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Badri M, Eslahi AV, Olfatifar M, Dalvand S, Houshmand E, Abdoli A, Majidiani H, Eslami A, Zibaei M, Johkool MG, Taghipour A, Hashemipour S. Keys to Unlock the Enigma of Ocular Toxocariasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 29:1265-1276. [PMID: 33909531 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1875007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Ocular toxocariasis (OT) is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages of Toxocara canis and T. cati. The current review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of OT.Methods: Five English (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) databases were explored and 101 articles met the inclusion criteria.Results: The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of OT was higher in immunological studies (9%. 6-12%) than in studies that applied ophthalmic examination (1%. 1-2%). The lower middle-income level countries had the highest prevalence (6%. 2-12%) as well as the African region (10%. 7-13%). The highest infection rate (4%. 2-7%) was detected in the 1-25 mean age group.Conclusion: Regular anthelminthic treatment of cats and dogs, and removal of animal feces from public places must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Badri
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,Qazvin, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Dalvand
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence,Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Houshmand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Guilan, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Majidiani
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Eslami
- Eye Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zibaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghanbari Johkool
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences,Qazvin, Iran
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Toxocariasis in Iran: Is it Time to Take it Seriously? Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:569-584. [PMID: 32319035 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-020-00195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocariasis is one of the neglected zoonosis with considerable public health importance around the world. The current study aimed to elucidate the overall prevalence of Toxocara infection in human and definitive hosts and also the contamination of soil and raw vegetables with the ova of these parasites, in Iran, using systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Six English and Persian databases were explored from 2000 to 2017 using the terms toxocariasis, Toxocara spp., visceral larva migrans, Iran, epidemiology, and prevalence. This meta-analysis conducted using STATA, and for all statistical tests, a p value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The random-effects model was used to the report of the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS The pooled prevalence of toxocariasis in human was calculated as 11% (95% CI 8-13%). In terms of definitive hosts, the pooled prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats were calculated as 17% (95% CI 14-20%) and 37% (95% CI 26-48%), respectively. Also, the pooled prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil and raw vegetable samples were calculated as 18% (95% CI 13-23%) and 2% (95% CI 1-3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of current study demonstrate that toxocariasis should be taken more seriously by health authorities. Implementing an appropriate control program is necessary to reduce the incidence of this disease in Iran.
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Song HB, Lee D, Jin Y, Kang J, Cho SH, Park MS, Park JH, Song WJ, Kang HR, Lee SH, Hong ST, Choi MH. Prevalence of Toxocariasis and Its Risk Factors in Patients with Eosinophilia in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:413-419. [PMID: 32871635 PMCID: PMC7462808 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilia occurs commonly in many diseases including allergic diseases and helminthic infections. Toxocariasis has been suggested as one cause of eosinophilia. The present study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia and to identify the risk factors for toxocariasis. This prospective cohort study recruited a total of 81 patients with eosinophilia (34 males and 47 females) who visited the outpatient clinic at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2017 to February 2018 and agreed to participate in this study. The prevalence of toxocariasis was examined by T. canis-specific ELISA, and the various risk factors for toxocariasis were evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Among 81 patients with eosinophilia, 18 were positive for anti-T. canis antibodies (22.2%); 88.9% were male (16/18) and 11.1% were female (2/18). Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that males (OR 21.876, 95% CI: 1.667–287.144) with a history of consuming the raw meat or livers of animals (OR 5.899, 95% CI: 1.004–34.669) and a heavy alcohol-drinking habit (OR 8.767, 95% CI: 1.018–75.497) were at higher risk of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia. Toxocariasis should be considered a potential cause of eosinophilia when the patient has a history of eating the raw meat or livers of animals in Korea. A single course of albendazole is recommended to reduce the migration of Toxocara larvae in serologically positive cases with eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong 28159, Korea
