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Wu D, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu Q, Shao S. Characterization and pathogenicity analysis of a newly isolated strain of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106443. [PMID: 37949305 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout is one of the fastest-growing aquaculture species and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic throughout almost all rainbow trout farms in China nowadays. In this study, IHNV GS21 was identified as the causative pathogen, which resulted in massive mortality of rainbow trout occurring in northwest China. GS21 isolate was propagated in Chinook salmon embryonic cell line (CHSE-214) and induced apparent cytopathic effects (CPE) at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GS21 isolate was clustered with other reported Chinese isolates within the J genogroup. Moreover, the complete cDNA sequence of GS21 isolate was obtained and it possesses more than 98 % of ANI values and 89 % of DDH values with other Chinese IHNV isolates. The detailed sequence analysis of G gene revealed the distinct amino acid substitutions of G230, G252, G270, and I277 in GS21 isolate. Furthermore, the artificially infected rainbow trout exhibited similar clinical disease symptoms as natural infection did. The cumulative mortality infected by GS21 isolate of 104 PFU/mL reached 93 % at approximately 13.5 °C. Additionally, viral loads in tissues increased first and declined then as well as the expression of immune-associated genes. Collectively, our results characterized a novel IHNV GS21 isolate that can lead to massive mortality in juvenile rainbow trout and provided a basis to define the pathogenic characteristics and evolutionary relationship of IHNV and host immune response against IHNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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2
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout D, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Smith CG, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MA, Padalino B, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Arzul I, Dharmaveer S, Olesen NJ, Schiøtt M, Sindre H, Stone D, Vendramin N, Aires M, Asensio IA, Antoniou S, Barizzone F, Dhollander S, Gnocchi M, Karagianni AE, Kero LL, Munoz Guajardo IP, Rusina A, Roberts H. Species which may act as vectors or reservoirs of diseases covered by the Animal Health Law: Listed pathogens of fish. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08174. [PMID: 37533750 PMCID: PMC10392593 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector or reservoir species of five fish diseases listed in the Animal Health Law were identified, based on evidence generated through an extensive literature review (ELR), to support a possible updating of Regulation (EU) 2018/1882. Fish species on or in which highly polymorphic region-deleted infectious salmon anaemia virus (HPR∆ ISAV), Koi herpes virus (KHV), epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV), infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) or viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) were detected, in the field or during experiments, were classified as reservoir species with different levels of certainty depending on the diagnostic tests used. Where experimental evidence indicated transmission of the pathogen from a studied species to another known susceptible species, the studied species was classified as a vector species. Although the quantification of the risk of spread of the pathogens by the vectors or reservoir species was not part of the terms or reference, such risks do exist for the vector species, since transmission from infected vector species to susceptible species was proven. Where evidence for transmission from infected fish was not found, these were defined as reservoirs. Nonetheless, the risk of the spread of the pathogens from infected reservoir species cannot be excluded. Evidence identifying conditions that may prevent transmission by vectors or reservoir fish species during transport was collected from scientific literature. For VHSV, IHNV or HPR∆ ISAV, it was concluded that under transport conditions at temperatures below 25°C, it is likely (66-90%) they will remain infective. Therefore, vector or reservoir species that may have been exposed to these pathogens in an affected area in the wild, aquaculture establishments or through water supply can possibly transmit VHSV, IHNV or HPR∆ ISAV into a non-affected area when transported at a temperature below 25°C. The conclusion was the same for EHN and KHV; however, they are likely to remain infective under all transport temperatures.
