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Yu Q, Funaki B, Ahmed O. Twenty years of embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis of rebleeding and ischaemia rates. Br J Radiol 2024; 97:920-932. [PMID: 38364312 PMCID: PMC11075984 DOI: 10.1093/bjr/tqae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transarterial embolization (TAE) for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) can be technically challenging due to the compromise between achieving haemostasis and causing tissue ischaemia. The goal of the present study is to determine its technical success, rebleeding, and post-embolization ischaemia rates through meta-analysis of published literature in the last twenty years. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were queried. Technical success, rebleeding, and ischaemia rates were extracted. Baseline characteristics such as author, publication year, region, study design, embolization material, percentage of superselective embolization were retrieved. Subgroup analysis was performed based on publication time and embolization agent. RESULTS A total of 66 studies including 2121 patients who underwent embolization for acute LGIB were included. Endoscopic management was attempted in 34.5%. The pooled overall technical success, rebleeding, post-embolization ischaemia rates were 97.0%, 20.7%, and 7.5%, respectively. Studies published after 2010 showed higher technical success rates (97.8% vs 95.2%), lower rebleeding rates (18.6% vs 23.4%), and lower ischaemia rates (7.3% vs 9.7%). Compared to microcoils, NBCA was associated with a lower rebleeding rate (9.3% vs 20.8%) at the expense of a higher post-embolization ischaemia rate (9.7% vs 4.0%). Coagulopathy (P = .034), inotropic use (P = .040), and malignancy (P = .002) were predictors of post-embolization rebleeding. Haemorrhagic shock (P < .001), inotropic use (P = .026), malignancy (P < .001), coagulopathy (P = .002), blood transfusion (P < .001), and enteritis (P = .023) were predictors of mortality. Empiric embolization achieved a similarly durable haemostasis rate compared to targeted embolization (23.6% vs 21.1%) but a higher risk of post-embolization ischaemia (14.3% vs 4.7%). CONCLUSION For LGIB, TAE has a favourable technical success rate and low risk of post-embolization ischaemia. Its safety and efficacy profile has increased over the last decade. Compared to microcoils, NBCA seemed to offer a more durable haemostasis rate at the expense of higher ischaemia risk. Due to the heterogeneity of currently available evidence, future prospective and comparative studies are warranted. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE (1) Acute LGIB embolization demonstrate a high technical success rate with acceptable rate of rebleeding and symptomatic ischaemia rates. Most ischaemic stigmata discovered during routine post-embolization colonoscopy were minor. (2) Although NBCA seemed to offer a more durable haemostasis rate, it was also associated with a higher risk of ischaemia compared to microcoils. (3) Coagulopathy, malignant aetiology, and inotropic use were predictors of rebleeding and mortality. (4) Routine post-embolization endoscopy to assess for ischaemia is not indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
- Department of Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, 33331, United States
| | - Brian Funaki
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Osman Ahmed
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
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Alali M, Cao C, Shin JH, Jeon G, Zeng CH, Park JH, Aljerdah S, Aljohani S. Preliminary report on embolization with quick-soluble gelatin sponge particles for angiographically negative acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6438. [PMID: 38499668 PMCID: PMC10948793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic embolization is usually performed using gelatin sponge particles, which are absorbed within several weeks, for managing angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with quick-soluble gelatin sponge particles (QS-GSP) that dissolve in less than 4 h for treating angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. We included ten patients (M:F = 7:3; mean age, 64.3 years) who underwent prophylactic TAE with QS-GSP for angiographically negative acute gastrointestinal bleeding between 2021 and 2023. The technical success rate of TAE, clinical outcomes focusing on rebleeding, and procedure-related complications were evaluated. The embolized arteries were the gastroduodenal (n = 3), jejunal (n = 4), and ileal (n = 3) arteries. QS-GSP (150-350 µm or 350-560 µm) were used alone (n = 8) or in combination with a coil (n = 1). A 100% technical success rate was accomplished. In 1 patient (10%), rebleeding occurred 2 days after prophylactic TAE of the gastroduodenal artery, and this was managed by repeat TAE. There were no procedure-related complications. The use of QS-GSP for prophylactic TAE appears to be safe and effective for controlling bleeding among patients with angiographically negative gastrointestinal bleeding. There were no cases of related ischemic complications of the embolized bowels likely attributable to recanalization of the affected arteries following biodegradation of QS-GSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshari Alali
- Department of Radiology, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chuanwu Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Hoon Shin
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea.