| | - Min Sun Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hye-Ryun Kang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Viñas M, Postigo I, Suñén E, Martínez J. Urticaria and silent parasitism by Ascaridoidea: Component-resolved diagnosis reinforces the significance of this association. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008177. [PMID: 32243436 PMCID: PMC7170265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urticaria remains a major problem in terms of aetiology, investigation, and management, and although parasitic diseases are considered potential causes, the absence of a consistent link between parasitic infections and skin allergy symptoms leads to the need for a deeper study of parameters that support this association. The objectives of this study were to analyse a possible relationship between parasitism by Ascarididae (Toxocara canis and Anisakis simplex) and the clinical expression of urticaria and to identify possible parasitic molecular markers for improving the diagnosis of unknown urticaria aetiology. The prevalence of Toxocara and Anisakis infestations was evaluated by measuring the levels of specific IgG (sIgG) and IgE (sIgE) antibodies against crude extracts and isolated components from whole larvae of Anisakis simplex (Ani s 1, Ani s 3 and Ani s 7) and Toxocara canis (TES-120, TES-70, TES-32 and TES-26) using immunologic and molecular diagnostic methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in a group of 400 individuals. The study group consisted of 95 patients diagnosed with urticaria (55 with chronic urticaria and 40 with acute urticaria). A control group consisted of 305 subjects without urticaria (182 diagnosed with respiratory allergy and 123 without allergy). Statistically significant differences were demonstrated in the seroprevalence of specific IgG and IgE antibodies between the urticaria patients and the healthy general population when isolated ascarid antigens were evaluated. The prevalence of IgG antibodies against Ani s 1, IgE antibodies against TES-120 and IgE antibodies against TES-70 were significantly different between the control individuals (healthy general population) and patients with urticaria. Moreover, the urticaria patient group demonstrated a higher seroprevalence of antibodies (sIgE and sIgG) against Anisakis simplex larva whole extract than the control group but just with statistically diferences when sIgE was evaluated. The presence of IgE and/or IgG antibodies against Ani s 3 (tropomyosin) can help to discriminate between patients with and without urticaria. Both ascarids seem to be associated with urticaria, although in our region, Anisakis seems to have greater involvement than Toxocara in this relationship. Molecular diagnostics can be used to associate urticaria with parasite infestations. Tropomyosin and Ani s 1 were the most relevant markers to demonstrate the association between urticaria and the most relevant Ascarididae parasites in our region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Viñas
- Allergy Service, Hospital de Terrassa, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Postigo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ester Suñén
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Allergy, Research Center Lascaray, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of the Basque Country, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria, Spain
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5
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Huh S. Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.8.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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6
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First Report of Toxocara canis Seroprevalence in Military Personnel and Their Families with Eosinophilia Referred to a Military Hospital in Tehran, Iran, 2015 - 2016. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.57785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Kim HB, Seo JW, Lee JH, Choi BS, Park SG. Evaluation of the prevalence and clinical impact of toxocariasis in patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:523-529. [PMID: 28352060 PMCID: PMC5432784 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2014.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Eosinophilia has numerous diverse causes, and in many patients, it is not possible to establish the cause of eosinophilia. Recently, toxocariasis was introduced as one cause of eosinophilia. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of toxocariasis and the clinical impact of albendazole treatment for toxocariasis in patients suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review. After evaluation of cause of eosinophilia, the patients suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin performed immunoglobulin G antibody specific assay for the Toxocara canis larval antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS This study evaluated 113 patients, 69 patients (61%) were suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin. Among these 69 patients, the frequency of T. canis infection was very high (45 patients, 65.2%), and albendazole treatment for 45 eosinophilia with toxocariasis was highly effective for a cure of eosinophilia than no albendazole group regardless of steroid (82.3%, p = 0.007). Furthermore, among the nonsteroid treated small group (19 patients), albendazole treatment for eosinophilia were more effective than no albendazole group, too (83.3% vs. 28.6 %, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of toxocariasis was high among patients suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin; therefore, evaluation for T. canis infection is recommended for patients with eosinophilia of unknown origin. Furthermore, for patients suspected of eosinophilia of unknown origin who have positive results for T. canis, albendazole treatment may be considered a valuable treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Beum Kim
- Department of Natural Medical Sciences, Chosun University College of Health Science, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Byung-Seok Choi
- Department of Medicine, Chosun University Graduate School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sang-Gon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
- Correspondence to Sang-Gon Park, M.D. Division of HematologyOncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61453, Korea Tel: +82-62-220-3984 Fax: +82-62-234-9653 E-mail:
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8
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Lee JY, Kim JY, Lee SY, Lee HJ, Jeong JH, Lee EK. The Clinical Characteristics of Ocular Toxocariasis in Jeju Island Using Ultra-wide-field Fundus Photography. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2017.58.5.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Young Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea
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9
