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Haq KT, McLean K, Salameh S, Swift LM, Posnack NG. Electroanatomical adaptations in the guinea pig heart from neonatal to adulthood. Europace 2024; 26:euae158. [PMID: 38864516 PMCID: PMC11218563 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euae158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Electroanatomical adaptations during the neonatal to adult phase have not been comprehensively studied in preclinical animal models. To explore the impact of age as a biological variable on cardiac electrophysiology, we employed neonatal and adult guinea pigs, which are a recognized animal model for developmental research. METHODS AND RESULTS Electrocardiogram recordings were collected in vivo from anaesthetized animals. A Langendorff-perfusion system was employed for the optical assessment of action potentials and calcium transients. Optical data sets were analysed using Kairosight 3.0 software. The allometric relationship between heart weight and body weight diminishes with age, it is strongest at the neonatal stage (R2 = 0.84) and abolished in older adults (R2 = 1E-06). Neonatal hearts exhibit circular activation, while adults show prototypical elliptical shapes. Neonatal conduction velocity (40.6 ± 4.0 cm/s) is slower than adults (younger: 61.6 ± 9.3 cm/s; older: 53.6 ± 9.2 cm/s). Neonatal hearts have a longer action potential duration (APD) and exhibit regional heterogeneity (left apex; APD30: 68.6 ± 5.6 ms, left basal; APD30: 62.8 ± 3.6), which was absent in adults. With dynamic pacing, neonatal hearts exhibit a flatter APD restitution slope (APD70: 0.29 ± 0.04) compared with older adults (0.49 ± 0.04). Similar restitution characteristics are observed with extrasystolic pacing, with a flatter slope in neonates (APD70: 0.54 ± 0.1) compared with adults (younger: 0.85 ± 0.4; older: 0.95 ± 0.7). Neonatal hearts display unidirectional excitation-contraction coupling, while adults exhibit bidirectionality. CONCLUSION Postnatal development is characterized by transient changes in electroanatomical properties. Age-specific patterns can influence cardiac physiology, pathology, and therapies for cardiovascular diseases. Understanding heart development is crucial to evaluating therapeutic eligibility, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi T Haq
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kate McLean
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Shatha Salameh
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Luther M Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Hospital, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Children’s National Heart Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Haq KT, McLean K, Salameh S, Swift L, Posnack NG. Electroanatomical Adaptations in the Guinea Pig Heart from Neonatal to Adulthood. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577234. [PMID: 38352347 PMCID: PMC10862765 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Electroanatomical adaptations during the neonatal to adult phase have not been comprehensively studied in preclinical animal models. To explore the impact of age as a biological variable on cardiac electrophysiology, we employed neonatal and adult guinea pigs, which are a recognized animal model for developmental research. Methods Healthy guinea pigs were categorized into three age groups (neonates, n=10; younger adults, n=13; and older adults, n=26). Electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were collected in vivo from anesthetized animals (2-3% isoflurane). A Langendorff-perfusion system was employed for optical assessment of epicardial action potentials and calcium transients, using intact excised heart preparations. Optical data sets were analyzed and metric maps were constructed using Kairosight 3.0. Results The allometric relationship between heart weight and body weight diminishes with age, as it is strongest at the neonatal stage (R 2 = 0.84) and completely abolished in older adults (R 2 = 1E-06). Neonatal hearts exhibit circular activation waveforms, while adults show prototypical elliptical shapes. Neonatal conduction velocity (40.6±4.0 cm/s) is slower than adults (younger adults: 61.6±9.3 cm/s; older adults: 53.6±9.2 cm/s). Neonatal hearts have a longer action potential duration (APD) and exhibit regional heterogeneity (left apex; APD30: 68.6±5.6 ms, left basal; APD30: 62.8±3.6), which was absent in adult epicardium. With dynamic pacing, neonatal hearts exhibit a flatter APD restitution slope (APD70: 0.29±0.04) compared to older adults (0.49±0.04). Similar restitution characteristics are observed with extrasystolic pacing, with a flatter slope in neonatal hearts (APD70: 0.54±0.1) compared to adults (Younger adults: 0.85±0.4; Older adults: 0.95±0.7). Finally, neonatal hearts display unidirectional excitation-contraction coupling, while adults exhibit bidirectionality. Conclusion The transition from neonatal to adulthood in guinea pig hearts is characterized by transient changes in electroanatomic properties. Age-specific patterns can influence cardiac physiology, pathology, and therapies for cardiovascular diseases. Understanding postnatal heart development is crucial to evaluating therapeutic eligibility, safety, and efficacy. What is Known Age-specific cardiac electroanatomical characteristics have been documented in humans and some preclinical animal models. These age-specific patterns can influence cardiac physiology, pathology, and therapies for cardiovascular diseases. What the Study Adds Cardiac electroanatomical characteristics are age-specific in guinea pigs, a well-known preclinical model for developmental studies. Age-dependent adaptations in cardiac electrophysiology are readily observed in the electrocardiogram recordings and via optical mapping of epicardial action potentials and calcium transients. Our findings reveal unique activation and repolarization characteristics between neonatal and adult animals.
