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López-Echeverri YP, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Garcia-Aguirre JF, Orrego-Cardozo M. Effects of serotonin transporter and receptor polymorphisms on depression. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2023; 52:130-138. [PMID: 37453823 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin is highly implicated in the regulation of emotional state and the execution of cognitive tasks, so much so that the serotonin transporter genes (5-HTT, SLC6A4) and the serotonin receptor genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A) have become the perfect candidates when studying the effects that these genes and their polymorphic variations have on depression characteristics. OBJECTIVE A review of research reports that have studied the effects of variations in the serotonin transporter and receptor genes on different clinical features of depression. METHODS A search of the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords ("depression" AND "polymorphism"). CONCLUSIONS According to the review of 54 articles, the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was found to be the most reported risk factor related to the development of depression and its severity. Variations in the genes studied (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A) can generate morphological alterations of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yéssica P López-Echeverri
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kelly J Cardona-Londoño
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jhonny F Garcia-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Mary Orrego-Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia.
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Delli Colli C, Borgi M, Poggini S, Chiarotti F, Cirulli F, Penninx BWJH, Benedetti F, Vai B, Branchi I. Time moderates the interplay between 5-HTTLPR and stress on depression risk: gene x environment interaction as a dynamic process. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:274. [PMID: 35821204 PMCID: PMC9276704 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) has been widely investigated as contributing to depression vulnerability. Nevertheless, empirical research provides wide contrasting findings regarding its involvement in the etiopathogenesis of the disorder. Our hypothesis was that such discrepancy can be explained considering time as moderating factor. We explored this hypothesis, exploiting a meta analytic approach. We searched PubMed, PsychoINFO, Scopus and EMBASE databases and 1096 studies were identified and screened, resulting in 22 studies to be included in the meta-analyses. The effect of the 5-HTTLPR x stress interaction on depression risk was found to be moderated by the following temporal factors: the duration of stress (i.e. chronic vs. acute) and the time interval between end of stress and assessment of depression (i.e. within 1 year vs. more than 1 year). When stratifying for the duration of stress, the effect of the 5-HTTLPR x stress interaction emerged only in the case of chronic stress, with a significant subgroup difference (p = 0.004). The stratification according to time interval revealed a significant interaction only for intervals within 1 year, though no difference between subgroups was found. The critical role of time interval clearly emerged when considering only chronic stress: a significant effect of the 5-HTTLPR and stress interaction was confirmed exclusively within 1 year and a significant subgroup difference was found (p = 0.01). These results show that the 5-HTTLPR x stress interaction is a dynamic process, producing different effects at different time points, and indirectly confirm that s-allele carriers are both at higher risk and more capable to recover from depression. Overall, these findings expand the current view of the interplay between 5-HTTLPR and stress adding the temporal dimension, that results in a three-way interaction: gene x environment x time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delli Colli
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aPhD program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Borgi
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Poggini
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Cirulli
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Brenda W. J. H. Penninx
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Vai
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy ,grid.15496.3f0000 0001 0439 0892Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Igor Branchi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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López-Echeverri YP, Cardona-Londoño KJ, Garcia-Aguirre JF, Orrego-Cardozo M. Effects of Serotonin Transporter and Receptor Polymorphisms on Depression. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00135-9. [PMID: 34493397 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin is highly implicated in the regulation of emotional state and the execution of cognitive tasks, so much so that the serotonin transporter genes (5-HTT, SLC6A4) and the serotonin receptor genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A) have become the perfect candidates when studying the effects that these genes and their polymorphic variations have on depression characteristics. OBJECTIVE A review of research reports that have studied the effects of variations in the serotonin transporter and receptor genes on different clinical features of depression. METHODS A search of the Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted using the keywords ("depression" AND "polymorphism"). CONCLUSIONS According to the review of 54 articles, the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was found to be the most reported risk factor related to the development of depression and its severity. Variations in the genes studied (SLC6A4, HTR1A, HTR2A) can generate morphological alterations of brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yéssica P López-Echeverri
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Kelly J Cardona-Londoño
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jhonny F Garcia-Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Mary Orrego-Cardozo
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia.
