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Banks E, Francis V, Lin SJ, Kharfallah F, Fonov V, Lévesque M, Han C, Kulasekaran G, Tuznik M, Bayati A, Al-Khater R, Alkuraya FS, Argyriou L, Babaei M, Bahlo M, Bakhshoodeh B, Barr E, Bartik L, Bassiony M, Bertrand M, Braun D, Buchert R, Budetta M, Cadieux-Dion M, Calame DG, Cope H, Cushing D, Efthymiou S, Elmaksoud MA, El Said HG, Froukh T, Gill HK, Gleeson JG, Gogoll L, Goh ESY, Gowda VK, Haack TB, Hashem MO, Hauser S, Hoffman TL, Hogue JS, Hosokawa A, Houlden H, Huang K, Huynh S, Karimiani EG, Kaulfuß S, Korenke GC, Kritzer A, Lee H, Lupski JR, Marco EJ, McWalter K, Minassian A, Minassian BA, Murphy D, Neira-Fresneda J, Northrup H, Nyaga DM, Oehl-Jaschkowitz B, Osmond M, Person R, Pehlivan D, Petree C, Sadleir LG, Saunders C, Schoels L, Shashi V, Spillmann RC, Srinivasan VM, Torbati PN, Tos T, Zaki MS, Zhou D, Zweier C, Trempe JF, Durcan TM, Gan-Or Z, Avoli M, Alves C, Varshney GK, Maroofian R, Rudko DA, McPherson PS. Loss of symmetric cell division of apical neural progenitors drives DENND5A-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7239. [PMID: 39174524 PMCID: PMC11341845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) feature altered brain development, developmental delay and seizures, with seizures exacerbating developmental delay. Here we identify a cohort with biallelic variants in DENND5A, encoding a membrane trafficking protein, and develop animal models with phenotypes like the human syndrome. We demonstrate that DENND5A interacts with Pals1/MUPP1, components of the Crumbs apical polarity complex required for symmetrical division of neural progenitor cells. Human induced pluripotent stem cells lacking DENND5A fail to undergo symmetric cell division with an inherent propensity to differentiate into neurons. These phenotypes result from misalignment of the mitotic spindle in apical neural progenitors. Cells lacking DENND5A orient away from the proliferative apical domain surrounding the ventricles, biasing daughter cells towards a more fate-committed state, ultimately shortening the period of neurogenesis. This study provides a mechanism for DENND5A-related DEE that may be generalizable to other developmental conditions and provides variant-specific clinical information for physicians and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Francis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Fares Kharfallah
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vladimir Fonov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lévesque
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Chanshuai Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Gopinath Kulasekaran
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Armin Bayati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loukas Argyriou
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Meisam Babaei
- Department of Pediatrics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eileen Barr
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren Bartik
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Miriam Bertrand
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Braun
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mauro Budetta
- Paediatric and Child Neurology Unit, Cava de' Tirreni AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggiero d'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maxime Cadieux-Dion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Daniel G Calame
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Cope
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donna Cushing
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marwa Abd Elmaksoud
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Huda G El Said
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tawfiq Froukh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Harinder K Gill
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program at BC Women's Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura Gogoll
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elaine S-Y Goh
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mais O Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Trevor L Hoffman
- Department of Regional Genetics, Southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, CA, USA
| | | | - Akimoto Hosokawa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Stephanie Huynh
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program at BC Women's Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Christoph Korenke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Amy Kritzer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- 3billion Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Arakel Minassian
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Denis M Nyaga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carol Saunders
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Ludger Schoels
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillmann
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Paria N Torbati
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tulay Tos
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Zubeyde Hanim Research and Training Hospital of Women's Health and Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dihong Zhou
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cesar Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - David A Rudko
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, the Neuro, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, the Neuro, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Banks E, Francis V, Lin SJ, Kharfallah F, Fonov V, Levesque M, Han C, Kulasekaran G, Tuznik M, Bayati A, Al-Khater R, Alkuraya FS, Argyriou L, Babaei M, Bahlo M, Bakhshoodeh B, Barr E, Bartik L, Bassiony M, Bertrand M, Braun D, Buchert R, Budetta M, Cadieux-Dion M, Calame D, Cope H, Cushing D, Efthymiou S, Elmaksoud MA, El Said HG, Froukh T, Gill HK, Gleeson JG, Gogoll L, Goh ESY, Gowda VK, Haack TB, Hashem MO, Hauser S, Hoffman TL, Hogue JS, Hosokawa A, Houlden H, Huang K, Huynh S, Karimiani EG, Kaulfuß S, Korenke GC, Kritzer A, Lee H, Lupski JR, Marco EJ, McWalter K, Minassian A, Minassian BA, Murphy D, Neira-Fresneda J, Northrup H, Nyaga D, Oehl-Jaschkowitz B, Osmond M, Person R, Pehlivan D, Petree C, Sadleir LG, Saunders C, Schoels L, Shashi V, Spillman RC, Srinivasan VM, Torbati PN, Tos T, Zaki MS, Zhou D, Zweier C, Trempe JF, Durcan TM, Gan-Or Z, Avoli M, Alves C, Varshney GK, Maroofian R, Rudko DA, McPherson PS. Loss of symmetric cell division of apical neural progenitors drives DENND5A-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2022.08.23.22278845. [PMID: 38352438 PMCID: PMC10863025 