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Joshi P, Rabin Y. Thermomechanical stress analyses of nanowarming-assisted recovery from cryopreservation by vitrification in human heart and rat heart models. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290063. [PMID: 37585446 PMCID: PMC10431620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates thermomechanical stress in cryopreservation by vitrification of the heart, while exploring the effects of nanowarming-assisted recovery from cryogenic storage. This study expands upon a recently published study, combining experimental investigation and thermal analysis of cryopreservation on a rat heart model. Specifically, this study focuses on scenarios with variable concentrations of silica-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs), while accounting for loading limitations associated with the heart physiology, as well as the properties of cryoprotective agent (CPA) solution and the geometry of the container. Results of this study suggest that variable sIONP concentration based on the heart physiology will elevate mechanical stresses when compared with the mathematically simplified, uniform distribution case. The most dangerous part of rewarming is below glass transition and at the onset of nanowarming past the glass transition temperature on the way for organ recovery from cryogenic storage. Throughout rewarming, regions that rewarm faster, such as the chambers of the heart (higher sIONP concentration), undergo compressive stresses, while the slower rewarming regions, such as the heart myocardium (low sIONP concentration), undergo tension. Being a brittle material, the vitrified organ is expected to fail under tension in lower stresses than in compression. Unfortunately, the location and magnitude of the maximum stress in the investigated cases varied, while general rules were not identified. This investigation demonstrates the need to tailor the thermal protocol of heart cryopreservation on a case-by-case basis, since the location, orientation, magnitude, and instant at which the maximum mechanical stress is found cannot be predicted a priori. While thermomechanical stress poses a significant risk to organ integrity, careful design of the thermal protocol can be instrumental in reducing the likelihood of structural damage, while taking full advantage of the benefits of nanowarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Joshi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Yoed Rabin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Biothermal Technology Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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Basso C, Michaud K, d'Amati G, Banner J, Lucena J, Cunningham K, Leone O, Vink A, van der Wal AC, Sheppard MN. Cardiac hypertrophy at autopsy. Virchows Arch 2021; 479:79-94. [PMID: 33740097 PMCID: PMC8298245 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since cardiac hypertrophy may be considered a cause of death at autopsy, its assessment requires a uniform approach. Common terminology and methodology to measure the heart weight, size, and thickness as well as a systematic use of cut off values for normality by age, gender, and body weight and height are needed. For these reasons, recommendations have been written on behalf of the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology. The diagnostic work up implies the search for pressure and volume overload conditions, compensatory hypertrophy, storage and infiltrative disorders, and cardiomyopathies. Although some gross morphologic features can point to a specific diagnosis, systematic histologic analysis, followed by possible immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy, is essential for a final diagnosis. If the autopsy is carried out in a general or forensic pathology service without expertise in cardiovascular pathology, the entire heart (or pictures) together with mapped histologic slides should be sent for a second opinion to a pathologist with such an expertise. Indication for postmortem genetic testing should be integrated into the multidisciplinary management of sudden cardiac death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Basso
- Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Katarzyna Michaud
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne - Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulia d'Amati
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jytte Banner