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Kong J, Won J, Yoon J, Lee U, Kim JI, Huh S. Draft Genome of Toxocara canis, a Pathogen Responsible for Visceral Larva Migrans. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:751-758. [PMID: 28095660 PMCID: PMC5266360 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at constructing a draft genome of the adult female worm Toxocara canis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly, as well as to find new genes after annotation using functional genomics tools. Using an NGS machine, we produced DNA read data of T. canis. The de novo assembly of the read data was performed using SOAPdenovo. RNA read data were assembled using Trinity. Structural annotation, homology search, functional annotation, classification of protein domains, and KEGG pathway analysis were carried out. Besides them, recently developed tools such as MAKER, PASA, Evidence Modeler, and Blast2GO were used. The scaffold DNA was obtained, the N50 was 108,950 bp, and the overall length was 341,776,187 bp. The N50 of the transcriptome was 940 bp, and its length was 53,046,952 bp. The GC content of the entire genome was 39.3%. The total number of genes was 20,178, and the total number of protein sequences was 22,358. Of the 22,358 protein sequences, 4,992 were newly observed in T. canis. Following proteins previously unknown were found: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase cbl-b and antigen T-cell receptor, zeta chain for T-cell and B-cell regulation; endoprotease bli-4 for cuticle metabolism; mucin 12Ea and polymorphic mucin variant C6/1/40r2.1 for mucin production; tropomodulin-family protein and ryanodine receptor calcium release channels for muscle movement. We were able to find new hypothetical polypeptides sequences unique to T. canis, and the findings of this study are capable of serving as a basis for extending our biological understanding of T. canis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwa Kong
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.,Smart Computing Lab., Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jungim Won
- Smart Computing Lab., Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jeehee Yoon
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - UnJoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea
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10
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In vitro production of Toxocara canis excretory-secretory (TES) antigen. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1038-43. [PMID: 27605834 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a widespread gastrointestinal nematode parasite of dogs and cause Toxocara larva migrans, an important zoonotic disease in humans on ingestion of infective eggs. Toxocarosis is one of the few human parasitic diseases whose serodiagnosis uses a standardized antigen, T. canis excretory secretory antigen (TES). The present study describes collection of T. canis adult worm, collection and embryonation of T. canis eggs, hatching and separation of T. canis larvae, in vitro maintenance of T. canis second stage larvae for production of TES, concentration of culture fluid TES and yield of TES in correlation with various methods cited in literature.
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11
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Nguyen T, Cheong FW, Liew JWK, Lau YL. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2012. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:486. [PMID: 27595647 PMCID: PMC5011968 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the global effort against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), developing countries with middle to low income are still burdened by them. Vietnam has been undergoing substantial economic growth and urbanization, but underprivileged people living in rural and suburban areas are still having little access to public health infrastructure and proper sanitation. Hitherto, limited information is available for seroprevalence and risk factors of several parasitic diseases in Vietnam. Methods A retrospective study was performed on diagnostic results of Fasciola spp., Toxocara spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Taenia solium IgG ELISA tests from Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City in 2012. The data were first stratified before statistical analyses were performed. Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was determined and the age and gender risk factors were evaluated. Results Seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis was 5.9 % (590/10,084; 95 % CI: 5.44–6.36), 45.2 % (34,995/77,356; 95 % CI: 44.85–45.55), 7.4 % (3,174/42,920; 95 % CI: 7.15–7.65) and 4.9 % (713/14,601; 95 % CI: 4.55–5.25), respectively. Co-exposure to multiple parasites was detected in 890 males (45.7 %; 95 % CI: 43.49–47.91) and 1,059 females (54.3 %; 95 % CI: 52.09–56.51). Social structure and differences in behavioural factors caused the gender factor to have a significant effect on the prevalence of all the diseases, while the seropositivity for fascioliasis and strongyloidiasis were age group-related. Conclusions The seroprevalence of fascioliasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis in the blood samples diagnosed in Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, in year 2012 were comparatively high. The Vietnamese customs and cultures, dietary habits and agricultural practices exposed them to high risk of contracting NTDs. Despite the possibility of false positive results due to antigenic cross-reactions, detection of IgG antibodies remains as a reliable method in sero-epidemiological study as it is non-invasive and demonstrates previous exposure of individuals to the parasites. Besides the implementation of strategies to control these diseases, epidemiological analysis and surveillance of diseases should also be continually strengthened to monitor the effectiveness of regimens and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Nguyen
- Medic Medical Center Laboratory, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Fei Wen Cheong
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan Wee Kent Liew
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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12
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Ha KH, Song JE, Kim BS, Lee CH. Clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess caused by toxocara. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:757-761. [PMID: 27366302 PMCID: PMC4921797 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i18.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and progression of liver abscess caused by toxocara.
METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with serum IgG antibody to Toxocara canis and liver abscess diagnosed using abdominal computed tomography between February 2010 and February 2015. Among 84 patients exhibiting serum IgG antibody to Toxocara canis, 34 patients were diagnosed with liver asbscess and treated with albendazole. A follow-up period of 1 year was conducted.
RESULTS: Mean patient age was 53 (34-79) years, with 26 (76.5%) patients being male. Twenty-one (61.7%) patients were moderate or heavy drinkers, 23 (67.6%) patients had a history of eating raw meat or liver and 6 (17.6%) patients owned pet dogs or cats. Main patient symptoms consisted of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and fatigue; 18 (52.9%) patients, however, presented with no symptoms. Lung involvement was detected in 444 (11.7%) patients. The eosinophil count increased in 29 (85.3%) patients at initial diagnosis, and decreased in most patients after albendazole treatment. The initial serum IgE level increased in 25 (73.5%) patients, but exhibited various response levels after albendazole treatment. Liver abscess formation improved in all patients.
CONCLUSION: The liver abscess was improved with albendazole treatment.
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13
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Momeni T, Mahami-Oskouei M, Fallah E, Safaiyan A, Mahami-Oskouei L. Latent and Asymptomatic Toxocara Infection among Young Population in Northwest Iran: The Necessity of Informing People as a Potential Health Risk. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:3562056. [PMID: 27022503 PMCID: PMC4789035 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3562056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. This study was designed to determine the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in youngsters aging from 2 to 20 years in northwest Iran. Materials and Methods. 397 samples were taken randomly almost equally from four locations in Urmia, west Azerbaijan, during August 2014 to September 2015. Anti-Toxocara IgG antibody assays were done on sera by using ELISA kit (IBL, Germany). In order to prevent cross-reaction, the samples of the patients who are infected with other parasites in stool exam, especially Ascarididae family, were also excluded. SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results. 12 (3%) of the serum samples were positive for anti-Toxocara IgG. According to the Chi-square analysis, risk factors such as mother's educational level, keeping dogs or cats as pets, and history of coughing were related to Toxocara infection (P < 0.05). There was no relationship between toxocariasis and gender, history of onychophagy, pica, fever, abdominal pain, and anorexia; however, we found a significant relationship between Toxocara infection and chronic coughing (P = 0.045). Conclusion. Toxocariasis in northwest Iran can be considered as a public health problem. This study may also help to increase the awareness about this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Momeni
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Fallah
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Safaiyan
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leyla Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Fialho PMM, Corrêa CRS. A Systematic Review of Toxocariasis: A Neglected But High-Prevalence Disease in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1193-9. [PMID: 26834201 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an anthropozoonosis that occurs in all parts of the world. In particular, this disease can often be found in developing countries and in regions, where basic sanitation conditions are poor. However, industrialized countries have reported seroprevalence rates as high as 14.2% in humans. The definitive hosts of the disease are dogs and cats, whereas humans are a paratenic host. To determine the burden of toxocariasis in Brazil, we followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to conduct a systematic review of the literature. Using keywords and applying the established criteria, we identified 160 publications and selected 22 articles for further analysis. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis in various regions of the country ranged from 4.2% to 65.4%. The highest prevalence was found in the northeast region, although the majority of the studies identified were from the southeast region. The findings suggest the importance of raising awareness among health professionals and public authorities about the fact that toxocariasis is a health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mayara Matos Fialho
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Silveira Corrêa
