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Toledo R, Conciancic P, Fiallos E, Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C. Echinostomes and Other Intestinal Trematode Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:285-322. [PMID: 39008269 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal trematodes are among the most common types of parasitic worms. About 76 species belonging to 14 families have been recorded infecting humans. Infection commonly occurs when humans eat raw or undercooked foods that contain the infective metacercariae. These parasites are diverse in regard to their morphology, geographical distribution and life cycle, which make it difficult to study the parasitic diseases that they cause. Many of these intestinal trematodes have been considered as endemic parasites in the past. However, the geographical limits and the population at risk are currently expanding and changing in relation to factors such as growing international markets, improved transportation systems, new eating habits in developed countries and demographic changes. These factors make it necessary to better understand intestinal trematode infections. This chapter describes the main features of human intestinal trematodes in relation to their biology, epidemiology, host-parasite relationships, pathogenicity, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paola Conciancic
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Fiallos
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia, Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Tidman R, Kanankege KST, Bangert M, Abela-Ridder B. Global prevalence of 4 neglected foodborne trematodes targeted for control by WHO: A scoping review to highlight the gaps. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011073. [PMID: 36862635 PMCID: PMC9980766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne trematodiases (FBTs) are a group of trematodes targeted for control as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) road map for neglected tropical diseases from 2021 to 2030. Disease mapping; surveillance; and capacity, awareness, and advocacy building are critical to reach the 2030 targets. This review aims to synthesise available data on FBT prevalence, risk factors, prevention, testing, and treatment. METHODS We searched the scientific literature and extracted prevalence data as well as qualitative data on the geographical and sociocultural risk factors associated with infection, preventive/protective factors, and methods and challenges of diagnostics and treatment. We also extracted WHO Global Health Observatory data representing the countries that reported FBTs during 2010 to 2019. RESULTS One hundred and fifteen studies reporting data on any of the 4 FBTs of focus (Fasciola spp., Paragonimus spp., Clonorchis sp., and Opisthorchis spp.) were included in the final selection. Opisthorchiasis was the most commonly reported and researched FBT, with recorded study prevalence ranging from 0.66% to 88.7% in Asia, and this was the highest FBT prevalence overall. The highest recorded study prevalence for clonorchiasis was 59.6%, reported in Asia. Fascioliasis was reported in all regions, with the highest prevalence of 24.77% reported in the Americas. The least data was available on paragonimiasis, with the highest reported study prevalence of 14.9% in Africa. WHO Global Health Observatory data indicated 93/224 (42%) countries reported at least 1 FBT and 26 countries are likely co-endemic to 2 or more FBTs. However, only 3 countries had conducted prevalence estimates for multiple FBTs in the published literature between 2010 to 2020. Despite differing epidemiology, there were overlapping risk factors for all FBTs in all geographical areas, including proximity to rural and agricultural environments; consumption of raw contaminated food; and limited water, hygiene, and sanitation. Mass drug administration and increased awareness and health education were commonly reported preventive factors for all FBTs. FBTs were primarily diagnosed using faecal parasitological testing. Triclabendazole was the most reported treatment for fascioliasis, while praziquantel was the primary treatment for paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and opisthorchiasis. Low sensitivity of diagnostic tests as well as reinfection due to continued high-risk food consumption habits were common factors. CONCLUSION This review presents an up-to-date synthesis on the quantitative and qualitative evidence available for the 4 FBTs. The data show a large gap between what is being estimated and what is being reported. Although progress has been made with control programmes in several endemic areas, sustained effort is needed to improve surveillance data on FBTs and identify endemic and high-risk areas for environmental exposures, through a One Health approach, to achieve the 2030 goals of FBT prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tidman
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Kaushi S. T. Kanankege
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RT); (KK)
| | - Mathieu Bangert
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Xiao HY, Chai JY, Fang YY, Lai YS. The spatial-temporal risk profiling of Clonorchis sinensis infection over 50 years implies the effectiveness of control programs in South Korea: a geostatistical modeling study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 33:100697. [PMID: 36817868 PMCID: PMC9932111 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past 50 years, two national control programs on Clonorchis sinensis infection have been conducted in South Korea. Spatial-temporal profiles of infection risk provide useful information on assessing the effectiveness of the programs and planning spatial-targeted control strategies. Methods Advanced Bayesian geostatistical joint models with spatial-temporal random effects were developed to analyze disease data collecting by a systematic review with potential influencing factors, and to handle issues of preferential sampling and data heterogeneities. Changes of the infection risk were analyzed. Findings We presented the first spatial-temporal risk maps of C. sinensis infection at 5 × 5 km2 resolution from 1970 to 2020 in South Korea. Moderate-to-high risk areas were shrunk, but temporal variances were shown in different areas. The population-adjusted estimated prevalence across the country was 5.99% (95% BCI: 5.09-7.01%) in 1970, when the first national deworming campaign began. It declined to 3.95% (95% BCI: 2.88-3.95%) in 1995, when the campaign suspended, and increased to 4.73% (95% BCI: 4.00-5.42%) in 2004, just before the Clonorchiasis Eradication Program (CEP). The population-adjusted prevalence was estimated at 2.77% (95% BCI: 1.67-4.34%) in 2020, 15 years after CEP started, corresponding to 1.42 (95% BCI: 0.85-2.23) million infected people. Interpretation The first nationwide campaign and the CEP showed effectiveness on control of C. sinensis infection. Moderate-to-high risk areas identified by risk maps should be prioritized for control and intervention. Funding The National Natural Science Foundation of China (project no. 82073665) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (project no. 2022A1515010042).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Xiao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Yue-Yi Fang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ying-Si Lai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China,Corresponding author. Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, PR China.
