinations for EGC detection. METHODS A questionnaire survey for penultimate endoscopy and gastric cancer (GC) diagnosis interval was used; the findings were then analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to GC type and endoscopic examinations intervals. RESULTS A total of 843 patients were enrolled. The endoscopic GC detection interval (P < 0.001), tumor location (P < 0.001), tumor size (P < 0.001), histology (P < 0.001), tumor stage (P < 0.001), and treatment modality (P < 0.001) showed significant differences in the univariate analysis between EGC and advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Endoscopic examination intervals below 2 years and 3 years were associated with higher proportions of EGC detection (adjusted odds ratio, 2.458 and 3.022, respectively) (P < 0.001). The patients with endoscopic examination to GC diagnosis interval of < 2 years showed significant differences in tumor size (P < 0.001), tumor stage (P < 0.001), and treatment modality (P < 0.001) compared to those with intervals of > 2 years and without screening. Similar results were observed in those with < 3-year intervals. CONCLUSION Triennial endoscopic screening might be as effective as biennial screening in increasing the detection rate of EGC and the risk of subsequent curable endoscopic resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong Woo Jeon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su Youn Nam
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seong Jae Yeo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Jik Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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Mun YG, Choi MG, Lim CH, Lee HH, Kang DH, Park JM, Song KY. Factors Affecting Endoscopic Curative Resection of Gastric Cancer in the Population-Based Screening Era. Clin Endosc 2018; 51:478-484. [PMID: 29852731 PMCID: PMC6182285 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2018.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Since population-based screening for gastric cancer in Korea was implemented, endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer has become increasingly popular. This study investigates factors affecting endoscopic curative resection of early gastric cancer in population-based screening for gastric cancer.
Methods We retrospectively reviewed data of patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer who underwent treatment at Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital. All patients completed questionnaires about clinical information, including interval between surveillance tests for gastric cancer.
Results Of 469 gastric cancer patients, 147 (31.3%) had undergone curative endoscopic resection, 260 (55.4%) had undergone curative surgical resection, and 62 (13.3%) underwent non-curative resection or were in an inoperable state. Patients with curative endoscopic resection had fewer alarm symptoms/signs than other groups. In multivariate analysis, regular surveillance endoscopy was the only factor predicting curative endoscopic resection (odds ratio [OR], 6.099; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.532–14.933). In addition, patients undergoing gastric cancer screening had a significantly higher rate of endoscopic curative resection compared with subjects who had never been screened. (1-year interval: OR, 49.969; 95% CI, 6.340–393.827, 2-year interval: OR, 15.283; 95% CI, 1.833–127.406, over 2-year interval: OR, 10.651; 95% CI, 1.248–90.871). Shorter screening test intervals were associated with higher rates of endoscopic curative resection.
Conclusions Regular surveillance testing was the independent factor predicting curative endoscopic resection of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Gwon Mun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Hyun Lim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Hee Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Myung Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo Young Song
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Li W, Jia H, Wang J, Guan H, Li Y, Zhang D, Tang Y, Wang TD, Lu S. A CD44-specific peptide, RP-1, exhibits capacities of assisting diagnosis and predicting prognosis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30063-30076. [PMID: 28415792 PMCID: PMC5444726 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis are both crucial for preventing poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC), a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), an indicator of cancer stem cells, can be specifically targeted by molecular probes and detected in tissues of GC in a large quantity. In current study we found that RP-1, a specific peptide binding to CD44 protein, exhibited the potentials of specific binding to CD44 high-expressing cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and the capacity of predicting prognosis of human GC in a microarray assay. Results showed that RP-1 was characterized by high affinity, sensitivity and specificity, and low toxicity, suggesting RP-1 could be an ideal bio-probe for accessory diagnosis of GC. Further immunohistochemical studies and statistical analysis of tissue microarray of human GC demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity of RP-1 with the monoclonal anti-CD44 antibody in the diagnosis of GC, and even proved that positive RP-1 could be an independent risk factor. Therefore, this study suggests RP-1 has the potentials of binding to CD44 protein expressed on the membrane of GC cells, and demonstrates the feasibility and reliability of its further application in molecular diagnosis and prognostic prediction of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Huan Jia
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710077, P.R.China
| | - Jichang Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Hao Guan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Yanan Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
| | - Thomas D Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710061, P.R.China
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9
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Bae JM, Kim EH. Helicobacter pylori Infection and Risk of Gastric Cancer in Korea: A Quantitative Systematic Review. J Prev Med Public Health 2017; 49:197-204. [PMID: 27499162 PMCID: PMC4977768 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In the context of the global decrease in mortality due to gastric cancer, previous studies have reported that the effect of chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on the incidence of gastric cancer varies among regions. This systematic review was conducted to investigate H. pylori as a risk factor for gastric cancer in Korea, where the incidence of gastric cancer is among the highest in the world. Methods: A search strategy was established to identify articles published in Korean as well as in English. Ultimately, we included observational studies conducted among Korean patients that designed with an age-matched and sex-matched control group that reported the odds ratio associated with H. pylori. Gastric cancer cases were subdivided into overall (OGC), cardia (CGC), non-cardia (NGC), early (EGC), advanced, intestinal (IGC), and diffuse forms of gastric cancer. Summary odds ratios (SORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in the meta-analysis using a random-effect model. Results: Eleven case-control studies were ultimately selected. H. pylori was associated with an SOR of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.29 to 2.54) for OGC. Additionally, statistically significant risks were observed for CGC, NGC, EGC, and IGC. Conclusions: Chronic H. pylori infection was found to raise the risk of gastric cancer among Koreans, with the highest risk observed for CGC and EGC (SOR=2.88 for both). Follow-up clinical epidemiologic studies are needed to assess the effects of current treatments aimed at eradicating H. pylori infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Myon Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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10
