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Kembou-Ringert JE, Hotio FN, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Surachetpong W, Rakus K, Daly JM, Goonawardane N, Adamek M. Knowns and unknowns of TiLV-associated neuronal disease. Virulence 2024; 15:2329568. [PMID: 38555518 PMCID: PMC10984141 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2329568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is associated with pathological changes in the brain of infected fish, but the mechanisms driving the virus's neuropathogenesis remain poorly characterized. TiLV establishes a persistent infection in the brain of infected fish even when the virus is no longer detectable in the peripheral organs, rendering therapeutic interventions and disease management challenging. Moreover, the persistence of the virus in the brain may pose a risk for viral reinfection and spread and contribute to ongoing tissue damage and neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore TiLV-associated neurological disease. We discuss the possible mechanism(s) used by TiLV to enter the central nervous system (CNS) and examine TiLV-induced neuroinflammation and brain immune responses. Lastly, we discuss future research questions and knowledge gaps to be addressed to significantly advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of infection, immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fortune N. Hotio
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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2
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Ke Z, Wen J, Wang Y, Li B, Wu S, Zhang D, Mo X, Li Y, Ren Y, Yin J, Shi C, Wang Q, Zheng S. Interferon regulatory factors inhibit TiLV replication by activating interferon-a3 in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 155:105152. [PMID: 38408717 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus that seriously threatens the tilapia industries worldwide. Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), which are the crucial mediators regulating the response of interferon (IFN) to combat invading viruses, have not yet been reported in tilapia during TiLV infection. Here, six IRF (IRF1, IRF2, IRF4, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9) homologs from tilapia were characterized and analyzed. These IRFs typically shared the conserved domains and phylogenetic relationship with IRF homologs of other species. Tissue distribution analysis showed that all six IRF genes were expressed in various tissues, with the highest expression in immune-related tissues. Furthermore, overexpression of IRFs in tilapia brain (TiB) cells significantly inhibited TiLV propagation, as evidenced by decreased viral segment 8 gene transcripts and copy numbers of viral segment 1. More importantly, all six IRF genes significantly enhanced the promoter activity of type I interferon-a3 (IFNa3) in TiB cells, suggesting that tilapia IRF genes serve as positive regulators in activating IFNa3. Surprisingly, the promoter activity of IFNa3 mediated by IRF genes was markedly inhibited post-TiLV infection, indicating that TiLV antagonized IRF-mediated IFN immune response. Taken together, six IRF genes of tilapia are highly conserved transcription factors that inhibit TiLV infection by activating the promoter of IFNa3, which is in turn restrained by TiLV. These findings broaden our knowledge about the functionality of IRF-mediated antiviral immunity in tilapia against TiLV infection and host-TiLV interaction, which lays a foundation for developing antiviral strategies in tilapia cultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishan Ke
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Bo Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Xubing Mo
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510380, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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3
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Wen J, Ke Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang D, Mo X, Yin J, Shi C, Zhou W, Zheng S, Wang Q. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor inhibits tilapia lake virus infection via binding to viral segment 8 and 10 encoded protein. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 146:109438. [PMID: 38341116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The global aquaculture industry of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has been significantly impacted by the emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV). However, effective prevention and control measures are still not available due to a lack of unclear pathogenesis of TiLV. Our previous transcriptome found that coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was in response to TiLV infection in tilapia. To explore the potential function of OnCAR, the effect of OnCAR on TiLV proliferation was analyzed in this study. The OnCAR open reading frame (ORF) sequence of tilapia was 516 bp in length that encoded 171 amino acids with an Ig-like domain and transmembrane region. The OnCAR gene showed widespread expression in all investigated tissues, with the highest levels in the heart. Moreover, the OnCAR gene in the liver and muscle of tilapia exhibited dynamic expression levels upon TiLV challenge. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that OnCAR protein was mainly localized on the membrane of tilapia brain (TiB) cells. Importantly, the gene transcripts, genome copy number, S8-encoded protein, cytopathic effect, and internalization of TiLV were obviously decreased in the TiB cells overexpressed with OnCAR, indicating that OnCAR could inhibit TiLV replication. Mechanically, OnCAR could interact with viral S8 and S10-encoded protein. To the best of our knowledge, OnCAR is the first potential anti-TiLV cellular surface molecular receptor discovered for inhibiting TiLV infection. This finding is beneficial for better understanding the antiviral mechanism of tilapia and lays a foundation for establishing effective prevention and control strategies against tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zishan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Defeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xubing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; State Key Lab of Marine Pollution, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immunology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Turner JK, Sakulpolwat S, Sukdanon S, Lertwanakarn T, Waiyamitra P, Piewbang C, Pierezan F, Techangamsuwan S, Soto E, Surachetpong W. Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) causes severe anaemia and systemic disease in tilapia. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:643-651. [PMID: 36848441 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) is an emerging disease in tilapia that is associated with mass mortality affecting global tilapia aquaculture. In this study, red hybrid tilapias (Oreochromis spp.) were experimentally infected by intracoelomic injection with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) to gain a better understanding of the clinicopathological changes during infection. Pale bodies and gill were observed in infected fish after 7 days of post-challenge (dpc) associated with severe anaemia. Further haematological analysis in TiLV-infected fish revealed decreased levels of haemoglobin and haematocrit at 3 dpc. Common pathological findings included pale and friable liver, pale intestine with catarrhal content, and dark and shrunken spleen in TiLV-infected fish at 7 dpc and 14 dpc. Histologically, reduced numbers of red blood cells and accumulation of melano-macrophage centre in the spleen were found in infected fish at 3 dpc, and severe lesions were more commonly observed at 7 and 14 dpc. Lymphocyte infiltration, syncytial cell formation and multifocal necrotic hepatitis were the prominent pathological findings in the liver of infected fish. The severity of pathological changes was associated with TiLV-infection with higher viral loads and with the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antiviral genes, including interferon regulatory factor 1 (irf1), interleukin (il-8), radical s-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (rsad2) and mx. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the haematological profile and pathological changes in tilapia during TiLV infection. Overall, lesions present in various organs, together with alteration of host immune response in TiLV-infected fish, indicate the systemic infection of this virus. The knowledge gained from this study improves our understanding of how TiLV causes pathological and haematological changes in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kaye Turner
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasakorn Sakulpolwat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchanuch Sukdanon
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pitchaporn Waiyamitra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Felipe Pierezan
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Valsalam A, Rajendran KV, Kezhedath J, Godavarikar A, Sood N, Bedekar MK. Development of an indirect ELISA test for the detection of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in fish tissue and mucus samples. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114707. [PMID: 36882146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
A serological test for screening of TiLV in Oreochromis niloticus would be useful for the epidemiological investigations. Using polyclonal antisera against TiLV (TiLV-Ab), an indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA) was developed for the detection of TiLV antigen in fish tissue and mucus. After a cutoff value was established and antigen and antibody concentrations were optimized, the iELISA's sensitivity and specificity were assessed. We found the ideal dilutions of TiLV-Ab as 1: 4000 and secondary antibody as 1:65,000. High analytical sensitivity and moderate specificity were displayed by the developed iELISA. The Positive and Negative Likelihood Ratio (LR+, LR-) were 1.75 and 0.29, respectively. The estimated Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) of the test were 76.19% and 65.62%, respectively. The accuracy of the developed iELISA was estimated as 73.28%. An immunological survey was performed using the developed iELISA with samples from the field and 155/195 fishes tested positive, indicating a 79.48% TiLV antigen positives. Among the pooled organs and mucus tested, the highest positive rate of 92.3% (36/39) is observed in mucus compared to other tissues, and least positive rate is found in liver of 46% (18/39). The newly designed iELISA proved sensitive and may be helpful for extensive examinations of TiLV infections and monitoring disease status even from apparently healthy samples using a non-invasive technology by collecting mucus as sample for iELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Valsalam
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Jeena Kezhedath
- ICAR, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India
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Gong YM, Wei XF, Zheng YY, Li Y, Yu Q, Li PF, Zhu B. Combining Phage Display Technology with In Silico-Designed Epitope Vaccine to Elicit Robust Antibody Responses against Emerging Pathogen Tilapia Lake Virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0005023. [PMID: 36975794 PMCID: PMC10134809 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00050-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen epitope identification is a critical step in the vaccine development process and is a momentous cornerstone for the development of safe and efficient epitope vaccines. In particular, vaccine design is difficult when the function of the protein encoded by the pathogen is unknown. The genome of Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an emerging virus from fish, encodes protein functions that have not been elucidated, resulting in a lag and uncertainty in vaccine development. Here, we propose a feasible strategy for emerging viral disease epitope vaccine development using TiLV. We determined the targets of specific antibodies in serum from a TiLV survivor by panning a Ph.D.-12 phage library, and we identified a mimotope, TYTTRMHITLPI, referred to as Pep3, which provided protection against TiLV after prime-boost vaccination; its immune protection rate was 57.6%. Based on amino acid sequence alignment and structure analysis of the target protein from TiLV, we further identified a protective antigenic site (399TYTTRNEDFLPT410) which is located on TiLV segment 1 (S1). The epitope vaccine with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH-S1399-410) corresponding to the mimotope induced the tilapia to produce a durable and effective antibody response after immunization, and the antibody depletion test confirmed that the specific antibody against S1399-410 was necessary to neutralize TiLV. Surprisingly, the challenge studies in tilapia demonstrated that the epitope vaccine elicited a robust protective response against TiLV challenge, and the survival rate reached 81.8%. In conclusion, this study revealed a concept for screening antigen epitopes of emerging viral diseases, providing promising approaches for development and evaluation of protective epitope vaccines against viral diseases. IMPORTANCE Antigen epitope determination is an important cornerstone for developing efficient vaccines. In this study, we attempted to explore a novel approach for epitope discovery of TiLV, which is a new virus in fish. We investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of all antigenic sites (mimotopes) identified in serum of primary TiLV survivors by using a Ph.D.-12 phage library. We also recognized and identified the natural epitope of TiLV by bioinformatics, evaluated the immunogenicity and protective effect of this antigenic site by immunization, and revealed 2 amino acid residues that play important roles in this epitope. Both Pep3 and S1399-410 (a natural epitope identified by Pep3) elicited antibody titers in tilapia, but S1399-410 was more prominent. Antibody depletion studies showed that anti-S1399-410-specific antibodies were essential for neutralizing TiLV. Our study demonstrated a model for combining experimental and computational screens to identify antigen epitopes, which is attractive for epitope-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Biology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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8
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Wei XF, Gong YM, Xia JY, Liu MZ, Li PF, Wang GX, Zhu B. Biomimetic nanovaccine based on erythrocyte membrane enhances immune response and protection against tilapia lake virus. Virology 2023; 580:41-49. [PMID: 36746063 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