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Xu M, Jiang Y, Yin J, Cao S, Shen Y, Cao J. Risk Factors for Clonorchis sinensis Infection in Residents of Binyang, Guangxi: A Cross-Sectional and Logistic Analysis Study. Front Public Health 2021; 9:588325. [PMID: 34026699 PMCID: PMC8131673 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.588325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clonorchiasis is a serious food-borne parasitic disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection. C. sinensis, a major fish-borne trematode, is a known causative agent of cholangiocarcinoma. The risk factors for C. sinensis infection include individual eating behaviors and environmental factors. In this study, we evaluated the C. sinensis infection rate and the associated risk factors among residents in Binyang County, Guangxi, China. Methods: In 2016 and 2017, five villages from Binyang, Guangxi were selected by multistage cluster random sampling for a cross-sectional study. A modified Kato-Katz thick smear method was used to examine C. sinensis eggs in fecal samples in triplicate (three smears for each sample). Both uni-variate and multi-variate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the risk factors for C. sinensis infection. Results: A total of 1,977 fecal samples were collected from villagers in the investigated areas. The overall infection rates of C. sinensis in Binyang County was 20.49% (405/1,977). The mean age of participants was 39.42 ± 23.48 (range: 3–89 years old), and the highest infection rate (33.72%) was seen in the age group of 40-49 years old, followed by those aged 50–59 (31.83%). Multi-variate logistic regression analysis showed that higher infection rates were significantly associated with males (aOR = 6.51, 95% CI = 4.67–9.08), Zhuang (aOR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.62–3.59), ages (aOR = 33.51, 95% CI = 10.13–110.86), frequency of raw fresh fish consumption (aOR = 14.56, 95% CI = 9.80–21.63), and close contact with cats and dogs (aOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.02–2.30). Occupations and education levels showed no significant association with C. sinensis infection (P > 0.05). Conclusions: High levels of C. sinensis infection were observed among residents in Binyang County, Guangxi. Intervention strategies should be strengthened among the investigated population at high risk, such as males, Zhuang and older individuals, especially those who frequently eat raw fresh fish. In addition, the individuals contacting with cats and/or dogs were observed to have significantly higher infection rate of C. sinensis than those having no contact with cats and dogs. The association between contacting with cats and/or dogs and C. sinensis infection needs to be explored and confirmed in the future study by more epidemiological investigations of human C. sinensis infection from different areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengkui Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Saelens G, Gabriël S. Currently Available Monitoring and Surveillance Systems for Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and Soil-Transmitted Helminths at the Control/Elimination Stage: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E47. [PMID: 31935916 PMCID: PMC7168685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing global focus on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has resulted in the set up of numerous control and elimination activities worldwide. This is partly true for Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis, the most important foodborne parasitic infection. Despite substantial progress, adequate monitoring and surveillance (M&S) are required to sustain a status of control/elimination. This is often lacking, especially for T. solium. Therefore, the objective was to conduct a systematic literature review of the currently available M&S systems at the control/elimination stage of the four top-ranked helminth NTDs. Specifically, Taenia spp., Echinococcus spp., Schistosoma spp., and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) were considered to determine if there are any similarities between their M&S systems and whether certain approaches can be adopted from each other. The systematic review demonstrated that rigorous M&S systems have been designed for the control/elimination stage of both STHs and schistosomiasis, particularly in China. On the other hand, a concept of M&S for Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. has not been fully developed yet, due to a lack of epidemiological data and the fact that many endemic countries are far away from reaching control/elimination. Moreover, accurate diagnostic tools for all four diseases are still imperfect, which complicates proper M&S. Finally, there is an urgent need to develop and harmonize/standardize M&S activities in order to reliably determine and compare the epidemiological situation worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Saelens
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
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Huh S. Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.8.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Choi J, Jang J, An Y, Park SK. Blood Pressure and the Risk of Death From Non-cardiovascular Diseases: A Population-based Cohort Study of Korean Adults. J Prev Med Public Health 2018; 51:298-309. [PMID: 30514060 PMCID: PMC6283742 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.18.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and the risk of death from specific causes other than cardiovascular diseases. Methods We calculated the risk of specific death by SBP and DBP categories for 506 508 health examinees in 2002-2003 using hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a Cox proportional hazards model. Results Compared to normal levels (SBP <120 or DBP <90 mmHg), stage I systolic and diastolic hypertension (SBP 140-159, DBP 85- 89 mmHg, respectively) were associated with an increased risk of death from diabetes mellitus, alcoholic liver disease, and renal failure (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.22; HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.46; HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.64 to 3.21; HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.20; HR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.41 to 2.81; HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.73, respectively), but a decreased risk of death from intestinal pneumonia (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.98; HR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.91). Only stage II systolic hypertension (SBP ≥160 mmHg) was associated with an increased risk of death from pneumonia, liver cirrhosis, and intestinal ischemia (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.98; HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.15; HR, 3.77; 95% CI, 1.24 to 11.40, respectively), and stage I and II diastolic hypertension (SBP 140-159 and ≥160 mmHg) were associated with an increased risk of death from intestinal ischemia (HR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.27 to 7.38; HR, 4.39; 95% CI, 1.62 to 11.88, respectively). Conclusions An increase in blood pressure levels may alter the risk of death from certain causes other than cardiovascular diseases, a well-known outcome of hypertension, although the mechanism of these associations is not well documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeoungbin Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Jang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonsuk An
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue K Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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