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.23.22278845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a heterogenous group of epilepsies in which altered brain development leads to developmental delay and seizures, with the epileptic activity further negatively impacting neurodevelopment. Identifying the underlying cause of DEEs is essential for progress toward precision therapies. Here we describe a group of individuals with biallelic variants in DENND5A and determine that variant type is correlated with disease severity. We demonstrate that DENND5A interacts with MUPP1 and PALS1, components of the Crumbs apical polarity complex, which is required for both neural progenitor cell identity and the ability of these stem cells to divide symmetrically. Induced pluripotent stem cells lacking DENND5A fail to undergo symmetric cell division during neural induction and have an inherent propensity to differentiate into neurons, and transgenic DENND5A mice, with phenotypes like the human syndrome, have an increased number of neurons in the adult subventricular zone. Disruption of symmetric cell division following loss of DENND5A results from misalignment of the mitotic spindle in apical neural progenitors. A subset of DENND5A is localized to centrosomes, which define the spindle poles during mitosis. Cells lacking DENND5A orient away from the proliferative apical domain surrounding the ventricles, biasing daughter cells towards a more fate-committed state and ultimately shortening the period of neurogenesis. This study provides a mechanism behind DENND5A-related DEE that may be generalizable to other developmental conditions and provides variant-specific clinical information for physicians and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Banks
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Vincent Francis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Sheng-Jia Lin
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Fares Kharfallah
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Vladimir Fonov
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maxime Levesque
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Chanshuai Han
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gopinath Kulasekaran
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marius Tuznik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Armin Bayati
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Reem Al-Khater
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 34465, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Loukas Argyriou
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Meisam Babaei
- Department of Pediatrics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Eileen Barr
- Emory University, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lauren Bartik
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | | | - Miriam Bertrand
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Dominique Braun
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Buchert
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mauro Budetta
- Paediatric and Child Neurology Unit, Cava de' Tirreni AOU S. Giovanni di Dio e Ruggiero d'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maxime Cadieux-Dion
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Daniel Calame
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heidi Cope
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donna Cushing
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON L5B 1B8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marwa A Elmaksoud
- Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Huda G El Said
- Department of Family Health, High Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tawfiq Froukh
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan
| | - Harinder K Gill
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program at BC Women's Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura Gogoll
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elaine S-Y Goh
- Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, ON L5B 1B8, Canada
| | - Vykuntaraju K Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mais O Hashem
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Trevor L Hoffman
- Southern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Department of Regional Genetics, Anaheim, CA 92806, USA
| | | | - Akimoto Hosokawa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kevin Huang
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stephanie Huynh
- Provincial Medical Genetics Program at BC Women's Health Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Ehsan G Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Silke Kaulfuß
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - G Christoph Korenke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg 26133, Germany
| | - Amy Kritzer
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hane Lee
- 3billion, Inc, Seoul, South Korea
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Arakel Minassian
- Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics, and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Berge A Minassian
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Hope Northrup
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) and Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denis Nyaga
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew Osmond
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | | | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cassidy Petree
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Lynette G Sadleir
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Carol Saunders
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine Children's Mercy - Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Ludger Schoels
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Vandana Shashi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebecca C Spillman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Paria N Torbati
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tulay Tos
- University of Health Sciences, Zubeyde Hanim Research and Training Hospital of Women's Health and Diseases, Department of Medical Genetics, Ankara 06080, Turkey
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Clinical Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dihong Zhou
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Trempe
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Massimo Avoli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Cesar Alves
- Division of Neuroradiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guarav K Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - David A Rudko
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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