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joaquin Lucena
- Forensic Pathology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Seville, Spain
| | - Kristopher Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ornella Leone
- Cardiovascular and Cardiac Transplant Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aryan Vink
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mary N Sheppard
- Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's Medical School, London, UK
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Hagdorn QAJ, Bossers GPL, Koop AMC, Piek A, Eijgenraam TR, van der Feen DE, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA, Berger RMF. A novel method optimizing the normalization of cardiac parameters in small animal models: the importance of dimensional indexing. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1552-H1557. [PMID: 30978120 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00182.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For indexing cardiac measures in small animal models, tibia length (TL) is a recommended surrogate for body weight (BW) that aims to avoid biases because of disease-induced BW changes. However, we question if indexing by TL is mathematically correct. This study aimed to investigate the relation between TL and BW, heart weight, ventricular weights, and left ventricular diameter to optimize the current common practice of indexing cardiac parameters in small animal models. In 29 healthy Wistar rats (age 5-34 wk) and 116 healthy Black 6 mice (age 3-17 wk), BW appeared to scale nonlinearly to TL1 but linearly to TL3. Formulas for indexing cardiac weights were derived. To illustrate the effects of indexing, cardiac weights between the 50% with highest BW and the 50% with lowest BW were compared. The nonindexed cardiac weights differed significantly between groups, as could be expected (P < 0.001). However, after indexing by TL1, indexed cardiac weights remained significantly different between groups (P < 0.001). With the derived formulas for indexing, indexed cardiac weights were similar between groups. In healthy rats and mice, BW and heart weights scale linearly to TL3. This indicates that not TL1 but TL3 is the optimal surrogate for BW. New formulas for indexing heart weight and isolated ventricular weights are provided, and we propose a concept in which cardiac parameters should not all be indexed to the same measure but one-dimensional measures to BW1/3 or TL1, two-dimensional measures to BW2/3 or TL2, and three-dimensional measures to BW or TL3. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In healthy rats and mice, body weight (BW) scales linearly to tibia length (TL) to the power of three (TL3). This indicates that for indexing cardiac parameters, not TL1 but TL3 is the optimal surrogate for BW. New formulas for indexing heart weight and isolated ventricular weights are provided, and we propose a concept of dimensionally consistent indexing. This concept is proposed to be widely applied in small animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quint A J Hagdorn
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Guido P L Bossers
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie C Koop
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Piek
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim R Eijgenraam
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Diederik E van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rolf M F Berger
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Ogawa R, Takahashi N, Higuchi T, Shibuya H, Yamazaki M, Yoshimura N, Takatsuka H, Aoyama H. Assessment of a simple method of heart weight estimation by postmortem computed tomography. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 296:22-27. [PMID: 30641441 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of heart weight is important when investigating cause of death, but there is presently no satisfactory method of heart weight estimation by postmortem computed tomography (PMCT). METHOD We investigated 33 consecutive cases that underwent both PMCT and autopsy between February 2008 and June 2014. Heart and left ventricular (LV) weights were calculated by PMCT morphometry. We used a simple method to estimate LV weight: We assumed that LV was an ellipsoid and multiplied its volume on PMCT with myocardial specific gravity. We then compared the various heart and LV weights using linear regression. The calculated and estimated LV weights on PMCT were also compared. RESULTS It was not possible to predict heart weight at autopsy from PMCT (R2 = 0.53). However, heart weight at autopsy could be accurately predicted from LV weight calculated by PMCT (R2 = 0.77). In addition, there was a strong correlation between the estimated and calculated LV weights by PMCT (R2 = 0.92). Heart weight at autopsy could also be accurately predicted using the PMCT-estimated LV weight (R2 = 0.72). CONCLUSION Heart weight at autopsy could be accurately predicted using a simple method in which LV volume was assumed to be an ellipsoid on PMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Ogawa
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan.