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Li Y, Chen Y. Related factors of postoperative gallstone formation after distal gastrectomy: A meta-analysis. Indian J Cancer 2017; 54:43-46. [DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_91_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Kim HW, Kim JH, Lim BJ, Kim H, Kim H, Park JJ, Youn YH, Park H, Noh SH, Kim JW, Choi SH. Sex Disparity in Gastric Cancer: Female Sex is a Poor Prognostic Factor for Advanced Gastric Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:4344-4351. [PMID: 27469120 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is higher in males than females. Specifically, signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is more frequently observed in younger female patients. However, limited information focused on sex-specific differences in GC has been reported. The aim of our study was to analyze clinicopathological differences between sex groups to reveal sex disparities in GC. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 4722 patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy (females: 1586 (33.6 %); males: 3136 (66.4 %), and analyzed clinicopathological features between these sex groups. The overall survival (OS) rate was investigated between the two sex groups, with special reference to the pathologic World Health Organization GC classifications. Immunohistochemistry staining of sex hormone receptors, including the estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ER-β, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor, was performed according to sex and pathological classification. RESULTS Female patients were significantly associated with a younger age, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and SRC compared with males. Female patients showed a significantly poorer OS than male patients, especially among those with advanced GC (AGC) aged ≤45 years. In females with AGC, those with SRC had a significantly poorer OS than those with other histologies. Moreover, the expression of ER-β was different between females and males with SRC. CONCLUSIONS Females with GC were significantly younger and had a different SRC histology compared with males. Furthermore, females had significantly poorer prognostic factors among young patients with SRC. Thus, young female GC patients with SRC are a main target group in which to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jie-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - HyunKi Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Jun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Youn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Wu JT, Zhou J, Naidoo N, Yang WY, Lin XC, Wang P, Ding JQ, Wu CB, Zhou HJ. Determining the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic surveillance for gastric cancer in patients with precancerous lesions. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2016; 12:359-368. [PMID: 27452189 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the optimal strategy for gastric cancer (GC) prevention by evaluating the cost-effectiveness of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)-based preventive strategies. METHODS We conducted a model-based cost-effectiveness analysis. Adopting a healthcare payer's perspective, Markov models simulated the clinical experience of the target population (Singaporean Chinese 50-69 years old) undergoing endoscopic screening, endoscopic surveillance and usual care of do-nothing. The screening strategy examined the cohort every alternate year whereas the surveillance strategy provided annual EGD only to people with precancerous lesions. For each strategy, discounted lifetime costs ($) and quality adjusted life years (QALY) were estimated and compared to generate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify influential parameters and quantify the impact of model uncertainties. RESULTS Annual EGD surveillance with an ICER of $34 200/QALY was deemed cost-effective for GC prevention within the Singapore healthcare system. To inform implementation, the models identified six influential factors and their respective thresholds, namely discount rate (<4.20%), age of starting surveillance (>51.6 years), proportion of program cost in delivering endoscopy (<65%), cost of follow-up EGD (<$484), utility of stage 1 GC patients (>0.72) and odds ratio of GC for high-risk subjects (>3.93). The likelihood that surveillance is the most cost-effective strategy is 69.5% accounting for model uncertainties. CONCLUSION Endoscopic surveillance of gastric premalignancies can be a cost-effective strategy for GC prevention. Its implementation requires careful assessment on factors influencing the actual cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tong Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Jun Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Nasheen Naidoo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wen Yu Yang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Xiao Cheng Lin
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Qin Ding
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Chen Bin Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Fuzhou General Hospital, Pu Tian City Fu Jian province, PR China
| | - Hui Jun Zhou
- Pharmacy and Therapeutics Office, Group Corporate Development, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
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13
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Chen Q, Yu L, Hao CQ, Wang JW, Liu SZ, Zhang M, Zhang SK, Guo LW, Quan PL, Zhao N, Zhang YW, Sun XB. Effectiveness of endoscopic gastric cancer screening in a rural area of Linzhou, China: results from a case-control study. Cancer Med 2016; 5:2615-22. [PMID: 27367362 PMCID: PMC5055188 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, a large burden of gastric cancer has remained, and endoscopic screening was expected to reduce gastric cancer mortality. Therefore, a population‐based case–control study was conducted to evaluate the screening effect. The gastric cancer screening program was initiated in Linzhou in the year 2005, and endoscopic examination with indicative biopsy, for residents aged 40–69 years, was used to detect early cancer and precancerous lesion. In this study, cases were defined as individuals who had died of gastric cancer, which were selected from Linzhou Cancer Registry database. Controls were residents (six per case), who had not died of gastric cancer, from the same area as the case, and matched by gender and age (±2 years). The exposure status, whether cases and controls ever attended the screening or not, was acquired by inspecting the well‐documented screening records. Conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). A total of 313 cases and 1876 controls were included in our analysis. Compared with subjects who never participated in screening, the overall OR for individuals who ever participated in screening was 0.72(95% CI: 0.54–0.97). The OR for lag time 4 years or longer was 0.68(95% CI: 0.47–0.98) and the OR for those who were aged 50–59 years were 0.56 (0.37–0.85). The results suggest a 28% reduction in risk of gastric cancer mortality by endoscopic screening, which may have significant implications for gastric cancer screening in rural areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Linzhou Cancer Registry, Linzhou Cancer Hospital, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Chang-Qing Hao
- Linzhou Cancer Registry, Linzhou Cancer Hospital, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Jin-Wu Wang
- Linzhou Cancer Registry, Linzhou Cancer Hospital, Linzhou, 456500, China
| | - Shu-Zheng Liu
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Shao-Kai Zhang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Lan-Wei Guo
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Pei-Liang Quan
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | - Ya-Wei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, 60 College Street, LEPH 440, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520
| | - Xi-Bin Sun
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Henan Cancer Hospital/Institute, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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14