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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FU CJ, KAO CY, LEE YL, LIAO CW, CHEN PC, CHUANG TW, WANG YC, CHOU CM, HUANG YC, NAITO T, FAN CK. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Toxocariasis among College Students in Taipei City, Taiwan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 10:482-9. [PMID: 26622304 PMCID: PMC4662749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by Toxocara spp. is known to be significantly associated with partial epilepsy. It has become popular for people to raise dogs/cats as pets and consume roasted meat/viscera, and the status of Toxocara spp. infection, epilepsy awareness, and associated risk factors among the general population are currently unknown in Taiwan. METHODS A seroepidemiological investigation among 203 college students (CSs), consisting of 110 males and 93 females with an average age of 21.5 ± 1.2 years, was conducted in 2009 in Taipei City. A Western blot analysis based on excretory-secretory antigens derived from Toxocara canis larvae (TcESs) was applied to determine the positivity of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies. A self-administered questionnaire was also given to obtain information about demographic characteristics, epilepsy awareness, and risk factors. A logistic regression model was applied for the statistical analysis using SPSS software. RESULTS The overall seropositive rate of Toxocara spp. infection was 8.4% (17/203). As to epilepsy awareness, a non-significantly higher seroprevalence was found in CSs who claimed to "know" about epilepsy compared to those who did not know (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It appears that appropriate educational programs are urgently needed to provide correct knowledge related to the prevention and control measures against Toxocara spp. infections to avoid potential threats by this parasite to the general population in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung FU
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Dept. of International Medical Affairs, Taipei Medical University-Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yan KAO
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chien-Wei LIAO
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ching CHEN
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wu CHUANG
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chin WANG
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mei CHOU
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chie HUANG
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Toshio NAITO
- Dept. of General Medicine,
- Dept. of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chia-Kwung FAN
- Dept. of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Artinyan E, Uysal HK, Akgul O, Altiparmak S, Oner YA. Research on Toxocara canis antibodies obtained from patients with eosinophilia. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 32:383-6. [PMID: 25297021 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.142239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils may suggest the presence of a great variety of anomalies whereupon allergies, malignancies, certain tissue disorders, idiopathic hypereosynophilic syndrome and parasitic infections (with the exception of protozoons) can be cited as a few. Although the clinical manifestations may differ, the eosinophils level is quite an important data in cases related to the helminth infections. Similarly, in parasitic infections related to larva migrans (visceral, cutaneous, ocular), the eosinophils level is again a primary indicator and its evident cause is the roundworm Toxocara spp. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance characteristics of Toxocara spp. in patients with eosonophilia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our study, serums were collected from 93 patients of various age groups with eosonophilia (10% and above) while visiting Istanbul University Medical Faculty due to various complaints. RESULTS Serum samples were treated with Toxocara IgG ready ELISA kit and Toxocara western blot IgG ready kit. Based on the ELISA method; out of 93 patients, 30 patients (32.3%) were positive. Western blot technique; 45 (48.4%) were positive with anti-toxocara IgG antibodies. CONCLUSION Results point out to western blot technique being more sensitive and superior on a scale of (P < 0.0001) when compared with the ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Kirkoyun Uysal
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University Istanbul, Turkey
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ALLAHDIN S, KHADEMVATAN S, RAFIEI A, MOMEN A, RAFIEI R. Frequency of Toxoplasma and Toxocara Sp. Antibodies in Epileptic Patients, in South Western Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2015; 9:32-40. [PMID: 26664439 PMCID: PMC4670975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures. Infectious agents are mentioned in its etiology. With identifying and appropriate treatment of these infectious agents, preventing their secondary outcomes, including seizure is possible. This study was conducted to determine frequency of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG, IgM) and anti-Toxocara antibody (IgG) in epileptic patients. MATERIALS & METHODS Study sample consisted of 141 epileptic patients and 144 healthy people. After obtaining informed consents and completing demographic questionnaire, serum samples were taken from participants. The diagnostic test of Toxoplasma IgG & IgM and Toxocara antibodies was performed under the same conditions using ELISA method in a qualified private laboratory. Samples from patients and control groups with positive ELISA test in terms of anti-Toxocara antibody were also used for confirmatory Western blot test. RESULT According to ELISA results, 28 (19.85%) epileptic patients and 2(1.38%) of healthy people had anti-Toxocara antibodies (P<001), while 39 (30.46%) of the control group people and 14.18% of patients had anti-Toxoplsma antibodies (P=0.001). CONCLUSION Frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii is lower in epileptic than healthy individuals and this result is contrary to investigations that have reported higher levels of this antibody in such patient groups. ELISA results for Toxocara showed that the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibody in epileptic patients might empower the probability that this parasite may cause central nervous system damage. Western blotting has high specificity and is a proper confirmative method for diagnosis of toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudabeh ALLAHDIN