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, 2-746 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8518, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Niigata City General Hospital, 7-463 Shumoku, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 950-1197, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Shibuya
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata City General Hospital, 7-463 Shumoku, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 950-1197, Japan.
| | - Motohiko Yamazaki
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Takatsuka
- Department of Community Preventive Medicine, Division of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan.
| | - Hidefumi Aoyama
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8520, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic criteria for bathtub drownings are not standardized, and the risk factors associated with bath-related deaths are unclear. METHODS We analyzed a Korean nationwide database of bath-related deaths that occurred between January 2008 and December 2015. Eighty-four cases were enrolled after reviewing 31,123 autopsy records. RESULTS The subjects' ages ranged from 18 to 91 years, with a mean age ± standard deviation of 61.3 ± 16.0 years. Bath-related deaths in the winter were approximately 4.6-fold greater than those in the summer. Of the 84 subjects, the primary cause of death in 57 (67.9%) was drowning in the bath; 24 (28.6%) drowned of other causes such as natural diseases, and 3 (3.6%) died of acute alcohol intoxication. We analyzed water-inhalation signs to establish criteria for bathtub drowning diagnosis. There were significantly higher incidences of hyperinflated lungs, water in the sphenoid sinus and stomach/duodenal contents, and Paltauf's spots (subpleural hemorrhage) in bathtub-drowned subjects compared to non-drowned individuals (P < 0.01). Multiple signs of water inhalation were significantly associated with bathtub drowning (P < 0.01). The two leading contributory causes of bath-related death were cardiovascular diseases and alcohol intoxication (binge drinking before bathing). CONCLUSION The diagnosis of bath-related deaths could present considerable medico-legal problems; therefore, a comprehensive autopsy with a thorough scene investigation can clarify the cause of death in these situations. Preventive strategies for reducing such deaths should target alcohol drinking before bathing and long soaking times in bathtubs, especially among elderly individuals with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmoo Yang
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ha Choi
- Medical Examiner's Office, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Bongwoo Lee
- Medical Examiner's Office, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seong Ho Yoo
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Institute of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Skaarup KG, Christensen H, Høst N, Mahmoud MM, Ovesen C, Olsen FJ, Jensen JS, Biering-Sørensen T. Usefulness of left ventricular speckle tracking echocardiography and novel measures of left atrial structure and function in diagnosing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1921-1929. [DOI: 10.1007/s10554-017-1204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mohammadi S, Hedjazi A, Sajjadian M, Ghoroubi N, Mohammadi M, Erfani S. Study of the normal heart size in Northwest part of Iranian population: a cadaveric study. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:119-125. [PMID: 27777697 PMCID: PMC5075360 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The heart is in a muscular organ in the middle mediastinum. According to our knowledge, there is no standard data about the anthropologic parameters of normal Iranian hearts. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the normal heart size in Iranian cadavers.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 550 cadavers (104 female/446 male) from June 2014 to July 2015 in the Razavi Khorasan province of Iran were included in the study. After approval of the Ethical Committee, cadavers were divided into 10 groups based on age groups. Length, width, weight, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and heart valves were measured using vernier caliper. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: The mean values of the demographic data were as follows: age= 42.12 ± 21.34 years; weight = 60.38 ± 15.32 kg; height = 158.14 ± 23.77 cm; and BMI = 24.66 ± 17.60 kg/m2. The mean values of the heart length, width, chordae tendineae, pupillary muscles, weight, and index of the heart were 11.41 ± 2.15 cm, 8.21 ± 4.38 cm, 19.41 ± 6.70, 5.74 ± 1.96, 247.78 ± 62.27 grams, and 5.74 ± 1.96, respectively. In addition, the circumference of the tricuspid valve, circumference of the mitral valves, and tricuspid and mitral areas were 8.80 ± 1.11 cm, 9.43 ± 1.44 cm, 4.11 ± 0.71 cm2, and 4.50 ± 0.90 cm2, respectively.