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Bendorf CM, Yun SC, Kurath G, Hedrick RP. Comparative Susceptibilities of Selected California Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Populations to Isolates of L Genogroup Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131733. [PMID: 35804631 PMCID: PMC9264940 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chinook salmon in California conservation hatcheries have suffered disease outbreaks and significant mortality due to the fish virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) since at least the 1940s. Although steelhead trout in California are also occasionally infected with the same virus they do not typically experience disease. In this study the susceptibility of California Chinook salmon and steelhead trout was defined in controlled experiments that exposed groups of juvenile fish to California IHNV strains (L genogroup). The results confirmed high mortality among Chinook salmon but very low mortality of steelhead trout, despite identical virus exposures. Tests of varying conditions found increasing mortality of Chinook salmon with increasing virus dose, but reduced mortality at higher temperatures or with increased age or size of fish. Among Chinook salmon that survived virus exposure the persistence of virus was detected in one fish 8 months after virus exposure. These findings demonstrate that L genogroup IHNV in California has host specificity for Chinook salmon, and provide an understanding of factors that contribute to disease epidemics in California hatchery Chinook salmon. Abstract Salmonid species demonstrate varied susceptibility to the viral pathogen infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). In California conservation hatcheries, juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) have experienced disease outbreaks due to L genogroup IHNV since the 1940s, while indigenous steelhead (anadromous O. mykiss) appear relatively resistant. To characterize factors contributing to the losses of California salmonid fish due to IHNV, three populations of Chinook salmon and two populations of steelhead native to California watersheds were compared in controlled waterborne challenges with California L genogroup IHNV isolates at viral doses of 104–106 pfu mL−1. Chinook salmon fry were moderately to highly susceptible (CPM = 47–87%) when exposed to subgroup LI and LII IHNV. Susceptibility to mortality decreased with increasing age and also with a higher temperature. Mortality for steelhead fry exposed to two IHNV isolates was low (CPM = 1.3–33%). There was little intraspecies variation in susceptibility among populations of Chinook salmon and no differences in virulence between viruses strains. Viral persistence was demonstrated by the isolation of low levels of infectious IHNV from the skin of two juvenile Chinook salmon at 215 d post exposure. The persistence of the virus among Chinook salmon used for stocking into Lake Oroville may be an explanation for the severe epidemics of IHN at the Feather River hatchery in 1998–2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin M. Bendorf
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.M.B.); (S.C.Y.); (R.P.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Susan C. Yun
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.M.B.); (S.C.Y.); (R.P.H.)
| | - Gael Kurath
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ronald P. Hedrick
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (C.M.B.); (S.C.Y.); (R.P.H.)
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4
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Cheng GF, Kong WG, Zhai X, Mu QJ, Dong ZR, Zhan MT, Xu Z. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of CD79a and CD79b in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after bacterial, parasitic, and viral infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:385-395. [PMID: 34563671 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CD79a and CD79b heterodimers are important components that consist of B cell receptor compound, which play a crucial role in transduction activation signal of the antigen binding BCR, and B cell development and antibody production. In order to investigate the characters and potential functions of CD79a and CD79b in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we firstly cloned and analyzed the expression of CD79a and CD79b and found that the cDNA sequences of CD79a and CD79b both contained open reading frame of 711 and 645 bp in length for encoding the protein of 237 and 215 amino acid residues, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences from trout were highly conserved with those of other teleost fishes in structure. Phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the evolutionary relationship between the trout and other known species, the result indicated that CD79a and CD79b of trout clustered at high bootstrap values with Salmo salar. Moreover, three trout infection models with F. columnare G4, I. multifiliis and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) were constructed, which resulted in morphological changes and serious lesions in skin and gills. Importantly, the high expression of CD79a and CD79b occurred in skin, gills, and followed by head kidney in response to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infection, as its expression was closely related to that of Igs. Our findings indicated that CD79a and CD79b play vital roles in both systemic and mucosal immune responses of rainbow trout during bacterial, parasitic, and viral infection, which will contribute to explore the roles of CD79 subunits in B cell signaling during ontogeny and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei-Guang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Xue Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Qing-Jiang Mu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhao-Ran Dong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.