| | - Gayoung Jeon
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Chu Hui Zeng
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Park
- Department of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea
| | - Shakir Aljerdah
- Department of Radiology, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Aljohani
- Department of Radiology, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Zhu Y, Yang W, Zhang Y, Ye L, Hu B. The value of endoscopically-placed metal clips for transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment of recurrent acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2023; 23:396. [PMID: 37974065 PMCID: PMC10652441 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-03034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) is a common clinical emergency. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is usually used to locate the bleeding site and provide interventional embolization. During TAE, there is a low positive rate of angiography, and localization of the culprit vessel is difficult. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the role of preplaced metal clips in TAE for ANVUGIB patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with ANVUGIB in whom bleeding sites were identified endoscopically and treated with TAE from January 1st, 2005 to July 1st, 2021 were retrospectively included. According to the presence or absence of preplaced metal clips, they were divided into two groups. The main outcome measurements included the clinical success rate and rebleeding rate. Secondary outcome measurements included the mortality rate and the need for surgery. Predictors of the clinical success rate were assessed with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 102 patients were included in this study, and all of them had undergone arterial embolization. There were 73 cases in the group with metal clips and 29 cases in the group without metal clips with consistent baseline information. The group with metal clips had a higher clinical success rate (82.2% vs. 45.0%, P < 0.001), lower rebleeding rate (8.2% vs 27.6%, P = 0.039) and additional surgery rate (11.0% vs 20.7%, P < 0.001) than the group without metal clips. In univariate analysis, ROCKALL score and preplaced metal clip marking were shown to affect clinical success rate. In multivariate analysis, metal clip marking was found to facilitate clinical success (OR = 3.750, 95CI = 1.456-9.659, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION In ANVUGIB patients, preplaced metal clips could improve the clinical success rate of TAE and reduce the mortality rate and the risk of rebleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansong Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Ini' C, Distefano G, Sanfilippo F, Castiglione DG, Falsaperla D, Giurazza F, Mosconi C, Tiralongo F, Foti PV, Palmucci S, Venturini M, Basile A. Embolization for acute nonvariceal bleeding of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract: a systematic review. CVIR Endovasc 2023; 6:18. [PMID: 36988839 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-023-00360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleedings (GIBs) are pathological conditions associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Embolization without angiographic evidence of contrast media extravasation is proposed as an effective procedure in patients with clinical and/or laboratory signs of bleeding. The purpose of this systematic review is to define common clinical practice and clinical and technical outcomes of blind and preventive embolization for upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. MAIN BODY Through the PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar database, an extensive search was performed in the fields of empiric and preventive embolization for the treatment of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleedings (UGIB and LGIB). Inclusion criteria were: articles in English for which it has been possible to access the entire content; adults patients treated with empiric or blind transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for UGIB and/or LGIB. Only studies that analysed clinical and technical success rate of blind and empiric TAE for UGIB and/or LGIB were considered for our research. Exclusion criteria were: recurrent articles from the same authors, articles written in other languages, those in which the entire content could not be accessed and that articles were not consistent to the purposes of our research. We collected pooled data on 1019 patients from 32 separate articles selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. 22 studies focused on UGIB (total 773 patients), one articles focused on LGIB (total 6 patients) and 9 studies enrolled patients with both UGIB and LGIB (total 240 patients). Technical success rate varied from 62% to 100%, with a mean value of 97.7%; clinical success rate varied from 51% to 100% with a mean value of 80%. The total number of complications was 57 events out of 1019 procedures analysed. CONCLUSION TAE is an effective procedure in the treatment of UGIB patients in which angiography does not demonstrate direct sign of ongoing bleeding. The attitude in the treatment of LGIBs must be more prudent in relation to poor vascular anastomoses and the high risk of intestinal ischemia. Blind and preventive procedures cumulatively present a relatively low risk of complications, compared to a relatively high technical and clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Ini'
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Giulio Distefano
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Sanfilippo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, A.O.U. 'Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele', Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Giuseppe Castiglione
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Falsaperla
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Giurazza
- Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department, Cardarelli Hospital, Via A. Cardarelli 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Mosconi
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tiralongo
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Valerio Foti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Palmucci
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturini
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Circolo Hospital, Insubria University, Viale Luigi Borri 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Basile
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania -Radiology I Unit, University Hospital Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco", Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
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Patel MV, Funaki B. Commentary on "Carbon Dioxide Angiography for the Detection of Lower Gastrointestinal Arterial Bleeding Initially Occult to Angiography with Iodinated Contrast Media". J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022; 33:1335-1336. [PMID: 36511305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mikin V Patel
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian Funaki
- Department of Radiology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
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Madhusudhan KS. CT angiography before digital subtraction angiography in patients of gastrointestinal bleeding with hemodynamic instability: do we have an answer? Acta Radiol 2022; 63:889-890. [PMID: 35575227 DOI: 10.1177/02841851221101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kumble S Madhusudhan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Interventional Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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刘 邦, 王 小, 晏 玉, 肖 雪, 杨 丽, 罗 薛. [Efficacy Analysis of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization in Acute Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:398-403. [PMID: 35642145 PMCID: PMC10409428 DOI: 10.12182/20220560203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in the treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB), and to guide clinical practice and continue to optimize diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methods This retrospective study included 266 patients who underwent angiography due to ANVUGIB between March 2016 and March 2021. Data on the positive rate of angiography, the technical success rate and clinical success rate of TAE, and the rebleeding rate and the all-cause mortality within 30 days after TAE treatment were collected, and the influencing factors relevant to the above events were analyzed accordingly. Results All 266 patients completed angiography--the positive rate of angiography was 54.1% (144/266), the total technical success rate was 97.3% (217/223), the clinical success rate was 73.1% (155/212), and the rebleeding rate and all-cause mortality within 30 days were 26.9% (57/212) and 16.1% (35/217), respectively. This study found that shock index>1 ( OR=5.950; 95% CI: 1.481-23.895; P=0.012), computed tomography angiography (CTA) positive result ( OR=6.813; 95% CI: 1.643-28.252; P=0.008) and interval<24 h ( OR=10.530; 95% CI: 2.845-38.976; P<0.001) were independent predictors of positive angiography. Shock index>1 ( OR=2.544; 95% CI: 1.301-4.972; P=0.006) and INR>1.5 ( OR=3.207; 95% CI: 1.381-7.451; P=0.007) were independent risk factors for rebleeding. Patients with postoperative bleeding ( OR=3.174; 95% CI: 1.164-8.654; P=0.024) and patients with rebleeding after embolization ( OR=34.665; 95% CI: 11.471-104.758; P<0.001) had a higher risk of death within 30 days. Conclusion TAE is safe and effective in the treatment of ANVUGIB. Patients with shock index>1 and positive CTA are more likely to be angiographic positive, and should undergo angiography as early as possible after bleeding. In addition, rebleeding after embolization deserves high attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- 邦喜 刘