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Blum K, Thompson B, Demotrovics Z, Femino J, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Teitelbaum S, Smith DE, Roy AK, Agan G, Fratantonio J, Badgaiyan RD, Gold MS. The Molecular Neurobiology of Twelve Steps Program & Fellowship: Connecting the Dots for Recovery. JOURNAL OF REWARD DEFICIENCY SYNDROME 2015; 1:46-64. [PMID: 26306329 PMCID: PMC4545669 DOI: 10.17756/jrds.2015-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are some who suggest that alcoholism and drug abuse are not diseases at all and that they are not consequences of a brain disorder as espoused recently by the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM). Some would argue that addicts can quit on their own and moderate their alcohol and drug intake. When they present to a treatment program or enter the 12 Step Program & Fellowship, many addicts finally achieve complete abstinence. However, when controlled drinking fails, there may be successful alternatives that fit particular groups of individuals. In this expert opinion, we attempt to identify personal differences in recovery, by clarifying the molecular neurobiological basis of each step of the 12 Step Program. We explore the impact that the molecular neurobiological basis of the 12 steps can have on Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) despite addiction risk gene polymorphisms. This exploration has already been accomplished in part by Blum and others in a 2013 Springer Neuroscience Brief. The purpose of this expert opinion is to briefly, outline the molecular neurobiological and genetic links, especially as they relate to the role of epigenetic changes that are possible in individuals who regularly attend AA meetings. It begs the question as to whether "12 steps programs and fellowship" does induce neuroplasticity and continued dopamine D2 receptor proliferation despite carrying hypodopaminergic type polymorphisms such as DRD2 A1 allele. "Like-minded" doctors of ASAM are cognizant that patients in treatment without the "psycho-social-spiritual trio," may not be obtaining the important benefits afforded by adopting 12-step doctrines. Are we better off with coupling medical assisted treatment (MAT) that favors combining dopamine agonist modalities (DAM) as possible histone-deacetylase activators with the 12 steps followed by a program that embraces either one or the other? While there are many unanswered questions, at least we have reached a time when "science meets recovery," and in doing so, can further redeem joy in recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Addiction Research and Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu Beach, CA, USA
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., North Kingstown, RI, USA
- IGENE, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
- RDSolutions, Del Mar, CA, USA
- National Institute for Holistic Medicine, North Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zsolt Demotrovics
- Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - John Femino
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., North Kingstown, RI, USA
- Meadows Edge Recovery Center, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - John Giordano
- National Institute for Holistic Medicine, North Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Marlene Oscar-Berman
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott Teitelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David E. Smith
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., North Kingstown, RI, USA
- Institute of Health & Aging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Gozde Agan
- Dominion Diagnostics, Inc., North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | | | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Director of Research, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, D.C, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at the Keck, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Kohen R, Myaing MT, Richards J, Zhou C, McCauley EA, Katon W, Richardson LP. Depression persistence and serotonin transporter genotype in adolescents under usual care conditions. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2013; 23:290-4. [PMID: 23647137 PMCID: PMC3657280 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2011.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene have been shown to influence the risk for depression. The goal of this study was to investigate a possible effect of SERT polymorphisms on severity and course of depression symptoms in a community sample of adolescents. METHODS Community-dwelling adolescents (n=192) ages 13-17 years, who were at risk for depression, were followed for a period of 6 months. Subjects donated a saliva sample for genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR and STin2 VNTR polymorphisms of SERT. RESULTS We found no associations between SERT genotype and severity of depressive symptoms at baseline. Depression symptom severity markedly decreased over time. For 5-HTTLPR, we observed a significant interaction between time and genotype, indicating the possibility that heterozygote genotype carriers (s/l) might experience a greater reduction in depression symptoms over time compared with adolescents with the 5-HTTLPR l/l genotype. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that for most community-dwelling adolescents, depressive symptoms decrease over time. A possible interaction effect of time and SERT genotype will require confirmation in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Mon T. Myaing
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julie Richards
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elizabeth A. McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wayne Katon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura P. Richardson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Peyrot WJ, Middeldorp CM, Jansen R, Smit JH, de Geus EJC, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Vink JM, Virding S, Barragan I, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Boomsma DI, Penninx BWJH. Strong effects of environmental factors on prevalence and course of major depressive disorder are not moderated by 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms in a large Dutch sample. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:91-9. [PMID: 23021380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing interest in the possible interaction of the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) with environmental factors in determining Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The current study contributes to this research area by comprehensively examining the interaction-effects and direct-effects of 5-HTTLPR and five environmental factors on MDD prevalence and course in a well-characterized longitudinal sample. METHODS The sample consisted of 1625 patients with a CIDI-confirmed diagnosis of MDD and 1698 screened controls from the Netherlands. Four MDD outcomes were studied as dependent variables: one main MDD prevalence-outcome (all MDD), two more severe MDD prevalence-outcomes (suicidal and chronic MDD), and one MDD course outcome (chronic versus non-chronic MDD). Because SNP rs25531 modifies the effect of 5-HTTLPR, haplotypes of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 were measured. For the four MDD outcome measures, we examined the direct effects of 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-haplotypes, five environmental factors (lifetime and recent stressful life-events, sexual abuse, low educational attainment, and childhood trauma) and their interaction in logistic regression models. RESULTS The environmental factors had large and consistent effects on all four MDD outcomes, including course of MDD. The 5-HTTLPR/rs25531-haplotype had a suggestive effect on course of MDD, but not on presence of MDD. Gene-by-environment interaction was significant (<0.05) for one of the 20 tests performed, which is not more than expected by chance. LIMITATIONS Environmental factors were not assessed before the onset of MDD. CONCLUSIONS Environmental factors had a strong impact on the presence and course of MDD, but no evidence for gene-by-environment interaction was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Haddley K, Bubb VJ, Breen G, Parades-Esquivel UM, Quinn JP. Behavioural genetics of the serotonin transporter. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:503-535. [PMID: 22261701 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter is a key regulator of the bioavailability of serotonin and therefore any modulation in the expression or action of the transporter would be expected to have consequences on behaviour. The transporter has therefore become a target for pharmaceutical intervention in behavioural and mood disorders. The search for polymorphic variants in the transporter that would associate with neurological disorders has been extensive but has become focused on two domains which are both termed variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)polymorphisms. Both of these VNTRs are in non-coding DNA and therefore proposed to be mechanistically involved in a disorder through their ability to modulate transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulation of the transporter. The most extensively studied is in the promoter and is a bi-allelic insertion/deletion found in the 50 promoter region of the gene 1.2 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site. This VNTR, termed, 5-HTTLPR was initially identified as two variants containing either, 14 (short/deletion) or 16 (long/insertion) copies of a 22 bp repeat. A second widely studied VNTR found in the non-coding region of the transporter is located within intron 2 and comprises 9, 10 or 12 copies of a16–17 bp repeat termed, STin2.9, STin2.10 and STin2.12, respectively. These VNTR polymorphisms have been associated with a range of behavioural and psychiatric disorders including depression, OCD, anxiety and schizophrenia, however often the lack of reproducibility in different cohorts has led to debate on the actual association of the polymorphisms with this extensive range of neurological conditions. Here we review these two polymorphic VNTRs in depth and relate that to pharmaceutical response, their ability to regulate differential transporter expression, their core involvement in gene-environment interaction and their genetic association with specific disorders.
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