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5
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Mojzesz M, Widziolek M, Adamek M, Orzechowska U, Podlasz P, Prajsnar TK, Pooranachandran N, Pecio A, Michalik A, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Tilapia Lake Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation in Zebrafish: Microglia Activation and Sickness Behavior. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760882. [PMID: 34707620 PMCID: PMC8544261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the relationship between the immune system and behavior is widely studied. In fish, however, the knowledge concerning the brain immune response and behavioral changes during brain viral infection is very limited. To further investigate this subject, we used the model of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection of zebrafish (Danio rerio), which was previously developed in our laboratory. We demonstrated that TiLV persists in the brain of adult zebrafish for at least 90 days, even when the virus is not detectable in other peripheral organs. The virions were found in the whole brain. During TiLV infection, zebrafish displayed a clear sickness behavior: decreased locomotor activity, reduced food intake, and primarily localizes near the bottom zone of aquaria. Moreover, during swimming, individual fish exhibited also unusual spiral movement patterns. Gene expression study revealed that TiLV induces in the brain of adult fish strong antiviral and inflammatory response and upregulates expression of genes encoding microglia/macrophage markers. Finally, using zebrafish larvae, we showed that TiLV infection induces histopathological abnormalities in the brain and causes activation of the microglia which is manifested by changes in cell shape from a resting ramified state in mock-infected to a highly ameboid active state in TiLV-infected larvae. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive analysis of the brain immune response associated with microglia activation and subsequent sickness behavior during systemic viral infection in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Urszula Orzechowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz K Prajsnar
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Invertebrate Development and Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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6
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Roy SRK, Yamkasem J, Tattiyapong P, Surachetpong W. Weight-dependent susceptibility of tilapia to tilapia lake virus infection. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11738. [PMID: 34277154 PMCID: PMC8269736 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has had a severely negative impact on global tilapia aquaculture. TiLV infection has been reported at different life stages of tilapia, with more emphasis on fry and fingerlings; however, the virulence and pathology of TiLV at different tilapia size remains unexplored. In this study, tilapias from a single spawning were raised to 5 g, 25 g, and 65 g, and subsequently challenged by the intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation of a virulent strain of TiLV. The cumulative mortality, viral load, and histopathology of the fish were determined until 22 days post-infection (dpi). The cumulative mortality of the 5 g, 25 g, and 65 g fish was 85% (±1.67), 55% (±2.89), and 51.67% (±7.49), respectively. At 14 dpi, the mean TiLV load in the liver of the 5 g fish was significantly higher than in the 25 g and 65 g fish. All the weight groups showed severe pathological changes in the liver, spleen, and intestine after TiLV infection, but no particular difference was otherwise noted during the study with the exception of higher pathological scores in the liver of the small fish at 14 dpi. Overall, this study indicated that small fish are more susceptible to TiLV infection than large fish. Although multiple factors, including environmental factors, farm management practices, strains of virus could contribute to different susceptibility of fish to viral infection, the present study provides the evidence to support that fish weight affects the mortality and clinical outcome during TiLV infection. More intensive measures such as strict biosecurity and disease surveillance during the susceptible weight should therefore be emphasized to reduce the impact of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Rajiv Kumar Roy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Yamkasem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Widziolek M, Janik K, Mojzesz M, Pooranachandran N, Adamek M, Pecio A, Surachetpong W, Levraud JP, Boudinot P, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Type I interferon-dependent response of zebrafish larvae during tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103936. [PMID: 33242567 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV; genus: Tilapinevirus, family: Amnoonviridae) is a recently characterised enveloped virus with a linear, negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome, which causes high mortality in tilapia species. In the present study, we demonstrated that zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae are susceptible to TiLV infection upon systemic injection. TiLV replicated in zebrafish larvae and caused their high mortality (of about 70%). Histopathological examination revealed that TiLV infection caused pathological abnormalities in zebrafish larvae that were well visible within the brain. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed that TiLV infection induced up-regulation of the expression of the immune-related genes encoding pathogen recognition receptors involved in sensing of viral dsRNA (rig-I (ddx58), tlr3, tlr22), transcription factors (irf3, irf7), type I interferon (infϕ1), antiviral protein (mxa), and pro-inflammatory cytokine (il-1β). We also demonstrated the protective role of the recombinant zebrafish IFNϕ1 on the survival of zebrafish larvae during TiLV infection. Our results show the importance of type I IFN response during TiLV infection in zebrafish larvae and demonstrate that zebrafish is a good model organism to study interactions between TiLV - a newly emerging in aquaculture virus, and fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Janik
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3738, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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8