An infectious disease emerged in recent years, Tilapia Lake Virus Disease (TiLVD), has severely restricted the development of global tilapia industry. Vaccination has proved potential strategy to prevent its causative agent Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) infectious. However, the response intensity of subunit vaccine is limited by its low immunogenicity, thus inclusion of adjuvants is required. Thus, we prepared a biomimetic nano-system (Cs-S2@M-M) with a particle size of ∼100 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of about 79.15% based on erythrocyte membrane. The immune response was detected after intramuscular injection to assess the effectiveness of the vaccine. The biomimetic system significantly up-regulates the expression of immune genes, enhances the activity of non-specific immune-related enzymes (P < 0.05) and improved relative percentage survival by 17.4%-26.1% in TiLV challenge. The biomimetic nano-system based on erythrocyte membrane induced significant immune response in tilapia and enhanced protection against TiLV, promising as a model for fish vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu-Ming Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jun-Yao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Megarani DV, Al-Hussinee L, Subramaniam K, Sriwanayos P, Imnoi K, Keleher B, Nicholson P, Surachetpong W, Tattiyapong P, Hick P, Gustafson LL, Waltzek TB. Development of a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR assay to detect tilapia lake virus. Dis Aquat Organ 2022; 152:147-158. [PMID: 36546687 DOI: 10.3354/dao03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD) is an emerging viral disease associated with high morbidity and mortality in cultured tilapia worldwide. In this study, we have developed and validated a TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for TiLV, targeting a conserved region within segment 10 of the genome. The RT-qPCR assay was efficient (mean ± SD: 96.71 ± 3.20%), sensitive with a limit of detection of 10 RNA viral copies per reaction, and detected TiLV strains from different geographic regions including North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. The intra- and inter-assay variability ranged over 0.18-1.41% and 0.21-2.21%, respectively. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay did not cross-react with other RNA viruses of fish, including an orthomyxovirus, a betanodavirus, a picornavirus, and a rhabdovirus. Analysis of 91 proven-positive and 185 proven-negative samples yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.7% and a diagnostic specificity of 100%. The TaqMan RT-qPCR assay also detected TiLV RNA in infected Nile tilapia liver tissue extracts following an experimental challenge study, and it successfully detected TiLV RNA in SSN-1 (E-11 clone) cell cultures displaying cytopathic effects following their inoculation with TiLV-infected tissue homogenates. Thus, the validated TaqMan RT-qPCR assay should be useful for both research and diagnostic purposes. Additionally, the TiLV qPCR assay returns the clinically relevant viral load of a sample which can assist health professionals in determining the role of TiLV during disease investigations. This RT-qPCR assay could be integrated into surveillance programs aimed at mitigating the effects of TiLVD on global tilapia production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea V Megarani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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10
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Tattiyapong P, Kitiyodom S, Yata T, Jantharadej K, Adamek M, Surachetpong W. Chitosan nanoparticle immersion vaccine offers protection against tilapia lake virus in laboratory and field studies. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 131:972-979. [PMID: 36351543 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), an enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), which is associated with mass mortality and severe economic impacts in wild and farmed tilapia industries worldwide. In this study, we developed a chitosan nanoparticle TiLV immersion vaccine and assessed the efficacy of the vaccine in laboratory and field trials. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the inactivated vaccine had a particle size of 210.3 nm, while the nano inactivated vaccine had a spherical shape with a diameter of 120.4 nm. Further analysis using fluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the mucoadhesive properties of the nanovaccine (CN-KV) through fish gills. We assessed the efficacy of an immersion-based TiLV nanovaccine using a cohabitation challenge model. The fish that received the nanovaccine showed better relative percent survival (RPS) at 68.17% compared with the RPS of the inactivated virus vaccine (KV) group at 25.01%. The CN-KV group also showed a higher TiLV-specific antibody response than the control and KV groups (p < 0.05). Importantly, under field conditions, the fish receiving the CN-KV nanovaccine had better RPS at 52.2% than the nonvaccinated control group. Taken together, the CN-KV nanovaccinated fish showed better survival and antibody response than the control and KV groups both under laboratory control challenge conditions and field trials. The newly developed immersion-based nanovaccine is easy to administer in small fish, is less labor-intensive, and allows for mass vaccination to protect fish from TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Sirikorn Kitiyodom
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Yata
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
| | - Krittayapong Jantharadej
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand.
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11
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Yadav MK, Rastogi A, Verma DK, Paria A, Kushwaha B, Rathore G, Swaminathan TR, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from caudal fin of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822). Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1299-1304. [PMID: 35535632 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Labeo calbasu is an important food fish and candidate species for diversification of carp aquaculture. In the present study, we have established a continuous cell line, designated as L. calbasu fin (LCF), from caudal fin of L. calbasu using explant method. The cell line has been subcultured for over 73 passages and the LCF cells show optimal growth in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum at a temperature of 28°C. In karyotype analysis, the modal chromosome number of LCF cells at 35th passage was found to be 50. The amplification and sequencing of partial fragments of mitochondrial genes, namely 16S rRNA and COI from LCF cells confirmed the origin of cell line from L. calbasu. The LCF cells could be successfully transfected with GFP reporter gene, indicating suitability of these cells for expression of foreign genes. Further, following inoculation with supernatant from Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infected cell line, no cytopathic effects were observed in the LCF cells and cell pellet was negative for TiLV in RT-PCR, indicating that LCF cells were not susceptible to TiLV. The developed cell line has been submitted to National Repository of Fish Cell Lines being maintained at ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow (accession no. NRFC063). The newly developed LCF cell line would be helpful in investigating diseases affecting this candidate species particularly the ones suspected to be of viral etiology, and for cytotoxicity and transgenic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aakriti Rastogi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev K Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Basdeo Kushwaha