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 小泽 王
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 玉玲 晏
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 雪 肖
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 丽 杨
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 薛峰 罗
- 四川大学华西医院 消化内科 四川大学-牛津大学华西消化道肿瘤联合研究中心 (成都 610041)Department of Gastroenterology and Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Center for Gastrointsetinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a common clinical entity. Expert management of acute GIB requires collaborative care between internists and other specialists. This article reviews the presentation, treatment, and prevention of acute GIB using recommendations from recent guidelines and expert panel reviews. The article acknowledges the pivotal role played by primary care providers in the inpatient and outpatient management of acute GIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Tokar
- Gastroenterology Section, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer T Higa
- Gastroenterology Section, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Lee HN, Cho Y, Lee S, Park SJ. Value of multiphase computed tomography for gastrointestinal bleeding before endovascular treatment in hemodynamically unstable patients. Acta Radiol 2022; 64:58-66. [PMID: 35084248 DOI: 10.1177/02841851221074579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been no practice-based study regarding the multiphase computed tomography (CT) before endovascular treatment in hemodynamically unstable gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and concerns exist regarding the time delay. PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of multiphase CT before endovascular treatment in hemodynamically unstable GIB and to investigate the predictors of angiographic localization and recurrent bleeding. MATERIAL AND METHODS The multicenter retrospective study included 93 consecutive hemodynamically unstable patients who underwent conventional angiography for non-variceal GIB after failed endoscopic localization. Enrolled patients were divided into a CT group (n = 61) and a non-CT group (n = 32). RESULTS The clinical characteristics did not differ between the two groups except for the time to angiography (CT group, 14.8±15.1 h; non-CT group, 9.2±11.7 h, P = 0.022). The rate of angiographic localization was significantly higher in the CT group than in the non-CT group only for lower GIB (P = 0.049). Indirect sign was significantly more frequent in the CT group than in the non-CT group (P = 0.014). CT localization was positive predictor (odd ratio [OR] = 7.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1-27.94; P = 0.002) and prolonged time to angiography was negative predictor (OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.9- 0.98; P = 0.001) for angiographic localization. A higher systolic blood pressure until index angiography (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.91-1; P = 0.044) was associated with a reduced risk of recurrent bleeding. CONCLUSION In hemodynamically unstable patients, multiphase CT is particularly useful for angiographic localization of lower GIB. It should be considered immediately after failed endoscopic hemostasis to reduce time to angiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Nam Lee
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjong Cho
- Department of Radiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjoon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Pohang St Mary’s Hospital, Pohang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Joon Park
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
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Karuppasamy K, Kapoor BS, Fidelman N, Abujudeh H, Bartel TB, Caplin DM, Cash BD, Citron SJ, Farsad K, Gajjar AH, Guimaraes MS, Gupta A, Higgins M, Marin D, Patel PJ, Pietryga JA, Rochon PJ, Stadtlander KS, Suranyi PS, Lorenz JM. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiologic Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021; 18:S139-S152. [PMID: 33958109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diverticulosis remains the commonest cause for acute lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (GIB). Conservative management is initially sufficient for most patients, followed by elective diagnostic tests. However, if acute lower GIB persists, it can be investigated with colonoscopy, CT angiography (CTA), or red blood cell (RBC) scan. Colonoscopy can identify the site and cause of bleeding and provide effective treatment. CTA is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that is better tolerated by patients, can identify actively bleeding site or a potential bleeding lesion in vast majority of patients. RBC scan can identify intermittent bleeding, and with single-photon emission computed tomography, can more accurately localize it to a small segment of bowel. If patients are hemodynamically unstable, CTA and transcatheter arteriography/embolization can be performed. Colonoscopy can also be considered in these patients if rapid bowel preparation is feasible. Transcatheter arteriography has a low rate of major complications; however, targeted transcatheter embolization is only feasible if extravasation is seen, which is more likely in hemodynamically unstable patients. If bleeding site has been previously localized but the intervention by colonoscopy and transcatheter embolization have failed to achieve hemostasis, surgery may be required. Among patients with obscure (nonlocalized) recurrent bleeding, capsule endoscopy and CT enterography can be considered to identify culprit mucosal lesion(s). The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas Fidelman
- Panel Vice-Chair, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hani Abujudeh
- Detroit Medical Center, Tenet Healthcare and Envision Radiology Physician Services, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Drew M Caplin
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York, Chair, Committee on Practice Parameters Interventional Radiology, American College of Radiology, Program Director, Interventional Radiology Residency, Zucker School of Medicine NSLIJ
| | - Brooks D Cash
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, American Gastroenterological Association
| | | | - Khashayar Farsad
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, Vice Chair, Department of Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University
| | - Aakash H Gajjar
- PRiSMA Proctology Surgical Medicine & Associates, Houston, Texas, American College of Surgeons
| | | | - Amit Gupta
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Daniele Marin
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Parag J Patel
- Froedtert & The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Paul J Rochon
- University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Pal S Suranyi
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Thavanesan N, Van Der Werf B, Shafi A, Kennedy C, O'Grady G, Loveday B, Pandanaboyana S. Clinical factors associated with successful embolization of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:2097-2105. [PMID: 33890719 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a model of clinical factors that may predict: (1) technically and clinically successful embolization of a bleeding vessel at digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for lower gastrointestinal bleed (LGIB); (2) a negative DSA in the presence of positive CT-mesenteric angiography (CTMA) for LGIB. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of all DSAs conducted with intent for embolization for acute LGIB over a 10-year period was undertaken. Pre-procedural and intra-procedural clinical variables were evaluated using uni- and multi-variate analysis. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-three DSAs were evaluated. Technical success was 81% and clinical success 78% where DSA was positive. Technical success was associated with super-selective approach, contrast extravasation on CT, haemoglobin drop, anatomical source and time from CT to DSA on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, time from CT to DSA was significant with a higher success probability within 120 min with different factors being salient depending on degree of delay. Clinical success was only associated with activated partial thromboplastin time (<27.5 s). A negative DSA was associated with anatomical source, haemodynamic stability, platelet count and time from CT to DSA on univariate analysis. The latter three remained so on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION A triaging approach to utilizing emergency DSA may be helpful. If prolonged delay between CT and DSA is anticipated, with haemodynamic stability and a near-normal platelet count, the DSA may not be fruitful. Technical success may be more likely if DSA occurs within 120 min. Clinical success may be more likely if activated partial thromboplastin time is within normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Van Der Werf
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adil Shafi
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colette Kennedy
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg O'Grady
- Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Loveday
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sanjay Pandanaboyana
- Hepatobiliary and Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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12