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Paik KH, Lee JC, Kim HW, Kang J, Lee YS, Hwang JH, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Kim J. Risk Factors for Gallstone Formation in Resected Gastric Cancer Patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3157. [PMID: 27082555 PMCID: PMC4839799 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported increased incidence of gallstone formation after gastrectomy. However, there were few reports about factors other than surgical technique. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spectrum of risk factors of gallstone formation after gastrectomy. From June 2003 to December 2008, 1480 patients who underwent gastrectomy due to gastric cancer but had no gallstones before surgery were identified. Electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Gallstones were assessed by computerized tomography or ultrasound performed as surveillance for recurrence. There were 987 men (66.7%) and the median age was 59.0 years. The median follow-up period was 47.0 months. According to the surgical technique, 754 (50.9%), 459 (31.1%), and 267 (18.0%) underwent subtotal gastrectomy with Billroth I (STG B-I) and Billroth II (STG B-II) anastomosis, and total gastrectomy (TG). Within the follow-up period, gallstone formation occurred in 106 of 1480 patients (7.2%), the only 9 patients (0.6%) experienced symptomatic cholecystitis. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, age (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00-1.04), male (1.65, 1.02-2.67), diabetes mellitus (2.15, 1.43-3.24), ≥4% decrease of body mass index after surgery (1.66, 1.02-2.70), STG B-II (1.63, 1.03-2.57), and TG (2.35, 1.43-3.24) compared with STG B-I were associated with gallstone formation. Common bile duct stone formation occurred in 20 of 1480 patients (1.4%) and was only associated with gallstones. After gastrectomy, there were considerable numbers of patients with newly developed gallstones; however, prophylactic cholecystectomy should not be routinely recommended. Gastrectomy (STG B-II or TG), old age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, and decreased body mass index were associated with gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Hyun Paik
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (K-HP, J-CL, HWK, JK, J-HH, JK); Department of Surgery (SHA, DJP, H-HK), Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si; and Department of Internal Medicine (YSL), Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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15
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The Influence of Gastric Cancer Screening on the Stage at Diagnosis and Survival: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies in the Far East. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:190-7. [PMID: 26844858 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effect of gastric cancer screening on the stage at diagnosis and survival from disease. A systematic review of the literature between January 1995 and December 2014 was performed. Studies that compared screened versus nonscreened populations for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and included the stage at diagnosis were analyzed. The QUADAS-2 and the ROBANS tools were used to assess the quality of the studies. A total of 11 studies from the Far East comprising 4039 participants in the screened and 6635 in the nonscreened groups were included. Screening was associated with a significant increase in the detection of early gastric cancer (EGC) [pooled odds ratio (POR)=3.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.01-5.06; P<0.0001] and reduction in the incidence of advanced gastric cancer (POR=0.27; 95% CI, 0.20-0.35; P<0.0001). Furthermore, screening improved the 5-year survival significantly (hazard ratio=0.56; 95% CI, 0.48-0.66; P<0.0001). About 73% of the screened patients were found to have EGC compared with 43% of the nonscreened patients. About 8% of the screened patients were found to have advanced gastric cancer compared with 54% of the nonscreened patients. Screening for gastric cancer is useful in detecting asymptomatic patients with EGC in high-prevalence areas. This in turn increases the number of treatable cancers and improves the 5-year survival. There is a need for the development and the validation of alternative risk-stratification tools in low-incidence areas to allow for similar benefits.
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16
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer in the world with more than 70% of cases occur in the developing world. More than 50% of cases occur in Eastern Asia. GC is the second leading cause of cancer death in both sexes worldwide. In Asia, GC is the third most common cancer after breast and lung and is the second most common cause of cancer death after lung cancer. Although the incidence and mortality rates are slowly declining in many countries of Asia, GC still remains a significant public health problem. The incidence and mortality varies according to the geographic area in Asia. These variations are closely related to the prevalence of GC risk factors; especially Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and its molecular virulent characteristics. The gradual and consistent improvements in socioeconomic conditions in Asia have lowered the H. pylori seroprevalence rates leading to a reduction in the GC incidence. However, GC remains a significant public health and an economic burden in Asia. There has been no recent systemic review of GC incidence, mortality, and H. pylori molecular epidemiology in Asia. The aim of this report is to review the GC incidence, mortality, and linkage to H. pylori in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubayat Rahman
- Rubayat Rahman, Akwi W Asombang, Jamal A Ibdah, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Akwi W Asombang
- Rubayat Rahman, Akwi W Asombang, Jamal A Ibdah, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Jamal A Ibdah
- Rubayat Rahman, Akwi W Asombang, Jamal A Ibdah, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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17
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Li D, Yuan Y, Sun LP, Fang X, Zhou BS. Health economics evaluation of a gastric cancer early detection and treatment program in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5133-6. [PMID: 25040963 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.13.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use health economics methodology to assess the screening program on gastric cancer in Zhuanghe, China, so as to provide the basis for health decision on expanding the program of early detection and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expense of an early detection and treatment program for gastric cancer in patients found by screening, and also costs of traditional treatment in a hospital of Zhuanghe were assessed. Three major techniques of medical economics, namely cost-effective analysis (CEA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA), were used to assess the screening program. RESULTS RESULTS from CEA showed that investing every 25, 235 Yuan on screening program in Zhuanghe area, one gastric cancer patient could be saved. Data from CUA showed that it was cost 1, 370 Yuan per QALY saved. RESULTS from CBA showed that: the total cost was 1,945,206 Yuan with a benefit as 8,669,709 Yuan and an CBR of 4.46. CONCLUSIONS The early detection and treatment program of gastric cancer appears economic and society-beneficial. We suggest that it should be carry out in more high risk areas for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China E-mail :
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18