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Pravata K Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Adamek M, Rebl A, Matras M, Lodder C, Abd El Rahman S, Stachnik M, Rakus K, Bauer J, Falco A, Jung-Schroers V, Piewbang C, Techangamsuwan S, Surachetpong W, Reichert M, Tetens J, Steinhagen D. Immunological insights into the resistance of Nile tilapia strains to an infection with tilapia lake virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 124:118-133. [PMID: 35367372 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of viral diseases affecting fish and causing very high mortality can lead to the disruption of aquaculture production. Recently, this occurred in Nile tilapia aquaculture where a disease caused by a systemic infection with a novel virus named tilapia lake virus (TiLV) caused havoc in cultured populations. With mortality surpassing 90% in young tilapia, the disease caused by TiLV has become a serious challenge for global tilapia aquaculture. In order to partly mitigate the losses, we explored the natural resistance to TiLV-induced disease in three genetic strains of tilapia which were kept at the University of Göttingen, Germany. We used two strains originating from Nilotic regions (Lake Mansala (MAN) and Lake Turkana (ELM)) and one from an unknown location (DRE). We were able to show that the virus is capable of overcoming the natural resistance of tilapia when injected, providing inaccurate mortality results that might complicate finding the resistant strains. Using the cohabitation infection model, we found an ELM strain that did not develop any clinical signs of the infection, which resulted in nearly 100% survival rate. The other two strains (DRE and MAN) showed severe clinical signs and much lower survival rates of 29.3% in the DRE strain and 6.7% in the MAN strain. The disease resistance of tilapia from the ELM strain was correlated with lower viral loads both at the mucosa and internal tissues. Our results suggest that the lower viral load could be caused by a higher magnitude of a mx1-based antiviral response in the initial phase of infection. The lower pro-inflammatory responses also found in the resistant strain might additionally contribute to its protection from developing pathological changes related to the disease. In conclusion, our results suggest the possibility of using TiLV-resistant strains as an ad hoc, cost-effective solution to the TiLV challenge. However, as the fish from the disease-resistant strain still retained significant virus loads in liver and brain and thus could become persistent virus carriers, they should be used within an integrative approach also combining biosecurity, diagnostics and vaccination measures.\.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marek Matras
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christian Lodder
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Julia Bauer
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development, and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Verena Jung-Schroers
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michal Reichert
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jens Tetens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Taengphu S, Kayansamruaj P, Kawato Y, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Senapin S. Concentration and quantification of Tilapia tilapinevirus from water using a simple iron flocculation coupled with probe-based RT-qPCR. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13157. [PMID: 35462762 PMCID: PMC9022640 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tilapia tilapinevirus, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a significant virus that is responsible for the die-off of farmed tilapia across the globe. The detection and quantification of the virus using environmental RNA (eRNA) from pond water samples represents a potentially non-invasive and routine strategy for monitoring pathogens and early disease forecasting in aquaculture systems. Methods Here, we report a simple iron flocculation method for concentrating viruses in water, together with a newly-developed hydrolysis probe quantitative RT-qPCR method for the detection and quantification of TiLV. Results The RT-qPCR method designed to target a conserved region of the TiLV genome segment 9 has a detection limit of 10 viral copies per µL of template. The method had a 100% analytical specificity and sensitivity for TiLV. The optimized iron flocculation method was able to recover 16.11 ± 3.3% of the virus from water samples spiked with viral cultures. Tilapia and water samples were collected for use in the detection and quantification of TiLV disease during outbreaks in an open-caged river farming system and two earthen fish farms. TiLV was detected from both clinically sick and asymptomatic fish. Most importantly, the virus was successfully detected from water samples collected from different locations in the affected farms (i.e., river water samples from affected cages (8.50 × 103 to 2.79 × 105 copies/L) and fish-rearing water samples, sewage, and reservoir (4.29 × 103 to 3.53 × 104 copies/L)). By contrast, TiLV was not detected in fish or water samples collected from two farms that had previously experienced TiLV outbreaks and from one farm that had never experienced a TiLV outbreak. In summary, this study suggests that the eRNA detection system using iron flocculation, coupled with probe based-RT-qPCR, is feasible for use in the concentration and quantification of TiLV from water. This approach may be useful for the non-invasive monitoring of TiLV in tilapia aquaculture systems and may support evidence-based decisions on biosecurity interventions needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Taengphu S, Kayansamruaj P, Kawato Y, Delamare-Deboutteville J, Mohan CV, Dong HT, Senapin S. Concentration and quantification of Tilapia tilapinevirus from water using a simple iron flocculation coupled with probe-based RT-qPCR. PeerJ 2022. [PMID: 35462762 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.10.455809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tilapia tilapinevirus, also known as tilapia lake virus (TiLV), is a significant virus that is responsible for the die-off of farmed tilapia across the globe. The detection and quantification of the virus using environmental RNA (eRNA) from pond water samples represents a potentially non-invasive and routine strategy for monitoring pathogens and early disease forecasting in aquaculture systems. METHODS Here, we report a simple iron flocculation method for concentrating viruses in water, together with a newly-developed hydrolysis probe quantitative RT-qPCR method for the detection and quantification of TiLV. RESULTS The RT-qPCR method designed to target a conserved region of the TiLV genome segment 9 has a detection limit of 10 viral copies per µL of template. The method had a 100% analytical specificity and sensitivity for TiLV. The optimized iron flocculation method was able to recover 16.11 ± 3.3% of the virus from water samples spiked with viral cultures. Tilapia and water samples were collected for use in the detection and quantification of TiLV disease during outbreaks in an open-caged river farming system and two earthen fish farms. TiLV was detected from both clinically sick and asymptomatic fish. Most importantly, the virus was successfully detected from water samples collected from different locations in the affected farms (i.e., river water samples from affected cages (8.50 × 103 to 2.79 × 105 copies/L) and fish-rearing water samples, sewage, and reservoir (4.29 × 103 to 3.53 × 104 copies/L)). By contrast, TiLV was not detected in fish or water samples collected from two farms that had previously experienced TiLV outbreaks and from one farm that had never experienced a TiLV outbreak. In summary, this study suggests that the eRNA detection system using iron flocculation, coupled with probe based-RT-qPCR, is feasible for use in the concentration and quantification of TiLV from water. This approach may be useful for the non-invasive monitoring of TiLV in tilapia aquaculture systems and may support evidence-based decisions on biosecurity interventions needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Kawato