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Choi C, Lim H, Kim MJ, Lee BY, Kim SY, Soh JS, Kang HS, Moon SH, Kim JH. Relationship between angiography timing and angiographic visualization of extravasation in patients with acute non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding. BMC Gastroenterol 2020; 20:426. [PMID: 33317472 PMCID: PMC7737270 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-020-01570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiographic embolization is now considered the first-line therapy for acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refractory to endoscopic therapy. The success of angiographic embolization depends on the detection of the bleeding site. This study aimed to identify the clinical and procedural predictors for the angiographic visualization of extravasation, including angiography timing, as well as analyze the outcomes of angiographic embolization according to the angiographic visualization of extravasation. Methods The clinical and procedural data of 138 consecutive patients (mean age, 66.5 years; 65.9% men) who underwent angiography with or without embolization for acute non-variceal GI bleeding between February 2008 and July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the 138 patients, 58 (42%) had active extravasation on initial angiography and 113 (81.9%) underwent embolization. The angiographic visualization of extravasation was significantly higher in patients with diabetes (p = 0.036), a low platelet count (p = 0.048), high maximum heart rate (p = 0.002) and AIMS65 score (p = 0.026), upper GI bleeding (p = 0.025), and short time-to-angiography (p = 0.031). The angiographic embolization was successful in all angiograms, with angiographic visualization of extravasation (100%). The clinical success of patients without angiographic visualization of extravasation (83.9%) was significantly higher than that of patients with angiographic visualization of extravasation (65.5%) (p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, the time-to-angiography (odds ratio 0.373 [95% CI 0.154–0.903], p = 0.029) was the only significant predictor associated with the angiographic visualization of extravasation. The cutoff value of time-to-angiography was 5.0 h, with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.3% and 47.5%, respectively (p = 0.012). Conclusions Angiography timing is an important factor that is associated with the angiographic visualization of extravasation in patients with acute GI bleeding. Angiography should be performed early in the course of bleeding in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungjo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Soh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Suk Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Hallym College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang, 431-796, Republic of Korea
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13
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Empiric cone-beam CT-guided embolization in acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Eur Radiol 2020; 31:2161-2172. [PMID: 32964336 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of cone-beam CT (CBCT)-guided empirical embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in patients with a positive CT angiography (CTA) but subsequent negative digital subtraction angiography (DSA). METHODS A retrospective study of consecutive LGIB patients with a positive CTA who received a DSA within 24 h from January 2008 to July 2019. Patients with a positive DSA were treated with targeted embolization (TE group). Patients with a negative DSA underwent an empiric CBCT-guided embolization of the assumed ruptured vas rectum (EE group) or no embolization (NE group). Recurrent bleeding, major ischemic complications, and in-hospital mortality were compared by means of Fisher's exact test. Further subgroup analysis was performed on hemodynamic instability. RESULTS Eighty-five patients (67.6 years ± 15.7, 52 men) were included (TE group, n = 47; EE group, n = 19; NE group, n = 19). If DSA was positive, technical success of targeted embolization was 100% (47/47). If DSA was negative and the intention to treat by empiric CBCT-guided embolization, technical success was 100% (19/19). Recurrent bleeding rates in the TE group, EE group, and NE group were 17.0% (8/47), 21.1% (4/19), and 52.6% (10/19) respectively. Empiric CBCT-guided embolization reduced rebleeding significantly in patients with a negative DSA and hemodynamic instability (EE group, 3/10 vs NE group, 10/12, p = .027). Major ischemic complications occurred in one patient (TE group). Overall, the in-hospital mortality rate was 7.1% (6/85). CONCLUSION Empiric cone-beam CT-guided embolization proved to be a feasible, effective, and safe treatment strategy to reduce rebleeding and improve clinical success in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute LGIB, positive CTA but negative DSA. KEY POINTS • A novel transarterial embolization technique guided by cone-beam CT could be developed extending the "empiric" embolization strategy to lower gastrointestinal bleeding. • By implementing the empiric treatment strategy, nearly all patients with an active lower gastrointestinal bleeding on CTA will be eligible for a superselective empiric embolization, even if subsequent catheter angiography is negative. • In patients with a negative catheter angiography, empiric embolization reduces the rebleeding rate and, particularly in hemodynamically unstable patients, improves clinical success compared with a conservative "wait-and-see" management.
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14
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Lee SM, Jeong SY, Shin JH, Choi HC, Na JB, Won JH, Park SE, Chen CS. Transcatheter arterial embolization for gastrointestinal bleeding related to pancreatic adenocarcinoma: clinical efficacy and predictors of clinical outcome. Eur J Radiol 2020; 123:108787. [PMID: 31877509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2019.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for managing pancreatic adenocarcinoma-related gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and to determine the factors associated with clinical outcomes. METHOD From 2001-2017, this retrospective study included 58 patients who underwent TAE for pancreatic adenocarcinoma-related GI bleeding. The technical and clinical success of TAE, clinical factors including patient characteristics and embolization details, complications, and the 30-day mortality were evaluated. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the factors related to the clinical outcomes. RESULTS On angiography, bleeding foci were detected in 47 patients (81%), while the other 11 patients showed tumor staining. Technical success rate was 98%, and first session and overall clinical success rates were 79% and 88%, respectively. N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) was the most commonly used embolic agent (53%). Stent-related bleeding was shown in 22 patients with characteristic angiogram such as arterial cut-off (13/22) and arteriobiliary fistula (5/22), with comparable clinical success rate (82%). Bleeding from the superior mesenteric artery (n = 3) at the first session of angiography and complications (n = 2), such as ischemic hepatitis and small bowel infarction, were all associated with a 30-day mortality. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 22%. Univariate analysis showed that massive transfusion and TNM stage 4 were related to clinical failure (P = 0.035 and 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSIONS TAE was effective and safe for pancreatic adenocarcinoma-related GI bleeding. Stent-related bleeding was not uncommon, and associated with vascular abnormality amenable to TAE. Massive transfusion and TNM stage 4 were related to clinical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Jeong
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Shin
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Cheol Choi
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Boem Na
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Won
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Park
- Department of Radiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Shi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Bruce G, Erskine B. Analysis of time delay between computed tomography and digital subtraction angiography on the technical success of interventional embolisation for treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. J Med Radiat Sci 2019; 67:64-71. [PMID: 31886625 PMCID: PMC7063255 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A retrospective study was undertaken to determine a potential relationship, based on the time delay, between a positive lower gastrointestinal bleed demonstrated on computed tomography (CT) and a positive digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) study and the impact on technical success. METHODS This study investigated the correlation of time delays between imaging modalities and technical success with endovascular embolisation procedures over a 10-year period. RESULTS A total of 110 patient events were analysed, and it was observed that the greater the time delay between modalities (up to 7 h), the weaker the correlation between a bleed observed on CT and DSA. This was also reflected by the technical success of the embolisation treatment. Patients experienced shorter delays when the event occurred out of normal business hours, however with decreased rates of technical success. CONCLUSIONS There is a suggestion patients should be escalated to the angiography suite for DSA imaging as soon as possible to maximise the ability to angiographically observe acute bleeding and treat appropriately with interventional embolisation. More research in this area is required to statistically confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bruce
