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Zhang M, Sun J, Shi Y, Zhang F, Li S, Zhao D, Wu G, Li L, Miao Z, Liu M. The antiviral effects of TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:105097. [PMID: 37967780 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
TRIM proteins play a crucial antiviral effector role in the innate immune system of vertebrates. In this study, we found that TRIM proteins exhibited the highest expression levels in immune organs such as spleen and kidney during IHNV infection in rainbow trout, meanwhile, we successfully amplified TRIM23 and TRIM32 from diseased rainbow trout and analyzed their gene sequences, revealing that rainbow trout TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins are closely related to Atlantic salmon and Chinook salmon; In this experiment, the TRIM23 and TRIM32 protein genes were resoundingly constructed as a recombinant plasmids and expressed in CHSE-214 cells. Upon transfected with the recombinant plasmid, followed by viral infection, significant decreasion in the copy numbers of the virus was observed, indicating that the TRIM23 and TRIM32 proteins of rainbow trout play an important role in inhibiting virus replication, with the TRIM32 role being the most pronounced. These results provide a basis for subsequent in-depth study of the antiviral effects of TRIM proteins, and provide new ideas for immune enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yanxue Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Futing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shuaibo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Dandan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Guangqing Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Linsong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Zhiruo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Waqqar S, Lee K, Lawley B, Bilton T, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Bostina M, Burga LN. Directed Evolution of Seneca Valley Virus in Tumorsphere and Monolayer Cell Cultures of a Small-Cell Lung Cancer Model. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092541. [PMID: 37174006 PMCID: PMC10177334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an oncolytic virus from the picornavirus family, characterized by a 7.3-kilobase RNA genome encoding for all the structural and functional viral proteins. Directed evolution by serial passaging has been employed for oncolytic virus adaptation to increase the killing efficacy towards certain types of tumors. We propagated the SVV in a small-cell lung cancer model under two culture conditions: conventional cell monolayer and tumorspheres, with the latter resembling more closely the cellular structure of the tumor of origin. We observed an increase of the virus-killing efficacy after ten passages in the tumorspheres. Deep sequencing analyses showed genomic changes in two SVV populations comprising 150 single nucleotides variants and 72 amino acid substitutions. Major differences observed in the tumorsphere-passaged virus population, compared to the cell monolayer, were identified in the conserved structural protein VP2 and in the highly variable P2 region, suggesting that the increase in the ability of the SVV to kill cells over time in the tumorspheres is acquired by capsid conservation and positively selecting mutations to counter the host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Waqqar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Kai Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Timothy Bilton
- Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch, Mosgiel 9092, New Zealand
| | | | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Everson JL, Jones DR, Taylor AK, Rutan BJ, Leeds TD, Langwig KE, Wargo AR, Wiens GD. Aquaculture Reuse Water, Genetic Line, and Vaccination Affect Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Disease Susceptibility and Infection Dynamics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721048. [PMID: 34630394 PMCID: PMC8493035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum are major pathogens of farmed rainbow trout. Improved control strategies are desired but the influence of on-farm environmental factors that lead to disease outbreaks remain poorly understood. Water reuse is an important environmental factor affecting disease. Prior studies have established a replicated outdoor-tank system capable of varying the exposure to reuse water by controlling water flow from commercial trout production raceways. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of constant or pulsed reuse water exposure on survival, pathogen prevalence, and pathogen load. Herein, we compared two commercial lines of rainbow trout, Clear Springs Food (CSF) and Troutex (Tx) that were either vaccinated against IHNV with a DNA vaccine or sham vaccinated. Over a 27-day experimental period in constant reuse water, all fish from both lines and treatments, died while mortality in control fish in spring water was <1%. Water reuse exposure, genetic line, vaccination, and the interaction between genetic line and water exposure affected survival (P<0.05). Compared to all other water sources, fish exposed to constant reuse water had 46- to 710-fold greater risk of death (P<0.0001). Tx fish had a 2.7-fold greater risk of death compared to CSF fish in constant reuse water (P ≤ 0.001), while risk of death did not differ in spring water (P=0.98). Sham-vaccinated fish had 2.1-fold greater risk of death compared to vaccinated fish (P=0.02). Both IHNV prevalence and load were lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish, and unexpectedly, F. psychrophilum load associated with fin/gill tissues from live-sampled fish was lower in vaccinated fish compared to sham-vaccinated fish. As a result, up to forty-five percent of unvaccinated fish were naturally co-infected with F. psychrophilum and IHNV and the coinfected fish exhibited the highest IHNV loads. Under laboratory challenge conditions, co-infection with F. psychrophilum and IHNV overwhelmed IHNV vaccine-induced protection. In summary, we demonstrate that exposure to reuse water or multi-pathogen challenge can initiate complex disease dynamics that can overwhelm both vaccination and host genetic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Everson
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Darbi R Jones
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
| | - Amy K Taylor
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
| | - Barb J Rutan
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
| | - Timothy D Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Kate E Langwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Andrew R Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, United States
