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Gangnonngiw W, Bunnontae M, Phiwsaiya K, Senapin S, Dhar AK. In experimental challenge with infectious clones of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV), MrNV alone can cause mortality in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Virology 2019; 540:30-37. [PMID: 31734381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the lack of immortal shrimp cell lines for shrimp viral research, we constructed and tested DNA infectious clones of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) often found together in freshwater prawn (M. rosenbergii) exhibiting white tail disease (WTD). Full-length cDNAs of MrNV and XSV genomic RNA were individually inserted into the baculovirus pFastBacDUAL shuttle vector. Individual Sf9 (insect cell line) transfection resulted in production of RNA (RT-PCR) and capsid proteins (immunofluorescence) for both viruses. Presence of respective virions was confirmed by density gradient purification followed by RT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy. Infectivity was by tested in immersion-challenge tests with M. rosenbergii post-larvae (PL) using both semi-purified viruses, individually or combined, and confirmed by histological analysis (morphology and immunofluorescence) and quantitative RT-PCR. Mortality accompanied by WTD lesions occurred with MrNV alone or in combination with XSV but not with XSV alone, despite its replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warachin Gangnonngiw
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pratum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Malinee Bunnontae
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pratum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pratum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Building 90, 1117 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
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Sahul Hameed AS, Ninawe AS, Nakai T, Chi SC, Johnson KL, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Sarthroviridae. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1563-1564. [PMID: 30507372 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Sarthroviridae includes a single genus, Macronovirus, which in turn includes a single species, Macrobrachium satellite virus 1. Members of this species, named extra small virus, are satellite viruses of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus, an unclassified virus related to members of the family Nodaviridae. Both viruses have isometric, spherical virions, infect giant freshwater prawns and together cause white tail disease, which is responsible for mass mortalities and severe economic losses in hatcheries and farms. Infection is caused by both vertical and horizontal transmission of virus. Aquatic insects act as a carrier to transmit the disease in prawns. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Sarthroviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/sarthroviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sahul Hameed
- 1Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C.Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632509, Vellore Dt., TN, India
| | - A S Ninawe
- 2Advisor, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, CGO Complex, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - T Nakai
- 3Graduate School, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - S C Chi
- 4National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - K L Johnson
- 5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Somrit M, Watthammawut A, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Weerachatyanukul W. The key molecular events during Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) infection and replication in Sf9 insect cells. Virus Res 2016; 223:1-9. [PMID: 27327530 PMCID: PMC7126520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The successful infection and replication of MrNV in Sf9 cells should facilitate long-term and in-depth investigation of MrNV infection pathway. MrNV internalization favors caveolin (CAV)-mediated pathway which can be halted and reactivated by genistein and okadaic acid. Replication of MrNV (at 72 h p.i.) resulted in cytopathic effects (CPE) and multiplication of virion number in the infected cells.
In this study we demonstrated that Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) was able to internalize and replicate in Sf9 insect cells, with levels of infection altered by substances affecting the caveolin-(CAV) mediated endocytosis pathway. The use of Sf9 cells for efficient MrNV replication and propagation was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and PCR amplification, through which early viral binding and internalization were initially detectable at 30 min post-infection; whereas at 72 h, the distinguishable sign of late-MrNV infection was observable as the gradual accumulation of a cytopathic effect (CPE) in the cells, ultimately resulting in cellular disruption. Moreover, during the early period of infection, the MrNV signals were highly co-localized with CAV1 signals of the CAV-mediated endocytosis pathway. The use of genistein as an inhibitor of the CAV-mediated endocytosis pathway significantly reduced MrNV and CAV1 co-localization, and also reduced the levels of MrNV infection in Sf9 cells as shown by PCR and ELISA. Moreover, the addition of the pathway agonist okadaic acid not only recovered but also augmented both the levels of MrNV co-localization with CAV1 and of Sf9 infection in the presence of genistein inhibition; therefore demonstrating that MrNV infection in Sf9 cells was associated with the CAV-mediated endocytosis pathway machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsicha Somrit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Atthaboon Watthammawut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Wattana Weerachatyanukul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Wang CS, Chang CY, Wen CM. Developing immunological methods for detecting Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus using a recombinant protein preparation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:715-727. [PMID: 26263892 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) have been identified as the causative agents for white tail disease (WTD) of M. rosenbergii. In this study, the gene sequences encoding MrNV and XSV capsid proteins were separately ligated into the pGEX-4T-3 expression vector and transformed into Escherichia coli. After induction, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged MrNV and XSV fusion proteins were obtained with molecular masses of 68 and 43 kDa, respectively. Specific polyclonal antibodies for MrNV and XSV against viral recombinant proteins and infected prawn tissues were verified using Western blotting. According to immunodot blot assay results, the detection sensitivities of antibodies were approximately 5 ng μL(-1) for both recombinant proteins GST-MrNV and GST-XSV. In additional, MrNV and XSV were detected at dilution levels of 1:2560 and 1:640 in the infected prawn tissues, respectively. No cross-reactions with white spot syndrome virus or grouper nervous necrosis virus were observed using immunodot blot assays. MrNV and XSV in infected muscle tissues were detected using immunohistochemistry. Although the detection limit of the immunodot blot assay was lower than that of nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, these polyclonal antibodies can be useful for confirming MrNV and XSV infections in field tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Fischer MG. A classification system for virophages and satellite viruses. Arch Virol 2015; 161:233-47. [PMID: 26446887 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Satellite viruses encode structural proteins required for the formation of infectious particles but depend on helper viruses for completing their replication cycles. Because of this unique property, satellite viruses that infect plants, arthropods, or mammals, as well as the more recently discovered satellite-like viruses that infect protists (virophages), have been grouped with other, so-called "sub-viral agents." For the most part, satellite viruses are therefore not classified. We argue that possession of a coat-protein-encoding gene and the ability to form virions are the defining features of a bona fide virus. Accordingly, all satellite viruses and virophages should be consistently classified within appropriate taxa. We propose to create four new genera - Albetovirus, Aumaivirus, Papanivirus, and Virtovirus - for positive-sense single-stranded (+) RNA satellite viruses that infect plants and the family Sarthroviridae, including the genus Macronovirus, for (+)RNA satellite viruses that infect arthopods. For double-stranded DNA virophages, we propose to establish the family Lavidaviridae, including two genera, Sputnikvirus and Mavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Unité Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Chaivisuthangkura P, Longyant S, Sithigorngul P. Immunological-based assays for specific detection of shrimp viruses. World J Virol 2014; 3:1-10. [PMID: 24567913 PMCID: PMC3926971 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v3.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among shrimp viral pathogens, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellow head virus (YHV) are the most lethal agents, causing serious problems for both the whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei, and the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon. Another important virus that infects P. vannamei is infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), which induces the white discoloration of affected muscle. In the cases of taura syndrome virus and Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV; formerly known as infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus), their impacts were greatly diminished after the introduction of tolerant stocks of P. vannamei. Less important viruses are Penaeus monodon densovirus (PmDNV; formerly called hepatopancreatic parvovirus), and Penaeus monodon nucleopolyhedrovirus (PemoNPV; previously called monodon baculovirus). For freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus are considered important viral pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to the shrimp viruses described above have been generated and used as an alternative tool in various immunoassays such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, dot blotting, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Some of these MAbs were further developed into immunochromatographic strip tests for the detection of WSSV, YHV, IMNV and PemoNPV and into a dual strip test for the simultaneous detection of WSSV/YHV. The strip test has the advantages of speed, as the result can be obtained within 15 min, and simplicity, as laboratory equipment and specialized skills are not required. Therefore, strip tests can be used by shrimp farmers for the pond-side monitoring of viral infection.
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Jariyapong P, Chotwiwatthanakun C, Somrit M, Jitrapakdee S, Xing L, Cheng HR, Weerachatyanukul W. Encapsulation and delivery of plasmid DNA by virus-like nanoparticles engineered from Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus. Virus Res 2013; 179:140-6. [PMID: 24184445 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are potential candidates in developing biological containers for packaging therapeutic or biologically active agents. Here, we expressed Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNv) capsid protein (encoding amino acids M1-N371 with 6 histidine residuals) in an Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). These easily purified capsid protein self-assembled into VLPs, and disassembly/reassembly could be controlled in a calcium-dependent manner. Physically, MrNv VLPs resisted to digestive enzymes, a property that should be advantageous for protection of active compounds against harsh conditions. We also proved that MrNv VLPs were capable of encapsulating plasmid DNA in the range of 0.035-0.042 mol ratio (DNA/protein) or 2-3 plasmids/VLP (assuming that MrNV VLPs is T=1, i made up of 60 capsid monomers). These VLPs interacted with cultured insect cells and delivered loaded plasmid DNA into the cells as shown by green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. With many advantageous properties including self-encapsulation, MrNv VLPs are good candidates for delivery of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchanee Jariyapong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; School of Medicine, Walailak University, Thasala District, Nakhonsrithammarat, Thailand
| | | | - Monsicha Somrit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Jitrapakdee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Holland R Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Wattana Weerachatyanukul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Phyathai, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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