- Pathology Division, Nansei Field Station, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-Ise, Mie, Japan
| | | | | | - Ha Thanh Dong
- School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Mahidol University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Swaminathan TR, Nithyanantham SR, Narendrakumar L, Dharmaratnam A, Sood N, Pradhan PK, Sulumane Ramachandra KS, Lal KK. Co-infection of Lactococcus garvieae and Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cultured in India. Dis Aquat Organ 2021; 147:127-140. [PMID: 34913441 DOI: 10.3354/dao03638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and Lactococcus garvieae are 2 major pathogens of cultured Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In June-July 2018, a disease outbreak was reported in Nile tilapia cultured in brackish water floating cages in Kerala, India. Affected fish died gradually, and cumulative mortality reached ~75% within 1 mo. In the present study, TiLV and L. garvieae were isolated from the infected fish and confirmed. Nucleotide analysis of the partial sequence of segment 3 revealed that the present TiLV isolate showed 100% similarity with TiLV MF574205 and 97.65% similarity with TiLV KU552135 isolated in Israel. The partial 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of L. garvieae shared 99% similarity with the 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence of L. garvieae isolated from Nile tilapia in Brazil. Eight virulence genes (hly1, hly2, hly3, NADH oxidase, adhPav, LPxTG-1, LPxTG-4, adhC1) were amplified in the present isolate. In the experimental challenge study, the onset of mortality started earlier in fish co-infected with TiLV and L. garvieae (3 d post-infection [dpi]) compared to other groups. Cumulative mortality (90% at 12 dpi) was significantly higher in the co-infected group than in fish infected with TiLV (60% at 12 dpi) and L. garvieae (40% at 12 dpi) alone. This study reveals that synergistic co-infection with TiLV and other bacteria may increase mortality in disease outbreaks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported co-infection of L. garvieae with TiLV associated with mass mortality in Nile tilapia in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682 018, India
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Lertwanakarn T, Trongwongsa P, Yingsakmongkol S, Khemthong M, Tattiyapong P, Surachetpong W. Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin against Tilapia tilapinevirus in Fish Cells. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121616. [PMID: 34959571 PMCID: PMC8705004 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the novel Tilapia tilapinevirus or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is having a severe economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. Effective treatments and vaccines for TiLV are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of ribavirin against TiLV in E-11 cells. Our findings revealed that at concentrations above 100 μg/mL, ribavirin efficiently attenuates the cytopathic effect of the TiLV infection in fish cells. When administered in a dose-dependent manner, ribavirin significantly improved cell survival compared to the untreated control cells. Further investigation revealed that the cells exposed to ribavirin and TiLV had a lower viral load (p < 0.05) than the untreated cells. However, at concentrations above 1000 μg/mL, ribavirin led to cell toxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the efficacy of this antiviral drug against TiLV and could be a useful tool for future research on the pathogenesis and replication mechanism of TiLV as well as other piscine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuchakorn Lertwanakarn
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pirada Trongwongsa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Sangchai Yingsakmongkol
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Matepiya Khemthong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Genetic Engineering Program, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (P.T.); (S.Y.); (M.K.); (P.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Genetic Engineering Program, The Graduate School, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-0899006117
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Bergmann SM, Li Y, Li B, Lv Y, Yin J, Yang G, Qv Y, Wang Y, Zeng W. Development and comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and real-time RPA assays for detection of tilapia lake virus. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 60:101776. [PMID: 34740779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a newly emerged pathogen responsible for high mortality and economic losses in the global tilapia industry. Early and accurate diagnosis is an important priority for TiLV disease control. In order to evaluate the methodology in the molecular diagnosis of TiLV, we compared newly developed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and real-time recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RPA) assays regarding their sensitivities, specificities and detection effect on clinical samples. Real-time RPA amplified the target pathogen in less than 30 min at 39 °C with a detection limit of 620 copies, while qPCR required about 60 min with a detection limit of 62 copies. Both assays were specific for TiLV and there were no cross-reactions observed with other common fish pathogens. The assays were validated using 35 tissue samples from clinically infected and 60 from artificially infected animals. The sensitivities for the real-time RPA and qPCR assays were 93.33 and 100%, respectively, and the specificity was 100% for both. Both methods have their advantages and can play their roles in different situations. The qPCR is more suitable for quantitative analysis and accurate detection of TiLV in a diagnostic laboratory, whereas real-time RPA is more suitable for the diagnosis of clinical diseases and preliminary screening for TiLV infection in poorly equipped laboratories as well as in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yingying Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Bo Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuefeng Lv
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Qv
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou 510380, Guangdong China.