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Park HA, Nam SY, Lee SK, Kim SG, Shim KN, Park SM, Lee SY, Han HS, Shin YM, Kim KM, Lee KJ, Lee TY, Choi IJ, Hong SS, Kim JW, Lee YJ, Kim SY, Kim Y, Lee WC, Chung IK. The Korean guideline for gastric cancer screening. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2015. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2015.58.5.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ah Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Youn Nam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Kil Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Gyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Nam Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Han
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Moon Shin
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jae Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seong Sook Hong
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Kim
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yoon Jae Lee
- Department of Oriental Gynecology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeol Kim
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Won-Chul Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Kwun Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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19
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Liu L, Yin J, Liu C, Guan G, Shi D, Wang X, Xu B, Tian Z, Zhao J, Nie Y, Wang B, Liang S, Wu K, Ding J. In vivo molecular imaging of gastric cancer in human-murine xenograft models with confocal laser endomicroscopy using a tumor vascular homing peptide. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:891-8. [PMID: 25449775 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The early detection of premalignant lesions and cancers are very important for improving the survival of patients with gastric malignancies. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a novel imaging tool for achieving real-time microscopy during the ongoing endoscopy at subcellular resolution. In the present study, to evaluate the feasibility of real-time molecular imaging of GEBP11 by CLE in gastric cancer, CLE was performed on two types of tumor-bearing mice models, as well as surgical specimens of patients with gastric cancer, after the application of GEBP11. A whole-body fluorescent imaging device was first used to screen for the strongest specific fluorescent signal in xenograft models. Next, the tumor sites, as well as human tissues, were scanned with CLE. After this, targeted specimens were obtained for fluorescence microscopy and histology. We confirmed that GEBP11 could specifically bind to co-HUVECs by means of CLE in cell experiments. Thereafter, a specific signal was observed in both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models in vivo after the injection of FITC-GEBP11 via tail vein, whereas the group injected with FITC-URP showed no fluorescent signals. In human tissues, a specific signal of GEBP11 was observed in 26/28 neoplastic specimens and in 8/28 samples of non-neoplastic specimens from the patients (p < 0.01). The findings from ex vivo immunofluorescence microscopy of cryostat sections correlated well with that obtained by CLE. These findings indicate that the peptide, GEBP11, might be a potential candidate for the molecular imaging of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jipeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guofeng Guan
- Orthopaedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Doufei Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biaoluo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuhui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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20
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Park CH, Kim EH, Chung H, Lee H, Park JC, Shin SK, Lee YC, An JY, Kim HI, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Noh SH, Kim CB, Lee SK. The optimal endoscopic screening interval for detecting early gastric neoplasms. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80:253-9. [PMID: 24613579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal interval between endoscopic examinations for detecting early gastric neoplasms, including gastric adenomas, has not previously been studied. OBJECTIVE To clarify the optimal interval between endoscopic examinations for the early diagnosis of both gastric cancers and adenomas. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING University-affiliated tertiary-care hospital, Seoul, Korea. PATIENTS Patients who were treated for gastric neoplasms between January 2008 and August 2013. INTERVENTIONS Questionnaire survey for interval between the penultimate endoscopy and diagnosis of a gastric neoplasm. A total of 846 patients were divided into 5 groups according to the interval between endoscopic examinations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The proportion of gastric neoplasms treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection and the proportion of advanced gastric cancers according to the interval between endoscopic examinations. RESULTS In total, 197, 430, and 219 patients were diagnosed with gastric adenoma, early gastric cancer, and advanced gastric cancer, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the proportion of gastric neoplasms treated with endoscopic submucosal dissection was significantly higher in the ≤12 months, 12 to 24 months, and 24 to 36 months endoscopy interval groups than in the no endoscopy within 5 years group (all P < .001). In addition, the proportion of advanced gastric cancers was significantly lower in the ≤12 months and 12 to 24 months endoscopy interval groups than in the no endoscopy within 5 years group (all P < .001). LIMITATIONS Retrospective study and recall bias. CONCLUSION Annual endoscopy cannot facilitate the detection of endoscopically treatable gastric neoplasms compared with biennial or triennial endoscopy. We recommend biennial endoscopic screening for gastric neoplasms in order to increase the proportion of lesions discovered while they are still endoscopically treatable and to reduce the number of lesions that progress to advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hyuk Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwan Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeong An
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Hyung
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Noh
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Bae Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kil Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Rosa F, Alfieri S, Tortorelli AP, Fiorillo C, Costamagna G, Doglietto GB. Trends in clinical features, postoperative outcomes, and long-term survival for gastric cancer: a Western experience with 1,278 patients over 30 years. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:217. [PMID: 25030691 PMCID: PMC4114092 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to identify temporal trends in long-term survival and postoperative outcomes and to analyze prognostic factors influencing the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer (GC) treated in a 30-year interval in a tertiary referral Western institution. METHODS Between January 1980 and December 2010, 1,278 patients who were diagnosed with GC at the Digestive Surgery Department, Catholic University of Rome, Italy, were identified. Among them, 936 patients underwent surgical resection and were included in the analysis. RESULTS Over time there was a significant improvement in postoperative outcomes. Morbidity and mortality rates decreased to 19.4% and 1.6%, respectively, in the last decade. By contrast, the multivisceral resection rate steadily increased from 12.7% to 29.6%. The overall five-year survival rate steadily increased over time, reaching 51% in the last decade, and 64.5% for R0 resections. Multivariate analysis showed a higher probability of overall survival for early stages (I and II), extended lymphadenectomy, and R0 resections. CONCLUSIONS Over three decades there was a significant improvement in perioperative and postoperative care and a steady increase in overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Rosa
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Catholic University, "A, Gemelli" Hospital, Largo A, Gemelli, 8, Rome 00168, Italy.