Conclusion: Mean values of the heart’s length and width was similar to previous reports from western population. The circumference of the tricuspid valve was less than the textbook’s data, while circumference of the mitral valves was more than it. The study findings provide valuable information about standard data of the heart in the Iranian population, which is useful for surgeons as well as anthropologists. However, multi-center studies with a larger sample size are required to complete data about anatomical characteristics of normal hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arya Hedjazi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sajjadian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ghoroubi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Erfani
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
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Vanhaebost J, Faouzi M, Mangin P, Michaud K. New reference tables and user-friendly Internet application for predicted heart weights. Int J Legal Med 2014; 128:615-20. [PMID: 24414936 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-013-0958-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of normal heart weight ranges is important information for pathologists. Comparing the measured heart weight to reference values is one of the key elements used to determine if the heart is pathological, as heart weight increases in many cardiac pathologies. The current reference tables are old and in need of an update. AIMS The purposes of this study are to establish new reference tables for normal heart weights in the local population and to determine the best predictive factor for normal heart weight. We also aim to provide technical support to calculate the predictive normal heart weight. METHODS The reference values are based on retrospective analysis of adult Caucasian autopsy cases without any obvious pathology that were collected at the University Centre of Legal Medicine in Lausanne from 2007 to 2011. We selected 288 cases. The mean age was 39.2 years. There were 118 men and 170 women. Regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship of heart weight to body weight, body height, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA). RESULTS The heart weight increased along with an increase in all the parameters studied. The mean heart weight was greater in men than in women at a similar body weight. BSA was determined to be the best predictor for normal heart weight. New reference tables for predicted heart weights are presented as a web application that enable the comparison of heart weights observed at autopsy with the reference values. CONCLUSIONS The reference tables for heart weight and other organs should be systematically updated and adapted for the local population. Web access and smartphone applications for the predicted heart weight represent important investigational tools.
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Zhang M, Shields J, Zhang Y, Li L, Fowler D, Zhao Z, Burke A. Correlation between coronary plaque burden and heart weight. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:610-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Modeling interindividual variability in physiologically based pharmacokinetics and its link to mechanistic covariate modeling. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 1:e4. [PMID: 23835884 PMCID: PMC3603474 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Covariate modeling is a key step in the analysis of clinical data and is essential for establishing dosing recommendations for specific populations, e.g., in obese individuals and children. So far, no systematic approach exists to leverage the knowledge inherent in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models in this context. We introduce (i) a novel approach to model interindividual variability in PBPK models based on lean body weight (LBW); and (ii) a systematic approach to translate interindividual variability into the design of mechanistic covariate models. We derive a new covariate relation for the volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) that seamlessly integrates body weight and LBW as covariates, with a weighting factor depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug. We further show that for children, PBPK-based extrapolation and allometric scaling result in very similar predictions for Vss and blood clearance.