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Vendramin N, Alencar ALF, Iburg TM, Dahle MK, Wessel Ø, Olsen AB, Rimstad E, Olesen NJ. Piscine orthoreovirus infection in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) protects against subsequent challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29534748 PMCID: PMC5850924 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic in farmed rainbow trout in continental Europe and in various salmonid fish species at the Pacific coast of North America. IHN has never occurred in European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms, but is considered as a major threat for the European salmon industry. Another virus, Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), is widespread in the sea phase of Atlantic salmon, and is identified as the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between a primary PRV infection and a secondary IHNV infection under experimental conditions. A PRV cohabitation challenge was performed with Atlantic salmon. At peak of PRV viremia the fish were challenged by immersion with an IHNV genogroup E isolate. Clinical signs and morbidity were monitored. Target organs were sampled at selected time points to assess viral loads of both pathogens. Antiviral immune response and presence of histopathological findings were also investigated. Whereas the PRV-negative/IHNV positive group suffered significant decrease in survival caused by IHNV, the PRV infected groups did not suffer any morbidity and showed negligible levels of IHNV infection. Antiviral response genes were induced, as measured in spleen samples, from PRV infected fish prior to IHNV challenge. In conclusion, PRV-infection protects Atlantic salmon against IHNV infection and morbidity, most likely by inducing a protective innate antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccoló Vendramin
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Tine Moesgaard Iburg
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Niels Jørgen Olesen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Embregts CWE, Rigaudeau D, Veselý T, Pokorová D, Lorenzen N, Petit J, Houel A, Dauber M, Schütze H, Boudinot P, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Intramuscular DNA Vaccination of Juvenile Carp against Spring Viremia of Carp Virus Induces Full Protection and Establishes a Virus-Specific B and T Cell Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1340. [PMID: 29114248 PMCID: PMC5660689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) can cause high mortalities in common carp, a commercial vaccine is not available for worldwide use. Here, we report a DNA vaccine based on the expression of the SVCV glycoprotein (G) which, when injected in the muscle even at a single low dose of 0.1 µg DNA/g of fish, confers up to 100% protection against a subsequent bath challenge with SVCV. Importantly, to best validate vaccine efficacy, we also optimized a reliable bath challenge model closely mimicking a natural infection, based on a prolonged exposure of carp to SVCV at 15°C. Using this optimized bath challenge, we showed a strong age-dependent susceptibility of carp to SVCV, with high susceptibility at young age (3 months) and a full resistance at 9 months. We visualized local expression of the G protein and associated early inflammatory response by immunohistochemistry and described changes in the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antiviral genes in the muscle of vaccinated fish. Adaptive immune responses were investigated by analyzing neutralizing titers against SVCV in the serum of vaccinated fish and the in vitro proliferation capacity of peripheral SVCV-specific T cells. We show significantly higher serum neutralizing titers and the presence of SVCV-specific T cells in the blood of vaccinated fish, which proliferated upon stimulation with SVCV. Altogether, this is the first study reporting on a protective DNA vaccine against SVCV in carp and the first to provide a detailed characterization of local innate as well as systemic adaptive immune responses elicited upon DNA vaccination that suggest a role not only of B cells but also of T cells in the protection conferred by the SVCV-G DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Rigaudeau
- INRA, Infectiologie Expérimentale Rongeurs Poissons, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | | | - Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Armel Houel
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Malte Dauber
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Infectiology, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Heike Schütze
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute for Infectiology, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Bellec L, Louboutin L, Cabon J, Castric J, Cozien J, Thiéry R, Morin T. Molecular evolution and phylogeography of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with a focus on its presence in France over the last 30 years. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2438-2446. [PMID: 28874229 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is among the most important pathogens affecting the salmonid industry. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution and circulation of isolates from 11 countries or regions all over the world, with a special focus on the epidemiological situation in France. The phylogeography, time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and nucleotide substitution rate were studied using 118 full-length glycoprotein gene sequences isolated from 9 countries (5 genogroups) over a period of 47 years. The TMRCA dates back to 1943, with the L genogroup identified as the likely root (67 %), which is consistent with the first report of this pathogen in the USA. A Bayesian inference approach was applied to the partial glycoprotein gene sequences of 88 representative strains isolated in France over the period 1987-2015. The genetic diversity of these 88 sequences showed mean nucleotide and amino-acid identities of 97.1 and 97.8 %, respectively, and a d N/d S ratio (non-synonymous to synonymous mutations) of 0.25, indicating purifying selection. The French viral populations are divided into eight sub-clades and four individual isolates, with a clear spatial differentiation, suggesting the predominant role of local reservoirs in contamination. The atypical 'signatures' of some isolates underlined the usefulness of molecular phylogeny for epidemiological investigations that track the spread of IHNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Bellec
- IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LEP, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France.,IFREMER, Centre Brest, REM/EEP/LMEE, UMR6197, ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS10070, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Lénaïg Louboutin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cabon
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jeanne Castric
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Joëlle Cozien
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Santé Environnement et Microbiologie (PDG-RBE-SG2M-LSEM), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Richard Thiéry