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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18
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Delamare‐Deboutteville J, Taengphu S, Gan HM, Kayansamruaj P, Debnath PP, Barnes A, Wilkinson S, Kawasaki M, Vishnumurthy Mohan C, Senapin S, Dong HT. Rapid genotyping of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) using Nanopore sequencing. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1491-1502. [PMID: 34101853 PMCID: PMC8518713 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent one of the major challenges to sustainable aquaculture production. Rapid, accurate diagnosis and genotyping of emerging pathogens during early-suspected disease cases is critical to facilitate timely response to deploy adequate control measures and prevent or reduce spread. Currently, most laboratories use PCR to amplify partial pathogen genomic regions, occasionally combined with sequencing of PCR amplicon(s) using conventional Sanger sequencing services for confirmatory diagnosis. The main limitation of this approach is the lengthy turnaround time. Here, we report an innovative approach using a previously developed specific PCR assay for pathogen diagnosis combined with a new Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT)-based amplicon sequencing method for pathogen genotyping. Using fish clinical samples, we applied this approach for the rapid confirmation of PCR amplicon sequences identity and genotyping of tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a disease-causing virus affecting tilapia aquaculture globally. The consensus sequences obtained after polishing exhibit strikingly high identity to references derived by Illumina and Sanger methods (99.83%-100%). This study suggests that ONT-based amplicon sequencing is a promising platform to deploy in regional aquatic animal health diagnostic laboratories in low- and medium-income countries, for fast identification and genotyping of emerging infectious pathogens from field samples within a single day.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suwimon Taengphu
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health ManagementFaculty of FisheriesKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Andrew Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Shaun Wilkinson
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
- Wilderlab NZ LtdWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Minami Kawasaki
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | | | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health PlatformCenter of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp)Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)Pathum ThaniThailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and TechnologySuan Sunandha Rajabhat UniversityBangkokThailand
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19
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Piewbang C, Tattiyapong P, Techangamsuwan S, Surachetpong W. Tilapia lake virus immunoglobulin G (TiLV IgG) antibody: Immunohistochemistry application reveals cellular tropism of TiLV infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 116:115-123. [PMID: 34186182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a notable contagious agent that causes massive economic losses in the tilapia industry globally. Evaluations of the histological changes associated with TiLV infection are not only crucial for diagnosis, but also to gain an understanding of the disease. We therefore synthesized a rabbit polyclonal immunoglobulin G antibody against TiLV and developed an immunohistochemical (IHC) procedure to detect TiLV localization in the tissues of infected fish for comparison with in situ hybridization (ISH) testing. A total of four different sample cohorts derived from TiLV-infected fish was used to validate the IHC procedure. The TiLV IHC application was successfully developed and facilitated nuclear and cytoplasmic immunolabelling in the intestines, gills, brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys that corresponded with the ISH results. Apart from the ISH results, TiLV-IHC signals were clearly evident in the endothelial cells of various organs, the circulating leukocytes in the blood vessels, and the areas of tissue inflammation. Among the tested sample cohorts, the intestines, gills, and brain had IHC-positive signals, highlighting the possibility of these organs as common TiLV targets. Immunological staining pattern and distribution corresponded with the TiLV viral load but not the inoculation route. The TiLV IHC was also capable of detecting TiLV infection in the experimentally challenged ornamental cichlids, Mozambique tilapia, giant gourami, and naturally infected tilapia, indicating the dynamic range of IHC for TiLV detection. Overall, our study delivers the first IHC platform to detect TiLV infection and provides novel evidence of cellular tropism during TiLV infection. Our findings also reveal the TiLV distribution pattern of infected fish and propose the endotheliotropism and lymphotropism of this virus, which requires further elaboration. Importantly, this new IHC procedure could be applied to study the pathogenesis and interaction of TiLV in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Animal Virome and Diagnostic Development Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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20
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Roy SRK, Yamkasem J, Tattiyapong P, Surachetpong W. Weight-dependent susceptibility of tilapia to tilapia lake virus infection. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11738. [PMID: 34277154 PMCID: PMC8269736 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) has had a severely negative impact on global tilapia aquaculture. TiLV infection has been reported at different life stages of tilapia, with more emphasis on fry and fingerlings; however, the virulence and pathology of TiLV at different tilapia size remains unexplored. In this study, tilapias from a single spawning were raised to 5 g, 25 g, and 65 g, and subsequently challenged by the intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation of a virulent strain of TiLV. The cumulative mortality, viral load, and histopathology of the fish were determined until 22 days post-infection (dpi). The cumulative mortality of the 5 g, 25 g, and 65 g fish was 85% (±1.67), 55% (±2.89), and 51.67% (±7.49), respectively. At 14 dpi, the mean TiLV load in the liver of the 5 g fish was significantly higher than in the 25 g and 65 g fish. All the weight groups showed severe pathological changes in the liver, spleen, and intestine after TiLV infection, but no particular difference was otherwise noted during the study with the exception of higher pathological scores in the liver of the small fish at 14 dpi. Overall, this study indicated that small fish are more susceptible to TiLV infection than large fish. Although multiple factors, including environmental factors, farm management practices, strains of virus could contribute to different susceptibility of fish to viral infection, the present study provides the evidence to support that fish weight affects the mortality and clinical outcome during TiLV infection. More intensive measures such as strict biosecurity and disease surveillance during the susceptible weight should therefore be emphasized to reduce the impact of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Rajiv Kumar Roy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jidapa Yamkasem
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Yamkasem J, Tattiyapong P, Gorgoglione B, Surachetpong W. Uncovering the first occurrence of Tilapia parvovirus in Thailand in tilapia during co-infection with Tilapia tilapinevirus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3136-3144. [PMID: 33960141 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered Tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) was the first Parvovirus confirmed to infect fish, causing mortality outbreaks in farmed adult Nile tilapia in China. Severe mortality outbreaks caused by Tilapia tilapinevirus (TiLV) to farmed tilapia in Thailand revealed the concomitant occurrence of TiPV. Out of ten fish farms screened, TiPV was detected in one site rearing juvenile red hybrid tilapia. Clinical signs included abnormal swimming, scale protrusion, skin and muscle haemorrhaging, exophthalmia and generalized anaemia. Histological findings showed extensive infiltration of lymphocytes, with increased melanomacrophage centres in the anterior kidney and spleen, erythrocyte depletion in the spleen and hepatic syncytial cells. Both TiLV and TiPV were systemically distributed in the body of moribund fish. The analysis of the near-complete TiPV genome isolated from Thailand revealed 98.74% sequence identity to the formerly isolated from China, together with a highly conserved and comparable genomic organization and with a 3 nucleotides deletion in the 5-UTR. The viral genome structure was highly conserved for each of its components, with nucleotide and amino acid identity ranging from 100% for ORF1 to 97% for ORF2, and with conserved HuH and Walker loop motifs within NS1. Taken together, our results document the first detection of TiPV outside China, thus for the first time in Thailand. Moreover, TiPV was detected for the first time during a natural occurrence in farmed red hybrid tilapia and involved in co-infection pattern with TiLV. Diagnostic investigations during tilapia disease outbreaks should include the screening for TiPV. Further studies are needed to elucidate TiPV genomic variance, pathobiology, including focussing on the outcomes of TiLV-TiPV co-infection patterns, necessary to enable risk assessment for the worldwide spreading of TiPV and to design adequate control measures against these emerging viruses in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidapa Yamkasem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Sood N, Verma DK, Paria A, Yadav SC, Yadav MK, Bedekar MK, Kumar S, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Transcriptome analysis of liver elucidates key immune-related pathways in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following infection with tilapia lake virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 111:208-219. [PMID: 33577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species farmed worldwide. However, the recent emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease, also known as syncytial hepatitis of tilapia, has threatened the global tilapia industry. To gain more insight regarding the host response against the disease, the transcriptional profiles of liver in experimentally-infected and control tilapia were compared. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 4640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were involved among others in antigen processing and presentation, MAPK, apoptosis, necroptosis, chemokine signaling, interferon, NF-kB, acute phase response and JAK-STAT pathways. Enhanced expression of most of the DEGs in the above pathways suggests an attempt by tilapia to resist TiLV infection. However, upregulation of some of the key genes such as BCL2L1 in apoptosis pathway; NFKBIA in NF-kB pathway; TRFC in acute phase response; and SOCS, EPOR, PI3K and AKT in JAK-STAT pathway and downregulation of the genes, namely MAP3K7 in MAPK pathway; IFIT1 in interferon; and TRIM25 in NF-kB pathway suggested that TiLV was able to subvert the host immune response to successfully establish the infection. The study offers novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected following TiLV infection and will serve as a valuable genomic resource towards our understanding of susceptibility of tilapia to TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrish Chandra Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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23
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Widziolek M, Janik K, Mojzesz M, Pooranachandran N, Adamek M, Pecio A, Surachetpong W, Levraud JP, Boudinot P, Chadzinska M, Rakus K. Type I interferon-dependent response of zebrafish larvae during tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103936. [PMID: 33242567 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV; genus: Tilapinevirus, family: Amnoonviridae) is a recently characterised enveloped virus with a linear, negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome, which causes high mortality in tilapia species. In the present study, we demonstrated that zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae are susceptible to TiLV infection upon systemic injection. TiLV replicated in zebrafish larvae and caused their high mortality (of about 70%). Histopathological examination revealed that TiLV infection caused pathological abnormalities in zebrafish larvae that were well visible within the brain. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed that TiLV infection induced up-regulation of the expression of the immune-related genes encoding pathogen recognition receptors involved in sensing of viral dsRNA (rig-I (ddx58), tlr3, tlr22), transcription factors (irf3, irf7), type I interferon (infϕ1), antiviral protein (mxa), and pro-inflammatory cytokine (il-1β). We also demonstrated the protective role of the recombinant zebrafish IFNϕ1 on the survival of zebrafish larvae during TiLV infection. Our results show the importance of type I IFN response during TiLV infection in zebrafish larvae and demonstrate that zebrafish is a good model organism to study interactions between TiLV - a newly emerging in aquaculture virus, and fish host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Janik
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Pecio
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Pierre Levraud
- Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3738, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- University of Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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24
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Tattiyapong P, Dechavichitlead W, Waltzek TB, Surachetpong W. Tilapia develop protective immunity including a humoral response following exposure to tilapia lake virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:666-674. [PMID: 32858185 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus associated with high mortality in cultured tilapia. Since the first report of tilapia lake virus, it has been detected in diseased tilapia in sixteen countries around the world. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop an efficacious vaccine to prevent TiLV disease (TiLVD) and reduce its global economic impact. Understanding the role of the adaptive immune response following exposure of tilapia to TiLV is a critical step in the development of such a vaccine. In this study, we challenged red hybrid tilapia by cohabitation or intraperitoneal injection and demonstrated that surviving fish develop a protective immunity. We also demonstrated that tilapia that survived experimental infections possess significant antibodies against the protein encoded by the TiLV segment 4. We then developed a TiLV indirect ELISA to determine the antibody response in tilapia. The ELISA revealed high antibody levels in survivors of experimental challenges and following outbreaks on farms. The ELISA effectively distinguished TiLV-exposed from unexposed tilapia and was used to monitor anti-TiLV antibody kinetics following infection. During the primary infection, tilapia developed an antibody response as early as 7 days post TiLV challenge (dpc), peaked at 15 dpc, showed a gradual decline up until about 42 dpc, but persisted in some fish up until day 110 dpc. Upon re-infection, an increased antibody response occurred within 7-14 days, demonstrating that tilapia that survive TiLV infections develop humoral memory. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that tilapia mount antibody responses against TiLV that supports protective immunity to subsequent TiLV disease. The persistence of anti-TiLV antibodies in survivors following a single exposure suggests a single vaccination might be adequate to protect tilapia during the entire grow-out period. This study provides important information about the immune response of tilapia following exposure to TiLV as a first step in the development of an efficacious vaccine against this emerging and economically important viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puntanat Tattiyapong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University. Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand (CASAF, NRU-KU), Thailand
| | - Worawan Dechavichitlead
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University. Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand (CASAF, NRU-KU), Thailand
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University. Thailand; Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand (CASAF, NRU-KU), Thailand.
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25
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Yadav MK, Rastogi A, Criollo Joaquin MP, Verma DK, Rathore G, Swaminathan TR, Paria A, Pradhan PK, Sood N. Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from heart of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its susceptibility to tilapia lake virus. J Virol Methods 2020; 287:113989. [PMID: 33035566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have developed a continuous cell line from the heart tissue of the Oreochromis niloticus and used for studying susceptibility to tilapia lake virus (TiLV). The cell line, designated as OnH, has been subcultured up to 82 passages. The optimal growth of OnH cells was observed at 28-32 °C in iL-15 medium supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum. Karyotype analysis revealed that the modal chromosome number of OnH cells was 44. Partial amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene confirmed the origin of OnH cell line from O. niloticus. Immunophenotyping revealed that OnH cells were of epithelial origin. These cells were successfully transfected with pAcGFP1-N1 mammalian expression vector. OnH cells showed cytopathic effects following inoculation with TiLV. The virus titration study indicated that the cells were highly susceptible to TiLV with TCID50 value of 105.3/mL. The qRT-PCR studies revealed that the optimal temperature for TiLV replication in OnH cells was 28 °C. Further, transmission electron microscopy of TiLV-infected OnH cells showed a number of electron-dense virus particles measuring 60-90 nm diameter, which were enclosed in the vesicles in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the newly established OnH cell line provides a valuable tool for isolation of viruses from disease cases suspected to be of viral etiology in this candidate species' and also for transgenic and genetic manipulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Aakriti Rastogi
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Mónica Paola Criollo Joaquin
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India; Tumbes National University, Tumbes, 24001, Peru
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Gaurav Rathore
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India
| | - Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 002, India.