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan Erskine
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Kim M, Shin JH, Kim PH, Ko GY, Yoon HK, Ko HK. Efficacy and clinical outcomes of angiography and transcatheter arterial embolization for gastrointestinal bleeding in Crohn’s disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2019. [DOI: 10.18528/ijgii170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minjae Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Shin
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pyeong Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Young Ko
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ki Yoon
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Kyu Ko
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Ye T, Yang L, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhou C, Zheng C, Xiong B. Analysis of negative DSA findings in patients with acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding: A retrospective study of 133 patients. J Interv Med 2019; 2:27-30. [PMID: 34805866 PMCID: PMC8562268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jimed.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze causes of acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) with negative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) results. Materials and methods The clinical and follow-up data of 133 patients - recruited between February 2008 and November 2016 - with acute nonvariceal GIB and negative DSA results were included in this study. DSA results, diagnoses, and clinical outcomes were recorded. Results The DSA results were negative in all 133 patients. Of the total, 55 patients (41.4%) chose to undergo surgery and 78 (58.6%) opted for conservative treatment. Within 30 days, there was no significant difference in the rebleeding or mortality rates between the two groups (P < .05). Of all 133 patients, 76 (57.1%) had upper GIB and 57 (42.9%) had lower GIB; within 30 days, the rebleeding rate in the upper GIB group (44.7%, 34/76) was significantly higher than that in the lower GIB group (26.3%, 15/57). There was no significant statistical difference (P < .05) within 30 days in the mortality rates between the two groups. Among patients with upper GIB, 26 (34.2%, 26/76) opted to undergo surgery and 50 (65.8%, 50/76) chose conservative treatment; within 30 days, the rebleeding rate in the group that chose surgery (61.5%, 16/26) was higher than that in the conservative treatment group (36%, 18/50). There was no significant difference (P < .05) within 30 days in the mortality rate between the two groups. Among the patients with lower GIB, 29 (50.9%, 29/57) chose to undergo surgery and 28 (49.1%, 28/57) opted for conservative treatment. Within 30 days, the rebleeding rate in the surgery group (13.8%, 4/29) was lower than that in conservative treatment group (39.3%, 11/28). There was no significant difference (P < .05) within 30 days in the mortality rate between the two groups. Sixteen patients underwent prophylactic arterial embolization; in 6 of these, bleeding was stopped for 30 days. DSA was then repeated in these 16 patients after a median interval of 1 day, and a positive bleeding site was found in 9 of the 16. Causes of bleeding were found in 111 patients by surgery or endoscopy, whereas the causes remained unknown in 22 patients. Conclusions Upper GIB with negative DSA results was stopped by conservative treatment, whereas lower GIB required surgery to detect the culprit bleeding site. Rare causes of GIB should be considered and appropriate management selected in a timely manner in order to detect unusual causes.
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18
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Sıldıroğlu O, Muasher J, Bloom TA, Kapucu İ, Arslan B, Angle JF, Matsumoto AH, Turba ÜC. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding: predictive factors and clinical outcome for the patients who needed first-time mesenteric conventional angiography. Diagn Interv Radiol 2018; 24:23-27. [PMID: 29317374 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2018.15427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding who presented to the emergency department requiring initial conventional angiography. We report risk-stratified and mesenteric conventional angiography outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding between 2001 and 2012. We included all consecutive patients with clinical lower gastrointestinal bleeding with a requirement of further angiography and possible embolization. Patients who had prior interventions or surgery were excluded. RESULTS A total of 88 patients (35 women, 53 men) with a median age of 71 years (range, 23-99 years) were included in the analysis. Conventional angiography was positive and endovascular treatment was intended in 35 patients. Once the source of bleeding was found angiographically, endovascular treatment had a technical success rate of 90.3% and clinical success rate of 71.4%. Overall early rebleeding rate (<30 days) was 14.8% and late rebleeding rate (>30 days) was 13.6%. CONCLUSION Identifying the source of lower gastrointestinal bleeding remains to be a clinical and angiographic challenge. Although we did not observe an association between mortality and clinical success, increased early rebleeding rates were associated with higher mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Sıldıroğlu
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Radiology, Gülhane Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jamil Muasher
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tara A Bloom
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - İrem Kapucu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bülent Arslan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John F Angle
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alan H Matsumoto
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ülkü Cenk Turba
- Department of Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Interventional Radiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Takeuchi N, Emori M, Yoshitani M, Soneda J, Takada M, Nomura Y. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Successfully Treated Using Interventional Radiology. Gastroenterology Res 2017; 10:259-267. [PMID: 28912915 PMCID: PMC5593448 DOI: 10.14740/gr851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is an emergency medical condition that leads to hemorrhagic shock or circulatory instability if left untreated. A mainstay for treating GI bleeding is endoscopic therapy; more than 90% of GI bleeding can be staunched by endoscopic hemostasis. However, patients with unstable hemodynamics or GI bleeding that cannot be controlled by endoscopy require transcatheter embolization or surgical intervention. The development of several devices and embolization agents that are used in interventional radiology (IVR) leads to safe and accessible treatment via IVR. If endoscopic treatment fails, IVR is the second strategy. Herein, we report cases of GI bleeding that were successfully treated by IVR and discuss the therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of International Medicine, Kobe Tokushukai Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masakazu Emori
- Department of International Medicine, Kobe Tokushukai Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshitani
- Department of International Medicine, Kobe Tokushukai Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junichi Soneda
- Department of International Medicine, Kobe Tokushukai Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Takada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nomura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Haber ZM, Charles HW, Erinjeri JP, Deipolyi AR. Predictors of Active Extravasation and Complications after Conventional Angiography for Acute Intraabdominal Bleeding. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6040047. [PMID: 28420210 PMCID: PMC5406779 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional angiography is used to evaluate and treat possible sources of intraabdominal bleeding, though it may cause complications such as contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). The study’s purpose was to identify factors predicting active extravasation and complications during angiography for acute intraabdominal bleeding. All conventional angiograms for acute bleeding (January 2013–June 2015) were reviewed retrospectively, including 75 angiograms for intraabdominal bleeding in 70 patients. Demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, complications within one month, and change in hematocrit (ΔHct) and fluids and blood products administered over the 24 h prior to angiography were recorded. Of 75 exams, 20 (27%) demonstrated extravasation. ΔHct was the only independent predictor of extravasation (p = 0.017), with larger ΔHct (−17%) in patients with versus those without extravasation (–1%) (p = 0.01). CIN was the most common complication, occurring in 10 of 66 angiograms (15%). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was the only independent predictor (p = 0.03); 67% of patients with GFR < 30, 29% of patients with GFR 30–60, and 8% of patients with GFR > 60 developed CIN. For patients with intraabdominal bleeding, greater ΔHct decrease over 24 h before angiography predicts active extravasation. Pre-existing renal impairment predicts CIN. Patients with large hematocrit declines should be triaged for rapid angiography, though benefits can be weighed with the risk of renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Haber
- School of Medicine, New York University, 550 1st Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Hearns W Charles
- South Florida Vascular Associates, Coconut Creek, FL 33073, USA.