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Sophia Antipolis Laboratory, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Thierry Morin
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Fish Pathology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Regulated Fish Diseases, Bretagne Loire University, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France
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Ahmadivand S, Soltani M, Mardani K, Shokrpoor S, Hassanzadeh R, Ahmadpoor M, Rahmati-Holasoo H, Meshkini S. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) outbreak in farmed rainbow trout in Iran: Viral isolation, pathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis. Virus Res 2016; 229:17-23. [PMID: 28012997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the etiological agent of a contagious disease (IHN) mainly in salmonid fish. In the present study, we isolated and identified IHNV in trout fry from Iranian trout farms with unexplained high mortality in 2016. The affected fry showed cumulative mortality of 90% with the gross pathological signs including exophthalmia and hemorrhage of the eye, skin darkening, abdominal distension, ulceration of the snout, and the visceral pallor and yellowish fluid in the intestine. Histopathological examination revealed marked necrosis in the anterior kidney, liver and spleen with the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the liver sections. Also, intranuclear inclusion body and marginated chromatin were observable in the hematopoietic cells of the kidney. The homogenates tissues of infected fry induced IHNV-positive cytopathic effects (CPE) in EPC cells and confirmed by RT-PCR reactions and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Iranian IHNV isolates belonged to the European (E) genogroup with 100% identity to some Italian isolates. This is the first report of IHNV infection in farmed trout fry in Iran describing the viral isolation, clinical symptoms, histopathological findings, molecular confirmation, and genetic analysis suggestion of the specific country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Ahmadivand
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran; Centre of Excellence of Aquatic Animal Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Karim Mardani
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara Shokrpoor
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Ahmadpoor
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Rahmati-Holasoo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, P.O. Box: 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Meshkini
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Attenuated Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus with Rearranged Gene Order as Potential Vaccine. J Virol 2016; 90:10857-10866. [PMID: 27681130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01024-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), a salmonid novirhabdovirus, has been engineered to modify the gene order and to evaluate the impact on a possible attenuation of the virus in vitro and in vivo By reverse genetics, eight recombinant IHNVs (rIHNVs), termed NxGy according to the respective positions of the nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) genes along the genome, have been recovered. All rIHNVs have been fully characterized in vitro for their cytopathic effects, kinetics of replication, and profiles of viral gene transcription. These rIHNVs are stable through up to 10 passages in cell culture. Following bath immersion administration of the various rIHNVs to juvenile trout, some of the rIHNVs were clearly attenuated (N2G3, N2G4, N3G4, and N4G1). The position of the N gene seems to be one of the most critical features correlated to the level of viral attenuation. The induced immune response potential in fish was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay (ELISPOT) and seroneutralization assays. The recombinant virus N2G3 induced a strong antibody response in immunized fish and conferred 86% of protection against wild-type IHNV challenge in trout, thus representing a promising starting point for the development of a live attenuated vaccine candidate. IMPORTANCE In Europe, no vaccines are available against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the major economic threats in fish aquaculture. Live attenuated vaccines are conditioned by a sensible balance between attenuation and pathogenicity. Moreover, nonsegmented negative-strain RNA viruses (NNSV) are subject to a transcription gradient dictated by the order of the genes in their genomes. With the perspective of developing a vaccine against IHNV, we engineered various recombinant IHNVs with reordered genomes in order to artificially attenuate the virus. Our results validate the gene rearrangement approach as a potent and stable attenuation strategy for fish novirhabdovirus and open a new perspective for design of vaccines against other NNSV.
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Dixon P, Paley R, Alegria-Moran R, Oidtmann B. Epidemiological characteristics of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV): a review. Vet Res 2016; 47:63. [PMID: 27287024 PMCID: PMC4902920 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV, Rhabdoviridae), is the causative agent of infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN), a disease notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health, and various countries and trading areas (including the European Union). IHNV is an economically important pathogen causing clinical disease and mortalities in a wide variety of salmonid species, including the main salmonid species produced in aquaculture, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We reviewed the scientific literature on IHNV on a range of topics, including geographic distribution; host range; conditions required for infection and clinical disease; minimum infectious dose; subclinical infection; shedding of virus by infected fish; transmission via eggs; diagnostic tests; pathogen load and survival of IHNV in host tissues. This information is required for a range of purposes including import risk assessments; parameterisation of disease models; for surveillance planning; and evaluation of the chances of eradication of the pathogen to name just a few. The review focuses on issues that are of relevance for the European context, but many of the data summarised have relevance to IHN globally. Examples for application of the information is presented and data gaps highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dixon
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Richard Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Raul Alegria-Moran
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Birgit Oidtmann
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, Dorset, UK.