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Zhou HJ, Dan YY, Naidoo N, Li SC, Yeoh KG. A cost-effectiveness analysis evaluating endoscopic surveillance for gastric cancer for populations with low to intermediate risk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83959. [PMID: 24386314 PMCID: PMC3873968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) surveillance based on oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) appears to be a promising strategy for GC prevention. By evaluating the cost-effectiveness of endoscopic surveillance in Singaporean Chinese, this study aimed to inform the implementation of such a program in a population with a low to intermediate GC risk. METHODS USING A REFERENCE STRATEGY OF NO OGD INTERVENTION, WE EVALUATED FOUR STRATEGIES: 2-yearly OGD surveillance, annual OGD surveillance, 2-yearly OGD screening and 2-yearly screening plus annual surveillance in Singaporean Chinese aged 50-69 years. From a perspective of the healthcare system, Markov models were built to simulate the life experience of the target population. The models projected discounted lifetime costs ($), quality adjusted life year (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) indicating the cost-effectiveness of each strategy against a Singapore willingness-to-pay of $46,200/QALY. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to identify the influential variables and their associated thresholds, and to quantify the influence of parameter uncertainties respectively. RESULTS With an ICER of $44,098/QALY, the annual OGD surveillance was the optimal strategy while the 2-yearly surveillance was the most cost-effective strategy (ICER = $25,949/QALY). The screening-based strategies were either extendedly dominated or cost-ineffective. The cost-effectiveness heterogeneity of the four strategies was observed across age-gender subgroups. Eight influential parameters were identified each with their specific thresholds to define the choice of optimal strategy. Accounting for the model uncertainties, the probability that the annual surveillance is the optimal strategy in Singapore was 44.5%. CONCLUSION Endoscopic surveillance is potentially cost-effective in the prevention of GC for populations at low to intermediate risk. Regarding program implementation, a detailed analysis of influential factors and their associated thresholds is necessary. Multiple strategies should be considered in order to recommend the right strategy for the right population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nasheen Naidoo
- School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shu Chuen Li
- Discipline of Pharmacy & Experimental Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Cho E, Kang MH, Choi KS, Suh M, Jun JK, Park EC. Cost-effectiveness outcomes of the national gastric cancer screening program in South Korea. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:2533-40. [PMID: 23725170 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although screening is necessary where gastric cancer is particularly common in Asia, the performance outcomes of mass screening programs have remained unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate cost-effectiveness outcomes of the national cancer screening program (NCSP) for gastric cancer in South Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS People aged 40 years or over during 2002-2003 (baseline) were the target population. Screening recipients and patients diagnosed with gastric cancers were identified using the NCSP and Korea Central Cancer Registry databases. Clinical outcomes were measured in terms of mortality and life-years saved (LYS) of gastric cancer patients during 7 years based on merged data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and National Statistical Office. We considered direct, indirect, and productivity-loss costs associated with screening attendance. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimates were produced according to screening method, sex, and age group compared to non-screening. RESULTS The age-adjusted ICER for survival was 260,201,000-371,011,000 Korean Won (KW; 1USD=1,088 KW) for the upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) tract over non-screening. Endoscopy ICERs were lower (119,099,000-178,700,000 KW/survival) than UGI. To increase 1 life-year, additional costs of approximately 14,466,000-15,014,000 KW and 8,817,000-9,755,000 KW were required for UGI and endoscopy, respectively. Endoscopy was the most cost-effective strategy for males and females. With regard to sensitivity analyses varying based on the upper age limit, endoscopy NCSP was dominant for both males and females. For males, an upper limit of age 75 or 80 years could be considered. ICER estimates for LYS indicate that the gastric cancer screening program in Korea is cost-effective. CONCLUSION Endoscopy should be recommended as a first-line method in Korea because it is beneficial among the Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Uedo N, Yao K, Ishihara R. Screening and treating intermediate lesions to prevent gastric cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013; 42:317-35. [PMID: 23639643 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Early gastric cancer is defined as adenocarcinoma confined to the mucosa or submucosa irrespective of lymph node involvement. In Japan, mucosal high-grade neoplasia is diagnosed as intramucosal early gastric cancer. Some early gastric cancers progress to advanced gastric cancer after several years of follow-up. Image-enhanced endoscopy (chromoendoscopy), narrow-band imaging, and magnifying endoscopy increase the diagnostic yield in characterizing early gastric cancer. Endoscopic resection of intramucosal early gastric cancer with endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection is currently performed in East Asian countries to prevent the development of advanced gastric cancer and preserve patients' quality of life after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriya Uedo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan.
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Chang HS, Park EC, Chung W, Nam CM, Choi KS, Cho E, Cho WH. Comparing endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal X-ray for gastric cancer screening in South Korea: a cost-utility analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2721-8. [PMID: 22938448 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data evaluating the cost-effectiveness of gastric cancer screening using endoscopy or upper gastrointestinal x-ray in the general population. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost- effectiveness of population-based screening for gastric cancer in South Korea by decision analysis. METHODS A time-dependent Markov model for gastric cancer was constructed for healthy adults 30 years of age and older, and a deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Cost-utility analysis with multiple strategies was conducted to compare the costs and effects of 13 different screening alternatives with respect to the following eligibility criteria: age at the beginning of screening, screening interval, and screening method. The main outcome measurement was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS The results revealed that annual endoscopic screening from ages 50-80 was the most cost-effective for the male population. In the females, biennial endoscopy screening from ages 50-80 was calculated as the most cost-effective strategy among the 12 screening alternatives. The most cost-effective screening strategy may be adjustable according to the screening costs and the distribution of cancer stage at screening. The limitation was that effectiveness data were obtained from published sources. CONCLUSIONS Using the threshold of $19,162 per quality-adjusted life year on the basis of the Korean gross domestic product (2008), as suggested by the World Health Organization, endoscopic gastric cancer screening starting at the age of 50 years was highly cost-effective in the Korean population. The national recommendation for gastric cancer screening should consider the starting age of screening, the screening interval, and the screening modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo-Sun Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Sung JJY, Ng EKW, Lin JT, Ho KY, Ji JF, Sugano K, Poon RTP, Chan ATC, Goh KL, Han KH, Chen LLT, Wu KC, Ng SSM, Bresalier RS, Chan FKL. Digestive cancer management in Asia: position statements: a report on GI Oncology Summit in 2011. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1417-22. [PMID: 22694174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM With the rising incidence of digestive cancers in the Asia Pacific region and the advancement in diagnosis, management and palliation in these conditions, the clinical burden on oncologists is ever increasing. This Summit meeting was called to discuss the optimal management of digestive cancers and the role of Gastroenterologists. METHOD Experts from Asia Pacific countries in the fields of medical, oncologic, surgical and endoscopic management of cancers in the esophagus, stomach, colon/rectum and the liver reviewed the literature and their practice. 