| | - Joseph P Erinjeri
- Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Amy R Deipolyi
- Interventional Radiology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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21
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Soh B, Chan S. The use of super-selective mesenteric embolisation as a first-line management of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2017; 17:27-32. [PMID: 28392914 PMCID: PMC5377484 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we aim to assess the efficacy and safety of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and super-selective mesenteric artery embolisation in managing lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) at a multi-centre health service in Melbourne (Australia). Method A retrospective case series of patients with LGIB treated with superselective embolisation in our area health service. Patients with confirmed active LGIB, on either radionuclide scintigraphy (RS) or contrast-enhanced multi-detector CT angiography (CE-MDCT), were referred for DSA, and subsequently endovascular intervention. Data collected included patient characteristics; screening modality; bleeding territory; embolisation technique; technical and clinical success; short to mediumterm complications and mortality up to 30 days; and the need for surgery related to procedural failure or complications. Results There were 55 hospital admissions with acute unstable lower gastrointestinal bleeding that were demonstrable on CE-MDCT or RS over a 30-month period (from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2016). Of these, eighteen patients were embolised. Immediate haemostasis was achieved in all embolised cases. Eight patients (44%) had clinical re-bleeding postembolisation and warranted repeated imaging. However, only one case (5.6%) had active bleeding identified and was re-embolised. There was no documented case of bowel ischemia or ischemic-stricture and none progressed on to surgery. 30 day mortality was zero. Conclusion Super-selective mesenteric embolisation is a viable, safe and effective first line management for localised LGIB. Our results overall compare favourably with the published experiences of other institutions. It is now accepted first-line practice at our institution to manage localised LGIB with embolisation. A study into the efficacy of mesenteric embolisation in managing acute lower GI bleeding. Mesenteric embolisation is an effective management for localised acute lower GI bleeding. Our results compare favourably with published experiences of other institutions. It is first-line practice at our institution to embolise localised acute lower GI bleeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Soh
- Department of Surgery, Western Health, 160 Furlong Road, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria 3011, Australia
| | - Steven Chan
- Department of Surgery, Western Health, 160 Furlong Road, Footscray, Melbourne, Victoria 3011, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Medical School - Western Precinct, Western Health, Sunshine Hospital 176, Furlong Road, St Albans, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia
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22
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Kamo M, Fuwa S, Fukuda K, Fujita Y, Kurihara Y. Provocative Endoscopy to Identify Bleeding Site in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Novel Approach in Transarterial Embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2016; 27:968-72. [PMID: 27338496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a novel approach to endoscopically induce bleeding by removing a clot from the bleeding site during angiography for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) hemorrhage. This procedure enabled accurate identification of the bleeding site, allowing for successful targeted embolization despite a negative initial angiogram. Provocative endoscopy may be a feasible and useful option for angiography of obscure bleeding sites in patients with UGI arterial hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minobu Kamo
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 1048560, Japan.
| | - Sokun Fuwa
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Kawasaki Saiwai Hospital, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 1048560, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 1048560, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kurihara
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1, Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 1048560, Japan
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Sun H, Hou XY, Xue HD, Li XG, Jin ZY, Qian JM, Yu JC, Zhu HD. Dual-source dual-energy CT angiography with virtual non-enhanced images and iodine map for active gastrointestinal bleeding: Image quality, radiation dose and diagnostic performance. Eur J Radiol 2015; 84:884-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ren JZ, Zhang MF, Rong AM, Fang XJ, Zhang K, Huang GH, Chen PF, Wang ZY, Duan XH, Han XW, Liu YJ. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding: Role of 64-row computed tomographic angiography in diagnosis and therapeutic planning. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4030-4037. [PMID: 25852291 PMCID: PMC4385553 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the value of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for diagnosis and therapeutic planning in lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
METHODS: Sixty-three consecutive patients with acute lower GI bleeding underwent CTA before endovascular or surgical treatment. CTA was used to determine whether the lower GI bleeding was suitable for endovascular treatment, surgical resection, or conservative treatment in each patient. Treatment planning with CTA was compared with actual treatment decisions or endovascular or surgical treatment that had been carried out in each patient based on CTA findings.
RESULTS: 64-row CTA detected active extravasation of contrast material in 57 patients and six patients had no demonstrable active bleeding, resulting in an accuracy of 90.5% in the detection of acute GI bleeding (57 of 63). In three of the six patients with no demonstrable active bleeding, active lower GI bleeding recurred within one week after CTA, and angiography revealed acute bleeding. The overall location-based accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for the detection of GI bleeding by 64-row CTA were 98.8% (249 of 252), 95.0% (57 of 60), 100% (192 of 192), 100% (57 of 57), and 98.5% (192 of 195), respectively. Treatment planning was correctly established on the basis of 64-row CTA with an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 98.4% (248 of 252), 93.3% (56 of 60), 100% (192 of 192), 100% (56 of 56), and 97.5% (192 of 196), respectively, in a location-based evaluation.
CONCLUSION: 64-row CTA is safe and effective in making decisions regarding treatment, without performing digital subtraction angiography or surgery, in the majority of patients with lower GI bleeding.