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Brieuc MSO, Purcell MK, Palmer AD, Naish KA. Genetic variation underlying resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in a steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 117:77-83. [PMID: 26575157 DOI: 10.3354/dao02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of host resistance to pathogens will allow insights into the response of wild populations to the emergence of new pathogens. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is endemic to the Pacific Northwest and infectious to Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.). Emergence of the M genogroup of IHNV in steelhead trout O. mykiss in the coastal streams of Washington State, between 2007 and 2011, was geographically heterogeneous. Differences in host resistance due to genetic change were hypothesized to be a factor influencing the IHNV emergence patterns. For example, juvenile steelhead trout losses at the Quinault National Fish Hatchery (QNFH) were much lower than those at a nearby facility that cultures a stock originally derived from the same source population. Using a classical quantitative genetic approach, we determined the potential for the QNFH steelhead trout population to respond to selection caused by the pathogen, by estimating the heritability for 2 traits indicative of IHNV resistance, mortality (h² = 0.377 (0.226 - 0.550)) and days to death (h² = 0.093 (0.018 - 0.203)). These results confirm that there is a genetic basis for resistance and that this population has the potential to adapt to IHNV. Additionally, genetic correlation between days to death and fish length suggests a correlated response in these traits to selection. Reduction of genetic variation, as well as the presence or absence of resistant alleles, could affect the ability of populations to adapt to the pathogen. Identification of the genetic basis for IHNV resistance could allow the assessment of the susceptibility of other steelhead populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine S O Brieuc
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, WA, USA
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Breyta R, Jones A, Kurath G. Differential susceptibility in steelhead trout populations to an emergent MD strain of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 112:17-28. [PMID: 25392039 DOI: 10.3354/dao02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A significant emergence of trout-adapted MD subgroup infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) began in the coastal region of Washington State, USA, in 2007. This emergence event lasted until 2011 and caused both asymptomatic adult fish infection and symptomatic epidemic disease and mortality in juvenile fish. Incidence of virus during this emergence demonstrated a heterogeneous distribution among rivers of the coastal region, leaving fish populations of some rivers apparently untouched while others suffered significant and recurrent infection and mortality (Breyta et. al. 2013; Dis Aquat Org 104:179-195). In this study, we examined the possible contribution of variations in susceptibility of fish populations, age-related resistance, and virus virulence to the observed landscape heterogeneity. We found that the most significant variable was host susceptibility: by controlled experimental challenge studies steelhead trout populations with no history of IHNV infection were 1 to 3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than a fish population with a long history of IHNV infection. In addition, 2 fish populations from the same river, which descended relatively recently from a common ancestral population, demonstrated 1 to 2 orders of magnitude difference in susceptibility. Fish age-related development of resistance was most evident in the more susceptible of 2 related fish populations. Finally, the strain of virus involved in the 2007 coastal Washington emergence had high virulence but was within the range of other known M group viruses tested. These results suggest that one major driver of landscape heterogeneity in the 2007 coastal Washington IHNV emergence was variation in fish population susceptibility and that this trait may have a heritable component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Breyta
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th St., Seattle, WA 98115
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van Beurden SJ, Engelsma MY, Roozenburg I, Voorbergen-Laarman MA, van Tulden PW, Kerkhoff S, van Nieuwstadt AP, Davidse A, Haenen OLM. Viral diseases of wild and farmed European eel Anguilla anguilla with particular reference to the Netherlands. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 101:69-86. [PMID: 23047193 DOI: 10.3354/dao02501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are an important cause of losses and decreased production rates in freshwater eel farming, and have been suggested to play a contributory role in the worldwide decline in wild freshwater eel stocks. Three commonly detected pathogenic viruses of European eel Anguilla anguilla are the aquabirnavirus eel virus European (EVE), the rhabdovirus eel virus European X (EVEX), and the alloherpesvirus anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1). In general, all 3 viruses cause a nonspecific haemorrhagic disease with increased mortality rates. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the aetiology, prevalence, clinical signs and gross pathology of these 3 viruses. Reported experimental infections showed the temperature dependency and potential pathogenicity of these viruses for eels and other fish species. In addition to the published literature, an overview of the isolation of pathogenic viruses from wild and farmed A. anguilla in the Netherlands during the past 2 decades is given. A total of 249 wild A. anguilla, 39 batches of glass eels intended for farming purposes, and 239 batches of farmed European eels were necropsied and examined virologically. AngHV1 was isolated from wild yellow and silver A. anguilla from the Netherlands from 1998 until the present, while EVEX was only found sporadically, and EVE was never isolated. In farmed A. anguilla AngHV1 was also the most commonly isolated virus, followed by EVE and EVEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J van Beurden