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
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Le Du-Carrée J, Cabon J, Morin T, Danion M. Immunological and metabolic effects of acute sublethal exposure to glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides on juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147162. [PMID: 34088035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a commonly used agrochemical active substance co-formulated in glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) whose environmental safety is still a subject of debate in the European Union. We evaluated the effects of acute sublethal exposure to glyphosate on rainbow trout by measuring changes in their metabolic and hemato-immunologic functions and their ability to survive a viral challenge. Juvenile fish were exposed for 96 h to 500 μg L-1 of glyphosate through the active substance alone or two GHBs, Roundup Innovert® and Viaglif Jardin®, and fish were then infected with the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Red and white blood cell counts (RBCC and WBCC), as well as several enzymatic activities (citrate synthase, CS; cytochrome-c oxidase, CCO; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH; acetylcholinesterase, AChE), were measured 96 h after chemical contamination (S1), and 96 h post-viral infection (S2). Mortality rates were monitored, and virus titers at the mortality peaks and seropositivity of the survivors were analyzed at 60 days post-viral infection (S3). Cumulative mortalities, viral titers, and seropositivity induced by virus infection were similar among conditions. Hematological analysis revealed significant increases of 30% for RBCC for Roundup at S1, and of 22% for WBCC at S2. No changes were observed in metabolic enzyme activities at S1. At S2, CCO and G6PDH activities were significantly higher than controls in all the chemically contaminated groups (+61 to 62% and +65 to 138%, respectively). LDH and AChE activities were increased for the Viaglif (p = 0.07; +55%) and for glyphosate and Roundup conditions (p < 0.05, +62 to 79%), respectively. Rainbow trout acutely exposed to glyphosate or GBHs presented no major physiological changes. Viral infection revealed disruptions, potentially modulated by co-formulants, of hematological and metabolic parameters, showing that it is essential to consider the stressful natural environment of fish in the chemical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Le Du-Carrée
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France; UBO University of Western Brittany, Brest, France.
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Morgane Danion
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Viral Fish Diseases Unit, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Wargo AR, Kurath G, Scott RJ, Kerr B. Virus shedding kinetics and unconventional virulence tradeoffs. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009528. [PMID: 33970967 PMCID: PMC8109835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tradeoff theory, which postulates that virulence provides both transmission costs and benefits for pathogens, has become widely adopted by the scientific community. Although theoretical literature exploring virulence-tradeoffs is vast, empirical studies validating various assumptions still remain sparse. In particular, truncation of transmission duration as a cost of virulence has been difficult to quantify with robust controlled in vivo studies. We sought to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how transmission rate and duration were associated with virulence for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Using host mortality to quantify virulence and viral shedding to quantify transmission, we found that IHNV did not conform to classical tradeoff theory. More virulent genotypes of the virus were found to have longer transmission durations due to lower recovery rates of infected hosts, but the relationship was not saturating as assumed by tradeoff theory. Furthermore, the impact of host mortality on limiting transmission duration was minimal and greatly outweighed by recovery. Transmission rate differences between high and low virulence genotypes were also small and inconsistent. Ultimately, more virulent genotypes were found to have the overall fitness advantage, and there was no apparent constraint on the evolution of increased virulence for IHNV. However, using a mathematical model parameterized with experimental data, it was found that host culling resurrected the virulence tradeoff and provided low virulence genotypes with the advantage. Human-induced or natural culling, as well as host population fragmentation, may be some of the mechanisms by which virulence diversity is maintained in nature. This work highlights the importance of considering non-classical virulence tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Kerr
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Jones DR, Rutan BJ, Wargo AR. Impact of Vaccination and Pathogen Exposure Dosage on Shedding Kinetics of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2020; 32:95-108. [PMID: 32443164 PMCID: PMC7540492 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy in preventing clinical disease has been well characterized. However, vaccine impacts on transmission under diverse field conditions, such as variable pathogen exposure dosages, are not fully understood. We evaluated the impacts of vaccination on disease-induced host mortality and shedding of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish, in up to three different genetic lines, were exposed to different dosages of IHNV to simulate field variability. Mortality and viral shedding of each individual fish were quantified over the course of infection. As the exposure dosage increased, mortality, number of fish shedding virus, daily virus quantity shed, and total amount of virus shed also increased. Vaccination significantly reduced mortality but had a much smaller impact on shedding, such that vaccinated fish still shed significant amounts of virus, particularly at higher viral exposure dosages. These studies demonstrate that the consideration of pathogen exposure dosage and transmission are critical for robust inference of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darbi R. Jones
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Barbara J. Rutan
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
| | - Andrew R. Wargo
- Virginia Institute of Marine ScienceWilliam & MaryPost Office Box 1346, 1370 Greate RoadGloucester PointVirginia23062USA
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