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25
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Nanavati SM. What if endoscopic hemostasis fails? Alternative treatment strategies: interventional radiology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2014; 43:739-52. [PMID: 25440922 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1960s, interventional radiology has played a role in the management of gastrointestinal bleeding. What began primarily as a diagnostic modality has evolved into much more of a therapeutic tool. And although the frequency of gastrointestinal bleeding has diminished thanks to management by pharmacologic and endoscopic methods, the need for additional invasive interventions still exists. Transcatheter angiography and intervention is a fundamental step in the algorithm for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujal M Nanavati
- Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Rm. 1x55, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA.
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26
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Outcomes of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal nonvariceal hemorrhage referred to interventional radiology for potential embolotherapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2014; 48:687-92. [PMID: 25014238 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the outcomes following catheter angiography with or without embolization in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal nonvariceal hemorrhage (UGINH). MATERIALS AND METHODS A review of electronic medical records was performed to identify all potential patients for this study between 2001 and 2011. Patients with first-time UGINH who required angiographic localization and endovascular treatment were included. Patients with variceal bleeding and prior surgical or endovascular intervention for the gastrointestinal system were excluded. Society of Interventional Radiology guidelines and American College of Radiology "appropriateness criteria" reporting standards were followed. RESULTS We identified 74 patients (men/women=46/28) with a mean age of 60 years. Thirty-four patients were found to have active bleeding on angiography. One patient from this group did not undergo embolization because of an angiographic diagnosis of aortoenteric fistula. Technical failure was encountered in 2/34 patients; therefore, the technical success of embolization was 94%. Forty of 74 patients showed no angiographic evidence of active bleeding; 18 patients underwent prophylactic embolization using endoscopically placed clips as targets; and 22 patients had no embolotherapy. Thus, we grouped the patients into 3 groups: (1) therapeutic embolization; (2) prophylactic/empiric embolization; and (3) no embolotherapy groups. The clinical success of embolization was 67% to 68% in the therapeutic embolization group and 67% in the prophylactic embolization group. Early rebleeding rates were 33.8%, 51.6%, 33.3%, and 12% among all the patients, the therapeutic embolization group, the prophylactic embolization group, and the no endovascular treatment group, respectively. Mortality was significantly high in patients with advanced age (P=0.001), cerebrovascular disorders (P=0.037), and positive angiography (P=0.026), even when clinical success was achieved. CONCLUSIONS Acute UGINH remains a clinical challenge with increased mortality rates, even with high technical success rates. Patients with negative findings on angiography have lower early rebleeding rates than patients with active bleeding during angiography or endoscopy-guided prophylactic/empiric embolization.
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Shin JH. Refractory gastrointestinal bleeding: role of angiographic intervention. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:486-91. [PMID: 24143308 PMCID: PMC3797931 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.5.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although endoscopic hemostasis remains initial treatment modality for nonvariceal gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, severe bleeding despite endoscopic management occurs in 5% to 10% of the patients, requiring surgery or transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). TAE is now considered the first-line therapy for massive GI bleeding refractory to endoscopic management. GI endoscopists need to be familiar with indications, principles, outcomes, and complications of TAE, as well as embolic materials available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Shin
- Depatment of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Navuluri R, Kang L, Patel J, Van Ha T. Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Semin Intervent Radiol 2013; 29:178-86. [PMID: 23997409 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1326926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The annual incidence of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is ∼20.5 in 100,000 in the general Western population and results in 1 to 2% of hospital emergencies. When medical management and endoscopic therapy are inadequate in cases of acute LGIB, endovascular intervention can be lifesaving. In these emergent situations it is important for the interventional radiologist to be well versed in the multidisciplinary preangiographic work-up, the angiographic presentations of LGIB, and the endovascular therapeutic options. We describe a case of LGIB managed with endovascular embolization and detail the angiographic techniques used, followed by a detailed discussion of the various treatment approaches to LGIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Navuluri
- Department of Radiology, the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Lee L, Iqbal S, Najmeh S, Fata P, Razek T, Khwaja K. Mesenteric angiography for acute gastrointestinal bleed: predictors of active extravasation and outcomes. Can J Surg 2013; 55:382-8. [PMID: 22992399 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.005611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) following endoscopic therapy and deciding between mesenteric angiography and surgery often challenge surgeons. We sought to identify predictors of positive angiographic study (active contrast medium extravasation) and characterize outcomes of embolization for acute GIB. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed angiographies for GIB at 2 teaching hospitals from January 2005 to December 2008. The χ2, Wilcoxon rank sum and t tests determined significance. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analyses. RESULTS Eighteen of 83 (22%) patients had active extravasation on initial angiography and 25 (30%) were embolized. Patients with active extravasation had more packed red blood cell (PRBC; 5.3 v. 2.8 units, p < 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (4.8 v. 1.7 units, p = 0.005) transfusions 24 hours preangiography and were more likely to be hemodynamically unstable at the time of the procedure (67% v. 28%, p = 0.001) than patients without active extravasation. Each unit of PRBC transfused increased the risk of a positive study by 30% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-1.6 per unit). Embolization did not decrease recurrent bleeding (53% v. 52%) or length of stay in hospital (28.1 v. 27.5 d, p = 0.95), but was associated with a trend toward fewer emergency surgical interventions (13% v. 26%, p = 0.31) and greater 30-day mortality (33% v. 7%, p = 0.006) than nonembolization. Blind embolization was performed in 10 of 83 (12%) patients and was found to be an independent predictor of death in patients without active extravasation (HR 9.2, 95% CI 1.5-55.9). CONCLUSION The number of PRBC units transfused correlates with greater likelihood of a positive study. There was a significant increase in mortality in patients who underwent angioembolization. Large prospective studies are needed to further characterize the indications for angiography and blind embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Lee
- The Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Que
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30
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Is There a Role for Empiric Gastroduodenal Artery Embolization in the Management of Patients with Active Upper GI Hemorrhage? Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2012; 36:970-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-012-0511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Xu LY, Li JY, Liu T, Lu JL. Application of anisodamine to emergency digital subtraction angiography for abdominal organ hemorrhage. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:1256-1258. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i14.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the value of anisodamine applied to emergency digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for abdominal organ hemorrhage.
METHODS: Thirty-three patients with gastrointestinal or kidney hemorrhage underwent emergency DSA. Arterial injection of 10 mg of anisodamine was employed before angiography. DSA images were acquired during free breathing and post-processed using re-mask function.