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Jakob E, Barker DE, Garver KA. Vector potential of the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis in the transmission of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 97:155-65. [PMID: 22303632 DOI: 10.3354/dao02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the role of vector transmission of aquatic viruses, we established an in vivo virus-parasite challenge specifically to address (1) whether Lepeophtheirus salmonis can acquire infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) after water bath exposure or via parasitizing infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and if so, define the duration of this association and (2) whether L. salmonis can transmit IHNV to naive Atlantic salmon and whether this transmission requires attachment to the host. Salmon lice which were water bath-exposed to 1 x 10(5) plaque-forming units (pfu) ml(-1) of IHNV for 1 h acquired the virus (2.1 x 10(4) pfu g(-1)) and remained IHNV-positive for 24 h post exposure. After parasitizing IHNV-infected hosts (viral titer in fish mucus 3.3 x 10(4) pfu ml(-1)) salmon lice acquired IHNV (3.4 x 10(3) pfu g(-1)) and remained virus-positive for 12 h. IHNV-positive salmon lice generated through water bath exposure or after parasitizing infected Atlantic salmon successfully transmitted IHNV, resulting in 76.5 and 86.6% of the exposed Atlantic salmon testing positive for IHNV, respectively. In a second experiment, only salmon lice that became IHNV-positive through water bath exposure transmitted IHNV to 20% of the naive fish, and no virus was transmitted when IHNV-infected salmon lice were cohabitated but restrained from attaching to naive fish. Under laboratory conditions, adult L. salmonis can acquire IHNV and transmit it to naive Atlantic salmon through parasitism. However, the ephemeral association of IHNV with L. salmonis indicates that the salmon louse act as a mechanical rather than a biological vector or reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jakob
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada.
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Penaranda MMD, Purcell MK, Kurath G. Differential virulence mechanisms of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) include host entry and virus replication kinetics. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2172-82. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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MacKenzie S, Balasch JC, Novoa B, Ribas L, Roher N, Krasnov A, Figueras A. Comparative analysis of the acute response of the trout, O. mykiss, head kidney to in vivo challenge with virulent and attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus and LPS-induced inflammation. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:141. [PMID: 18366750 PMCID: PMC2291046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The response of the trout, O. mykiss, head kidney to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or active and attenuated infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV and attINHV respectively) intraperitoneal challenge, 24 and 72 hours post-injection, was investigated using a salmonid-specific cDNA microarray. RESULTS The head kidney response to i.p. LPS-induced inflammation in the first instance displays an initial stress reaction involving suppression of major cellular processes, including immune function, followed by a proliferative hematopoietic-type/biogenesis response 3 days after administration. The viral response at the early stage of infection highlights a suppression of hematopoietic and protein biosynthetic function and a stimulation of immune response. In fish infected with IHNV a loss of cellular function including signal transduction, cell cycle and transcriptional activity 72 hours after infection reflects the tissue-specific pathology of IHNV infection. attIHNV treatment on the other hand shows a similar pattern to native IHNV infection at 24 hours however at 72 hours a divergence from the viral response is seen and replace with a recovery response more similar to that observed for LPS is observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion we have been able to identify and characterise by transcriptomic analysis two different types of responses to two distinct immune agents, a virus, IHNV and a bacterial cell wall component, LPS and a 'mixed' response to an attenuated IHNV. This type of analysis will lead to a greater understanding of the physiological response and the development of effective immune responses in salmonid fish to different pathogenic and pro-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon MacKenzie
- Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Departament de Biologia Cellular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
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Possible vector species and live stages of susceptible species not transmitting disease as regards certain fish diseases - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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