18 position statements were drafted, debated and voted. RESULTS It was agreed that the burden on GI cancer is increasing. More research will be warranted on chemotherapy, chemoprevention, cost-effectiveness of treatment and nutrition. Cancer management guidelines should be developed in this region when more clinical data are available. In order to improve care to patients, a multi-disciplinary team coordinated by a "cancer therapist" is proposed. This cancer therapist can be a gastroenterologist, a surgeon or any related discipline who have acquired core competence training. This training should include an attachment in a center-of-excellence in cancer management for no less than 12 months. CONCLUSION The management of GI cancer should be an integrated multi-disciplinary approach and training for GI cancer therapists should be provided for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Shin WG, Kim HU, Song HJ, Hong SJ, Shim KN, Sung IK, Kim JG. Surveillance strategy of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in a country with a high prevalence of gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2012; 57:746-52. [PMID: 21984437 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear which screening examinations are best suited for gastric cancer prevention, especially in patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Therefore, we investigated the gastric cancer screening methods and intervals that are performed in clinical practice in an area with a high prevalence of gastric cancer. METHODS Eighty-seven physicians voted by keypad and discussed the consistency of endoscopic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at the Annual Symposium of the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research. Additionally, 100 core members of this academic society were asked via e-mail to complete the questionnaires related to screening strategies for gastric cancer. RESULTS The most common recommendation for the subjects with intestinal metaplasia was an annual endoscopic follow-up (95.5% vs. 80.4% in the expert and non-expert groups, respectively; P = 0.118). Annual endoscopic follow-up was also the most predominant recommendation for atrophic gastritis (95.5% vs. 76.5%; P = 0.092), regardless of the physicians' endoscopic experience, position, and degree of the hospital. However, the correct answer rate for the diagnosis of normal endoscopic findings was only 16.7 and 14.1% in the expert and non-expert groups, respectively (P = 0.883). CONCLUSIONS The most common practical screening strategy for patients with atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia in Korea was annual endoscopic examination. However, a new program estimating individualized gastric cancer risk might be needed because of the low inter-observer agreement in the endoscopic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Geon Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lee HY, Lim SM, Han MA, Jun JK, Choi KS, Hahm MI, Park EC. Assessment of participant satisfaction with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in South Korea. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4124-9. [PMID: 22039328 PMCID: PMC3203365 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i36.4124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To measure the perceived satisfaction with gastric cancer screening as part of the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) in South Korea.
METHODS: Data were derived from the participants in a satisfaction survey of the Quality Evaluation of National Cancer Screening in 2009. This is a population-based nationwide telephone survey of participants who were screened by the NCSP between May and October 2009. This study included 4412 participants who provided full sets of data and who had upper endoscopies for the purpose of gastric cancer screening.
RESULTS: The negative appraisal percentages for each of the seven questions were as follows: explanation in preparation for the upper endoscopy, 12.3%; explanation about the process and procedure of the upper endoscopy, 13.8%; explanation about any pain or discomfort related to the upper endoscopy, 27.5%; level of pain during the procedure, 30.3%; physical environment, 16.2%; manner of the staff, 11.2%, and privacy protection, 8.8%.
CONCLUSION: The critical issues identified by the Pareto analysis include the adequacy of the explanation about any pain or discomfort associated with the upper endoscopy and the level of pain experienced during the procedure.
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Lee HY, Park EC, Jun JK, Hahm MI, Jung KW, Kim Y, Han MA, Choi KS. Trends in socioeconomic disparities in organized and opportunistic gastric cancer screening in Korea (2005-2009). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1919-26. [PMID: 20647409 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growth of consensus and increasing activities related to organized cancer screening programs has occurred in Korea since 1999. It is important to assess disparities in the fight against cancer, and it is crucial to identify particular groups that may be experiencing a high burden of cancer-related illness. METHODS Data from 8,160 men and women ages >40 years from the 2005 to 2009 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey were used to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic position and receiving upper gastrointestinal series or upper endoscopy within the past 2 years. We used absolute and relative concentration indexes, that is, summary measures of disparity based on both rate differences and rate ratios. RESULTS For organized screening, the education disparity declined, but the income disparity index increased, indicating that participation in organized screening was relatively more concentrated among the lower-income groups. For opportunistic screening, income and education disparities increased due to the widening of socioeconomic differences. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggested progress toward socioeconomic disparity-related goals in organized screening for gastric cancer. However, the income disparity trends in organized screening may change in a manner similar to those in opportunistic screening in the future because of the much faster rate of organized screening uptake by those higher on the socioeconomic scale. IMPACT This study addresses the routine monitoring of coverage of screening among different socioeconomic groups and could be used to inform policies to reduce disparity in coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo-Yeon Lee
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 111 Jungbalsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Effect of repeated endoscopic screening on the incidence and treatment of gastric cancer in health screenees. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21:855-60. [PMID: 19369882 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e328318ed42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early gastric cancer (EGC) can be treated by minimally invasive endoscopic resection and has an excellent prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether repeated esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) screening is an effective method for detecting EGC that can be treated by endoscopic resection. METHODS For patients diagnosed with gastric cancer in the Korean National Cancer Center screening program, we analyzed the incidence of gastric cancer, clinicopathological characteristics, and treatment modality according to whether they had (repeated screening group) or not (infrequent screening group) undergone EGD screening within 2 years before diagnosis. RESULTS Of the 18,414 patients who underwent EGD, 81 (0.44%) were found to have gastric cancer. Incidence of gastric cancer in repeated screening group was lower than that of infrequent screening group (multiple adjusted odds ratio=0.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.26-0.77, P=0.004). The proportion of EGCs was 96% (25 of 26) n the repeated screening group and 71% (34 of 48) in the infrequent screening group (P=0.01). Mean (SD) tumor size was smaller [1.9 (1.2) vs. 3.0 (1.6) cm, P=0.01] and the proportion of intramucosal cancer was higher [81% (21 of 26) vs. 50% (24 of 48), P=0.02] in the former than in the latter. Endoscopic resection was performed more frequently in the repeated screening group [54% (14 of 26) vs. 23% (11 of 48), P=0.007]. CONCLUSION Repeated endoscopic screening within 2 years decreased the incidence of gastric cancer and endoscopic resection could be applied to more patients who underwent EGD screening within 2 years.