RESULTS: Artifacts caused by gastrointestinal peristalsis were reduced remarkably. The image quality was satisfactory in all cases. Bleeding signs were presented in 27 cases (81.82%) and endovascular embolization was performed after superselective catheterization of the lesioned vessels.
CONCLUSION: The use of anisodamine before angiography can improve the quality of images acquired by emergency DSA for abdominal organ hemorrhage.
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Shin JH. Recent update of embolization of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Korean J Radiol 2012; 13 Suppl 1:S31-9. [PMID: 22563285 PMCID: PMC3341458 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2012.13.s1.s31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is a frequent complication with significant morbidity and mortality. Although endoscopic hemostasis remains the initial treatment modality, severe bleeding despite endoscopic management occurs in 5-10% of patients, necessitating surgery or interventional embolotherapy. Endovascular embolotherapy is now considered the first-line therapy for massive UGI bleeding that is refractory to endoscopic management. Interventional radiologists need to be familiar with the choice of embolic materials, technical aspects of embolotherapy, and the factors affecting the favorable or unfavorable outcomes after embolotherapy for UGI bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Shin
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
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Detection and localization of active gastrointestinal bleeding with multidetector row computed tomography angiography: a 5-year prospective study in one medical center. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46:31-41. [PMID: 22064550 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31823337ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GOAL To prospectively assess the utility of multidetector row computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) in the diagnosis of active gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). BACKGROUND MDCTA is a relatively recent advance in CT scanning technology enabling excellent vascular visualization and detection of various vascular abnormalities. However, there is no prospective study with a large population evaluating the role of MDCTA in the diagnosis of active GIB. STUDY From January 2006 to January 2011, 113 consecutive patients with clinical signs of active GIB underwent MDCTA (16-slice, 64-slice, or dual-source). The criteria for positive CT findings included active extravasation of contrast material within bowel lumen, abnormal bowel mucosal enhancement, vascular malformation, abnormally enhancing polyp or diverticulum, or tumor. Two radiologists reviewed the images and assessed CT findings in consensus. The standards of reference included digital subtraction angiography, endoscopy, surgery, or final pathology reports. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of MDCTA for detection of active GIB were evaluated. RESULTS Positive CT findings for active GIB were identified in 80 of 113 patients (70.8%), all of which were confirmed by 1 or more reference standard. Negative MDCTA results were obtained in 33 patients (29.2%). Of these, 27 patients did not require any further intervention and were discharged without incident. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of MDCTA was 86.0%, 100%, 100%, 60.6%, and 88.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS MDCTA is an accurate first-line screening method for detection and localization of GIB and can guide triage in patients with active GIB.
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Chang WC, Liu CH, Hsu HH, Huang GS, Tung HJ, Hsieh TY, Tsai SH, Hsieh CB, Yu CY. Intra-arterial treatment in patients with acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic failure: comparisons between positive versus negative contrast extravasation groups. Korean J Radiol 2011; 12:568-78. [PMID: 21927558 PMCID: PMC3168798 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2011.12.5.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether treatment outcome is associated with visualization of contrast extravasation in patients with acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding after endoscopic failure. Materials and Methods From January 2007 to December 2009, patients that experienced a first attack of acute gastrointestinal bleeding after failure of initial endoscopy were referred to our interventional department for intra-arterial treatment. We enrolled 79 patients and divided them into two groups: positive and negative extravasation. For positive extravasation, patients were treated by coil embolization; and in negative extravasation, patients were treated with intra-arterial vasopressin infusion. The two groups were compared for clinical parameters, hemodynamics, laboratory findings, endoscopic characteristics, and mortality rates. Results Forty-eight patients had detectable contrast extravasation (positive extravasation), while 31 patients did not (negative extravasation). Fifty-six patients survived from this bleeding episode (overall clinical success rate, 71%). An elevation of hemoglobin level was observed in the both two groups; significantly greater in the positive extravasation group compared to the negative extravasation group. Although these patients were all at high risk of dying, the 90-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the positive extravasation than in the negative extravasation (20% versus 42%, p < 0.05). A multivariate analysis suggested that successful hemostasis (odds ratio [OR] = 28.66) is the most important predictor affecting the mortality in the two groups of patients. Conclusion Visualization of contrast extravasation on angiography usually can target the bleeding artery directly, resulting in a higher success rate to control of hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chou Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Song JS, Kwak HS, Chung GH. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: the usefulness of rotational angiography after endoscopic marking with a metallic clip. Korean J Radiol 2011; 12:473-80. [PMID: 21852908 PMCID: PMC3150675 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2011.12.4.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We wanted to assess the usefulness of rotational angiography after endoscopic marking with a metallic clip in upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients with no extravasation of contrast medium on conventional angiography. Materials and Methods In 16 patients (mean age, 59.4 years) with acute bleeding ulcers (13 gastric ulcers, 2 duodenal ulcers, 1 malignant ulcer), a metallic clip was placed via gastroscopy and this had been preceded by routine endoscopic treatment. The metallic clip was placed in the fibrous edge of the ulcer adjacent to the bleeding point. All patients had negative results from their angiographic studies. To localize the bleeding focus, rotational angiography and high pressure angiography as close as possible to the clip were used. Results Of the 16 patients, seven (44%) had positive results after high pressure angiography as close as possible to the clip and they underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with microcoils. Nine patients without extravasation of contrast medium underwent TAE with microcoils as close as possible to the clip. The bleeding was stopped initially in all patients after treatment of the feeding artery. Two patients experienced a repeat episode of bleeding two days later. Of the two patients, one had subtle oozing from the ulcer margin and that patient underwent endoscopic treatment. One patient with malignant ulcer died due to disseminated intravascular coagulation one month after embolization. Complete clinical success was achieved in 14 of 16 (88%) patients. Delayed bleeding or major/minor complications were not noted. Conclusion Rotational angiography after marking with a metallic clip helps to localize accurately the bleeding focus and thus to embolize the vessel correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Soo Song
- Department of Vascular Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 634-18 Keumam-dong, Jeonju-shi, Chonbuk, Korea
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Loffroy R, Abualsaud B, Cercueil JP, Krausé D. How to increase the probability of visualizing angiographic extravasation in patients with acute hemorrhage from the gastrointestinal tract? Korean J Radiol 2010; 10:649-50. [PMID: 19885324 PMCID: PMC2770820 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2009.10.6.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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