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center & Dept. Parasitology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahram KHADEMVATAN
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology & Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abdollah RAFIEI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology &Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar MOMEN
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Neurology Ward, Golestan Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza RAFIEI
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology &Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Araujo Z, Brandes S, Pinelli E, Bochichio MA, Palacios A, Wide A, Rivas-Santiago B, Jiménez JC. Seropositivity for ascariosis and toxocariosis and cytokine expression among the indigenous people in the Venezuelan Delta region. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:47-55. [PMID: 25651326 PMCID: PMC4325523 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at measuring seropositivities for infection by Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis using the excretory/secretory (E/S) antigens from Ascaris suum (AES) and Toxocara canis (TES) within an indigenous population. In addition, quantification of cytokine expressions in peripheral blood cells was determined. A total of 50 Warao indigenous were included; of which 43 were adults and seven children. In adults, 44.1% were seropositive for both parasites; whereas children had only seropositivity to one or the other helminth. For ascariosis, the percentage of AES seropositivity in adults and children was high; 23.3% and 57.1%, respectively. While that for toxocariosis, the percentage of TES seropositivity in adults and children was low; 9.3% and 14.3%, respectively. The percentage of seronegativity was comparable for AES and TES antigens in adults (27.9%) and children (28.6%). When positive sera were analyzed by Western blotting technique using AES antigens; three bands of 97.2, 193.6 and 200.2 kDas were mostly recognized. When the TES antigens were used, nine major bands were mostly identified; 47.4, 52.2, 84.9, 98.2, 119.1, 131.3, 175.6, 184.4 and 193.6 kDas. Stool examinations showed that Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly observed intestinal parasites. Quantification of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4 expressions showed that there was only a significant increased expression of IL-4 in indigenous with TES seropositivity (p < 0.002). Ascaris and Toxocara seropositivity was prevalent among Warao indigenous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaida Araujo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto
de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela
| | - Sietze Brandes
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for
Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Elena Pinelli
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Control, National Institute for
Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The
Netherlands
| | - María A. Bochichio
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto
de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela
| | - Andrea Palacios
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto
de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela
| | - Albina Wide
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas,
Venezuela
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del
Seguro Social, Zacatecas, México
| | - Juan Carlos Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad
Central de Venezuela
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Kim HS, Jin Y, Choi MH, Kim JH, Lee YH, Yoon CH, Hwang EH, Kang H, Ahn SY, Kim GJ, Hong ST. Significance of serum antibody test for toxocariasis in healthy healthcare examinees with eosinophilia in Seoul and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:1618-25. [PMID: 25469060 PMCID: PMC4248581 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.12.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous reports on the relationship between eosinophilia and toxocariasis. The present study investigated seropositive rates of toxocariasis among healthy people with or without eosinophilia in urban and rural areas, and assessed risk factors for positive antibody test. A total of 610 healthy people, who visited health check-up (Medicheck®, Korea Association of Health Promotion), 310 from Seoul and 300 from Gyeongsangnam-do, were subjected for this study. Their serum samples were tested by ELISA with the crude antigen of Toxocara canis larvae. Cross-reactions with other tissue invading helminth antigens were also investigated. Total antibody positive rate of toxocariasis was 8.7% of the 610 subjects. When the subjects were grouped into 3 by their eosinophil counts, the antibody positive rates significantly differed by the groups; 5.9% (18/306) in the group<350/µL, 10.0% (11/110) in the group 350-500/µL, and 12.4% (24/194) in the group>500/µL (P=0.028). A total of 22 serum samples cross-reacted with other tissue-invading helminth antigens. A questionnaire analysis recognized drinking alcohol and smoking as significant risk factors of toxocariasis. In conclusion, toxocariasis antibody positive rate is correlated with eosinophil counts. It is recommended that healthy subjects with eosinophilia by routine health examination and risk factors undergo Toxocara serology by multiantigen ELISA to investigate etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Choi