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Broggio D, Beurrier J, Bremaud M, Desbrée A, Farah J, Huet C, Franck D. Construction of an extended library of adult male 3D models: rationale and results. Phys Med Biol 2012; 56:7659-62. [PMID: 22086354 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/23/020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to best cover the possible extent of heights and weights of male adults the construction of 25 whole body 3D models has been undertaken. Such a library is thought to be useful to specify the uncertainties and relevance of dosimetry calculations carried out with models representing individuals of average body heights and weights. Representative 3D models of Caucasian body types are selected in a commercial database according to their height and weight, and 3D models of the skeleton and internal organs are designed using another commercial dataset. A review of the literature enabled one to fix volume or mass target values for the skeleton, soft organs, skin and fat content of the selected individuals. The composition of the remainder tissue is fixed so that the weight of the voxel models equals the weight of the selected individuals. After mesh and NURBS modelling, volume adjustment of the selected body shapes and additional voxel-based work, 25 voxel models with 109 identified organs or tissue are obtained. Radiation transport calculations are carried out with some of the developed models to illustrate potential uses. The following points are discussed throughout this paper: justification of the fixed or obtained models’ features regarding available and relevant literature data; workflow and strategy for major modelling steps; advantages and drawbacks of the obtained library as compared with other works. The construction hypotheses are explained and justified in detail since future calculation results obtained with this library will depend on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Broggio
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûret´e Nucléaire, DRPH/SDI/LEDI, BP-17, F92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Javed F, He Q, Davidson LE, Thornton JC, Albu J, Boxt L, Krasnow N, Elia M, Kang P, Heshka S, Gallagher D. Brain and high metabolic rate organ mass: contributions to resting energy expenditure beyond fat-free mass. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:907-12. [PMID: 20164308 PMCID: PMC2844678 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree to which interindividual variation in the mass of select high metabolic rate organs (HMROs) mediates variability in resting energy expenditure (REE) is unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate how much REE variability is explained by differences in HMRO mass in adults and whether age, sex, and race independently predict REE after adjustment for HMRO. DESIGN A cross-sectional evaluation of 55 women [30 African Americans aged 48.7 +/- 22.2 y (mean +/- SD) and 25 whites aged 46.4 +/- 17.7 y] and 32 men (8 African Americans aged 34.3 +/- 18.2 y and 24 whites aged 51.3 +/- 20.6 y) was conducted. Liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain masses were measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS REE estimated from age (P = 0.001), race (P = 0.006), sex (P = 0.31), fat (P = 0.001), and FFM (P < 0.001) accounted for 70% (adjusted (2)) of the variability in REE. The addition of trunk HMRO (P = 0.001) and brain (P = 0.006) to the model increased the explained variance to 75% and rendered the contributions of age, sex, and race statistically nonsignificant, whereas fat and FFM continued to make significant contributions (both P < 0.05). The addition of brain to the model rendered the intercept (69 kcal . kg(-1) . d(-1)) consistent with zero, which indicated zero REE for zero body mass. CONCLUSIONS Relatively small interindividual variation in HMRO mass significantly affects REE and reduces the role of age, race, and sex in explaining REE. Decreases in REE with increasing age may be partly related to age-associated changes in the relative size of FFM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Javed
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Price PS, Conolly RB, Chaisson CF, Gross EA, Young JS, Mathis ET, Tedder DR. Modeling Interindividual Variation in Physiological Factors Used in PBPK Models of Humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440390242324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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He Q, Heshka S, Albu J, Boxt L, Krasnow N, Elia M, Gallagher D. Smaller organ mass with greater age, except for heart. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1780-4. [PMID: 19325028 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90454.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autopsy/cadaver data indicate that many organs and tissues are smaller in the elderly compared with young adults; however, in vivo data are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mass of specific high-metabolic-rate organs is different with increasing age, using MRI. Seventy-five healthy women (41 African-Americans and 34 Caucasians, age range 19-88 yr) and 36 men (8 African-Americans and 28 Caucasians, age range 19-84 yr) were studied. MRI-derived in vivo measures of brain, heart, kidneys, liver, and spleen were acquired. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was measured by either echocardiography or cardiac gated MRI. Total body fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured with a whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the association between the organ mass and age after adjustment for weight and height (or DXA measures of FFM), race, sex, and interactions among these variable. No statistically significant interaction was found among age, sex, and race in any regression model. Significant negative relationships between organ mass and age were found for brain (P < 0.0001), kidneys (P = 0.01), liver (P = 0.001), and spleen (P < 0.0001). A positive relationship between LVM and age was found after adjustment for FFM (P = 0.037). These findings demonstrate that age has a significant effect on brain, kidneys, liver, spleen, and heart mass. The age effect was independent of race and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- New York Obesity Research Center, New York, NY 10025, USA
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