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Talley NJ, Fock KM, Moayyedi P. Gastric Cancer Consensus conference recommends Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment in asymptomatic persons from high-risk populations to prevent gastric cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103:510-4. [PMID: 18341483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma remains a common cause of death worldwide, and there is convincing evidence that this cancer is causally linked to Helicobacter pylori. The first Asian-Pacific Gastric Cancer Consensus brought together leading authorities in the field including the authors, and systematically reviewed all of the available evidence for the role of H. pylori, diet and other risk factors in this malignancy. The consensus conference boldly recommended population-based screening and treatment for H. pylori in particularly high-risk population settings. The evidence for these recommendations is summarized in this report, and the global and U.S. implications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Talley
- Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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Fock KM, Talley N, Moayyedi P, Hunt R, Azuma T, Sugano K, Xiao SD, Lam SK, Goh KL, Chiba T, Uemura N, Kim JG, Kim N, Ang TL, Mahachai V, Mitchell H, Rani AA, Liou JM, Vilaichone RK, Sollano J. Asia-Pacific consensus guidelines on gastric cancer prevention. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:351-65. [PMID: 18318820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Gastric cancer is a major health burden in the Asia-Pacific region but consensus on prevention strategies has been lacking. We aimed to critically evaluate strategies for preventing gastric cancer. METHODS A multidisciplinary group developed consensus statements using a Delphi approach. Relevant data were presented, and the quality of evidence, strength of recommendation, and level of consensus were graded. RESULTS Helicobacter pylori infection is a necessary but not sufficient causal factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinoma. A high intake of salt is strongly associated with gastric cancer. Fresh fruits and vegetables are protective but the use of vitamins and other dietary supplements does not prevent gastric cancer. Host-bacterial interaction in H. pylori infection results in different patterns of gastritis and differences in gastric acid secretion which determine disease outcome. A positive family history of gastric cancer is an important risk factor. Low serum pepsinogens reflect gastric atrophy and may be useful as a marker to identify populations at high risk for gastric cancer. H. pylori screening and treatment is a recommended gastric cancer risk reduction strategy in high-risk populations. H. pylori screening and treatment is most effective before atrophic gastritis has developed. It does not exclude the existing practice of gastric cancer surveillance in high-risk populations. In populations at low risk for gastric cancer, H. pylori screening is not recommended. First-line treatment of H. pylori infection should be in accordance with national treatment guidelines. CONCLUSION A strategy of H. pylori screening and eradication in high-risk populations will probably reduce gastric cancer incidence, and based on current evidence is recommended by consensus.
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Kim SY, Lee YJ, Park EH, Yi HK, Jo DS, Kim JS, Hwang PH. Capsaicin induced apoptosis and the enhanced anticancer effect of anticancer drugs in cancer cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - You Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ho Keun Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Pyoung Han Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Ha TK, An JY, Youn HG, Noh JH, Sohn TS, Kim S. Surgical outcome of synchronous second primary cancer in patients with gastric cancer. Yonsei Med J 2007; 48:981-7. [PMID: 18159590 PMCID: PMC2628194 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2007.48.6.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to improve the likelihood of curative and safe gastric surgery, this study investigated the clinical features and surgical outcomes of gastric cancer with a synchronous cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The clinicopathological data of 10,090 gastric cancer patients at Samsung Medical Center from September 1994 to December 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. Of them, 90 patients with gastric cancer and a synchronous second primary cancer underwent simultaneous surgery for gastric cancer and second primary cancer. The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients, surgical outcome, and prognosis were examined. RESULTS The most common synchronous second primary cancer was colorectal cancer (37 patients), followed by hepatocellular carcinoma (13 patients), renal cell carcinoma (11 patients), and pancreatic carcinoma (5 patients). The incidence of a second primary cancer in the gastric cancer patients was higher than the incidence in the general population. Stage I gastric cancer patients had more synchronous cancers than stage II patients (59 vs. 31). Postoperative complications were encountered in 7 patients. Four patients underwent reoperation. Two patients died from hepatic failure and leakage of esophagojejunal anastomosis. The 5-year survival rate of stage I and II gastric cancer was 61% and 39%, respectively. CONCLUSION Since gastric cancer patients with a synchronous second primary cancer are not rare, the possibility of synchronous cancers in gastric cancer patients should be considered. The prognosis of early stage gastric cancer patients with a synchronous second primary cancer was influenced more by the presence of the second primary cancer than by the gastric cancer itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Ha
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeong An
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Geun Youn
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyung Noh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Population endoscopic screening for gastric cancer is generally deemed not to be cost-effective except in Japan, where its prevalence is very high. However, in the absence of screening, patients present with advanced disease, and prognosis is poor. We conducted a cost utility analysis to determine whether endoscopic screening for stomach cancer in intermediate-risk population would be cost-effective and to better define the high-risk groups in the population who would benefit from such strategy. METHODS Cost-effectiveness analysis was performed by using a Markov Model. Simulation was performed on Singapore (intermediate-risk) population and various high-risk subgroups. Comparison was made between 2-yearly endoscopic mass screening program versus no screening. Data sources were extracted from relevant studies published from 1980-2004 identified via systematic PUBMED search. Main outcome measures were deaths caused by stomach cancer averted, cost per life saved, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved. RESULTS Screening of high-risk group of Chinese men (age-standardized rate, 25.9/100,000) from 50-70 years old is highly cost-effective, with cost benefit of United States $26,836 per QALY. Screening this cohort of 199,000 subjects prevents 743 stomach cancer deaths and saves 8234 absolute life years. Cost of averting 1 cancer death is United States $247,600. Cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to incidence of stomach cancer and cost of screening endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS Screening of stomach cancer in moderate to high-risk population subgroups is cost-effective. Targeted screening strategies for stomach cancer should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yock Young Dan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