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ha Lee
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Hun Kang
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Gi Jin Kim
- Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Seong S, Moon D, Lee DK, Kim HE, Oh HS, Kim SH, Kwon OW, You YS. A case of ocular toxocariasis successfully treated with albendazole and triamcinolon. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:537-40. [PMID: 25352704 PMCID: PMC4210738 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of ocular toxocariasis treated successfully with oral albendazole in combination with steroids. A 26-year-old male visited the authors' clinic with the chief complaint of flying flies in his right eye. The fundus photograph showed a whitish epiretinal scar, and the fluorescein angiography revealed a hypofluorescein lesion of the scar and late leakage at the margin. An elevated retinal surface and posterior acoustic shadowing of the scar were observed in the optical coherence tomography, and Toxocara IgG was positive. The patient was diagnosed with toxocariasis, and the condition was treated with albendazole (400 mg twice a day) for a month and oral triamcinolone (16 mg for 2 weeks, once a day, and then 8 mg for 1 week, once a day) from day 13 of the albendazole treatment. The lesions decreased after the treatment. Based on this study, oral albendazole combined with steroids can be a simple and effective regimen for treating ocular toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- San Seong
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Daruchi Moon
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Lee
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Hyung Eun Kim
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Hyun Sup Oh
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Soon Hyun Kim
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Oh Woong Kwon
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
| | - Yong Sung You
- Nune Eye Hospital, Noon Building, Seoul 135-280, Korea
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Ahn SJ, Ryoo NK, Woo SJ. Ocular toxocariasis: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Asia Pac Allergy 2014; 4:134-41. [PMID: 25097848 PMCID: PMC4116038 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2014.4.3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being one of the most common zoonotic infections worldwide, human toxocariasis has been one of the neglected tropical diseases. Although most human infections are asymptomatic, two main syndromes of human toxocariasis are classically recognized: systemic toxocariasis, which encompasses diseases in major organs; and ocular toxocariasis (OT), disease in the eye or optic nerve, caused by the migration of Toxocara larvae into the eye. OT is usually a unilateral disease, which typically presents as retinal granuloma, a yellowish or whitish inflammatory mass, in the posterior pole or peripheral retina. Granuloma itself or other comorbid conditions such as epiretinal membrane, macular edema, and retinal detachment can lead to permanent retinal damage and visual loss in eyes with OT. OT is diagnosed clinically by identification of clinical signs on ophthalmologic examination. Serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum antibody against the Toxocara larvae, can confirm the diagnosis. In addition, serum immunoglobulin E and detection of ocular fluid antitoxocara antibody by ELISA may give additional aid to the diagnosis. Standard treatment of OT is corticosteroid in patients with active intraocular inflammation. Although the role of anthelmintic therapy is unclear, favorable outcome has been reported by combined corticosteroid and albendazole therapy in eyes with active inflammation. Prevention, by increasing public awareness and reducing the risk of infection, is also important. Recently, the association between ingestion of uncooked meat or liver and toxocariasis was reported, especially in adult patients. Future research on the potential source of infection, diagnosis, and treatment should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Joon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea. ; Department of Ophthalmology, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam 463-040, Korea
| | - Na-Kyung Ryoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
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A Comparative Seroprevalence Study of Toxocariasis in Hypereosinophilic and Apparently Healthy Individuals. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.17911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huh S. Chemotherapeutic drugs for common parasitic diseases in Korea. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2013. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2013.56.6.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
- Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Seo M, Yoon SC. A seroepidemiological survey of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in Chungcheongnam-do. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2012; 50:249-51. [PMID: 22949755 PMCID: PMC3428573 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There have been several reports on the relationship between toxocariasis and eosinophilia, but all have been limited to the areas of Seoul or Gangwon-do. In the present study, we investigated the seroprevalence of toxocariasis among eosinophilia patients in Chungcheongnam-do, the central district of Korea. Among the 101 patients tested, 51 (50.5%) were identified as positive by Toxocara ELISA, and 46 (45.5%) were confidently diagnosed with toxocariasis because of absence of any other cause of eosinophilia. Whereas 22 of 42 seropositive patients (52.3%) had a recent history of consuming raw livers, especially the cow liver, only 1 of 25 seronegative patients (4%) had done so (P<0.01). From these results, we could confirm that toxocariasis is related to eosinophilia, and infer that ingestion of raw cow liver plays a vital role in the transmission of toxocariasis in Chungcheongnam-do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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Seroprevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in Ahwaz, south-western Iran. J Helminthol 2011; 86:241-4. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x11000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEosinophilia in human peripheral blood is caused by different agents, including toxocariasis. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of toxocariasis in hypereosinophilic individuals in the city of Ahwaz, located in south-western Iran, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot techniques. Serum samples were examined from 100 individuals with peripheral blood eosinophilia and also from another 100 individuals without eosinophilia as the control group. In hypereosinophilic individuals seroprevalence antibodies against Toxocara were found in 19 (19%), of whom 12 (63.15%) were female and 7 (36.85%) were male. Positive sera were subsequently confirmed by Western blot. All of the observed bands ranged from 24 to 100 kDa. Antibodies against Toxocara were found in 1% of the control group, but were not confirmed by Western blot. The results showed significant differences between the frequency of infection within age and gender (P < 0.05); the highest prevalence of infection was observed in adults. Differences between the hypereosinophilic and healthy individuals, in terms of Toxocara infection frequency, also proved significant (P < 0.05).The present study thus confirmed the significant prevalence of toxocariasis as a hygienic problem among hypereosinophilic individuals in this area. It is, therefore, necessary to examine these individuals for toxocariasis.
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Roldán WH, Espinoza YA, Atúncar A, Ortega E, Martinez A, Saravia M. Frequency of eosinophilia and risk factors and their association with Toxocara infection in schoolchildren during a health survey in the north of Lima, Peru. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 50:273-8. [PMID: 18949344 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652008000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During a health survey in a primary school from the district of Carabayllo (North of Lima, Peru), 200 schoolchildren (96 male and 104 female between five to 12 years old) were randomly selected and divided in two groups (as positive or negative group), according to the serologic result of the Toxocara ELISA test from a total population of 646 schoolchildren. All children were analyzed by hematologic tests to determinate the frequency of eosinophilia and leukocytosis. Additionally, all clinical and epidemiological data were also analyzed to determine their association with toxocariasis. From group of children with positive serology, 40% had some type of eosinophilia in contrast to 19% of children with negative serology, and their association was statistically significant (OR = 2.84, p < 0.001). From all signs and symptoms evaluated, only 'dry cough' was more frequent and statistically significant in the positive serology group (OR = 2.79, p < 0.001). Almost all risk factors evaluated were highly frequent and statistically associated to the positive serology. In conclusion, the presence of eosinophilia and the risk factors evaluated in this population were frequently associated to human toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Roldán
- Sección de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Callao, Perú.
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Lee SU, Yu JR, Huh S. Ultrastructural localization of Toxocara canis larval antigen reacted with a seropositive human serum. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2009; 47:65-8. [PMID: 19290095 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ung Lee
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, KonKuk University, Chungju, Korea
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