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Choi Y, Gwack J, Kim Y, Bae J, Jun JK, Ko KP, Yoo KY. Long term trends and the future gastric cancer mortality in Korea: 1983~2013. Cancer Res Treat 2006; 38:7-12. [PMID: 19771252 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2006.38.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In spite of gastric cancer's decreasing incidence and mortality rates, it is still the most common cancer in Korea. In the present study, we examined the temporal trends of gastric cancer mortality during the past 20 years in Korea by using an age-period-cohort model, and we predicted the mortality rates for the next 10 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on the annual number of deaths due to gastric cancer and data on population statistics from 1984 to 2003 were obtained from the Korean National Statistical Office. A log-linear Poisson age-period-cohort model was used to estimate age, period and birth cohort effects. To project two periods (10 years) into the future, the new cohort values were estimated by performing linear regression that was applied to a chosen number of the most recent cohort values. RESULTS The trends of gastric cancer mortality were predominantly explained by the cohort effect; the risk of gastric cancer death decreased since the 1919 birth cohort for both genders. The predicted, expected age-adjusted mortality rates per 100,000 for males and females are 45.74 [corrected] and 23.70 [corrected] respectively, during 2004~2008, and 27.77 [corrected] and 14.92 [corrected] respectively, during 2009~2013. During 2004~2008 and 2009~2013, the predicted numbers of deaths due to gastric cancer in males are 36,940 [corrected] and 27,967 [corrected], respectively, whereas those in females are 19,658 [corrected] and 14,843 [corrected], respectively. CONCLUSIONS Not only the mortality, but also the incidence of gastric cancer in Korea is expected to further decrease in both men and women if the trends of the past 20 years continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Han JY, Son H, Lee WC, Choi BG. The correlation between gastric cancer screening method and the clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2004; 20:265-69. [PMID: 14514976 DOI: 10.1385/mo:20:3:265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2003] [Accepted: 03/22/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A gastric cancer (GC) screening program using gastrofiberscopy (GFS) or double contrast upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS), as a public policy, has been used in Korea since 1996. The aim of this study was to assess whether there have been major changes in clinicopathologic features of GC by introducing GC screening. METHOD We reviewed the medical records of 1478 consecutive patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy between 1989 and 1999. Patients were divided into two groups: group I (before GC screening), 1989-1995 (n = 840), and group II (after GC screening), 1996-1999 (n = 638). RESULTS After employment of GC screening, the incidence of early cancer was significantly increased (21% vs 13%, p < 0.0001). During these years, the proportion of patients using GFS as the first diagnostic procedure and the relative frequency of intestinal-type GC increased significantly (63% vs 84%, 0.6 vs 1.2, respectively, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that GC screening is effective for early detection of GC. Furthermore, the preferred screening method of GC can attribute the clinicopathologic features of GC.</p>
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Han
- Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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Lee SA, Kang D, Shim KN, Choe JW, Hong WS, Choi H. Effect of diet and Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of early gastric cancer. J Epidemiol 2003; 13:162-8. [PMID: 12749604 PMCID: PMC9634054 DOI: 10.2188/jea.13.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of dietary habits and Helicobacter pylori infection with early gastric cancer is still unclear. METHODS A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Korea. Sixty-nine patients were newly diagnosed as having early gastric cancer at the Division of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, and 199 healthy subjects who visited the Health Promotion Center of the this same hospital for annual health examinations were selected as controls. Helicobacter pylori infection status was assayed by ELISA, and information for dietary habits was obtained by interview using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Preference for salty taste was also evaluated using a sensitive test. RESULTS H. pylori seropositivity was observed in 88% of cases, as compared with 75% of controls (OR = 5.3, 95% confidence interval:1.7-16.5). Adaptive salt concentration was significantly and positively associated with early gastric cancer risk (p < 0.01). Decreased risks of early gastric cancer were observed in association with intakes of clear broth, raw vegetables, fruits, fruit or vegetable juices, and soybean curds. On the other hand, a high intake of salt-fermented fish and kimchi were associated with an elevated risk of early gastric cancer. Subjects with positive H. pylori infection and a high salty preference had a 10-fold higher risk of early gastric cancer than subjects without H. pylori infection and with a low salty preference (p for interaction = 0.047). CONCLUSION Some dietary factors and H. pylori infection are significantly associated with early gastric cancer. In particular, high-salty diets may enhance the effect of H. pyori infection in gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ah Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Korea
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Kim KE. Gastric Cancer in Korean Americans: Risks and Reductions. KOREAN AND KOREAN-AMERICAN STUDIES BULLETIN 2003; 13:84-90. [PMID: 17031419 PMCID: PMC1592326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leadings cause of cancer worldwide. However, Koreans have the highest reported incidence of this deadly disease. Risk factors predisposing to the formation of gastric cancer include a combination of environmental risks, such as diet and infection (Helicobacter pylori), and, in some cases, genetic predisposition. Early screening and detection is essential to reduce gastric cancer mortality. The low prevalence and late onset of gastric cancer in Americans, compared to Korean Americans, however, has hindered our ability to risk stratify, screen, and improve early detection in Korean Americans, thereby contributing to the increasing mortality in this group. Gastric cancer control must focus on improved medical technology, in combination with community outreach, education, and awareness. Korean community services, church-based groups, media campaigns, medical communities, both academic and community based, and industry collaborations are essential to heighten awareness about gastric cancer in Korean Americans. Efforts to reduce the burden of gastric cancer in Korean Americans must focus on the dissemination of information to those most affected by the disease and those serving this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Kim
- Associate Professor and Director, Colorectal Cancer Prevention, University of Chicago
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