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26
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Thawornwattana Y, Dong HT, Phiwsaiya K, Sangsuriya P, Senapin S, Aiewsakun P. Tilapia lake virus (TiLV): Genomic epidemiology and its early origin. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:435-444. [PMID: 32578388 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus that is rapidly spreading across the world. Over the past 6 years (2014-2020), TiLV outbreaks had been reported in at least 16 countries, spanning three continents, including Asia, Africa, and America. Despite its enormous economic impact, its origin, evolution and epidemiology are still largely poorly characterized. Here, we report eight TiLV whole-genome sequences from Thailand sampled between 2014 and 2019. Together with publicly available sequences from various regions of the world, we estimated the origin of TiLV to be between 2003 and 2009, 5-10 years before the first report of the virus in Israel in 2014. Our analyses consistently showed that TiLV started to spread in 2000s, and reached its peak in 2014-2016, matching well with the timing of its first report. From 2016 onwards, the global TiLV population declined steadily. This could be a result of herd immunity building up in the fish population, and/or a reflection of a better awareness of the virus coupled with a better and more cautious protocol of Tilapia importation. Despite the fact that we included all publicly available sequences, our analyses revealed long unsampled histories of TiLVs in many countries, especially towards its basal diversification. This result highlights the lack and the need for systematic surveillance of TiLV in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuttapong Thawornwattana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kornsunee Phiwsaiya
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pakkakul Sangsuriya
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Nation Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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27
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Rakus K, Mojzesz M, Widziolek M, Pooranachandran N, Teitge F, Surachetpong W, Chadzinska M, Steinhagen D, Adamek M. Antiviral response of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) during tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 101:1-8. [PMID: 32201348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel enveloped orthomyxo-like virus with a genome of 10 segments of linear negative-sense single-stranded RNA. It causes massive mortality of wild and farmed tilapia species and because of its spread in Asia, Africa, South and North America, it is considered a threat to tilapia aquaculture. Here, we have evaluated the possible use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to study immune response and host-pathogen interactions during an infection with TiLV. Adult zebrafish were infected with TiLV by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection or by cohabitation. Increased viral load was observed in liver, spleen and kidney of i.p. injected fish at 1, 3, 6, and 14 days post infection (dpi) but not in fish from the cohabitation group (only liver was tested). We also demonstrated that in spleen and kidney i.p. injection of TiLV induced up-regulation of the expression of the immune-related genes encoding pathogen recognition receptors involved in sensing of viral dsRNA (rig-I, tlr3, tlr22), transcription factors (irf3, irf7), type I interferon (infϕ1), antiviral protein (mxa), pro-inflammatory (il-1β, tnf-α, il-8, ifnγ1-2) and anti-inflammatory (il-10) cytokines, CD4 markers (cd4-1, cd4-2), and IgM (igm). Moreover, tissue tropism of TiLV and histopathological changes were analyzed in selected organs of i.p. injected zebrafish. Our results indicate that zebrafish is a good model to study mechanisms of the TiLV infection and to follow antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Miriam Mojzesz
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Niedharsan Pooranachandran
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Felix Teitge
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Win Surachetpong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Yin J, Ren Y, Shi C, Bergmann SM, Zhu X, Zeng W. Integrated analysis of mRNA-miRNA expression in Tilapia infected with Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) and identifies primarily immuneresponse genes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 99:208-226. [PMID: 32001353 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated differential gene expression in Tilapia infected with the Tilapia Lake virus (TiLV).We used high-throughput sequencing to identify mRNAs and miRNAs involved in TiLV infection progression We identified 25,359 differentially expressed genes that included 863 new genes. We identified 1770, 4142 and 4947 differently expressed genes comparing non-infected controls with 24 and 120 h infections and between the infected groups, respectively. These genes were enriched to 291 GO terms and 62 KEGG pathways and included immune system progress and virion genes. High-throughput miRNA sequencing identified 316 conserved miRNAs, 525 known miRNAs and 592 novel miRNAs. Furthermore, 138, 198 and 153 differently expressed miRNAs were found between the 3 groups listed above, respectively. Target prediction revealed numerous genes including erythropoietin isoform X2, double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase isoform X1, bone morphogenetic protein 4 and tapasin-related protein that are involved in immune responsiveness. Moreover, these target genes overlapped with differentially expressed mRNAs obtained from RNA-seq. These target genes were significantly enriched to GO terms and KEGG pathways including immune system progress, virion and Wnt signaling pathways. Expression patterns of differentially expressed mRNA and miRNAs were validated in 20 mRNA and 19 miRNAs by qRT-PCR. We also were able to construct a miRNA-mRNA target network that can further understand the molecular mechanisms on the pathogenesis of TiLV and guide future research in developing effective agents and strategies to combat TiLV infections in Tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China.
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Yan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, PR China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China.
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29
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Chaput DL, Bass D, Alam MM, Al Hasan N, Stentiford GD, van Aerle R, Moore K, Bignell JP, Haque MM, Tyler CR. The Segment Matters: Probable Reassortment of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) Complicates Phylogenetic Analysis and Inference of Geographical Origin of New Isolate from Bangladesh. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030258. [PMID: 32120863 PMCID: PMC7150994 DOI: 10.3390/v12030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), a negative sense RNA virus with a 10 segment genome, is an emerging threat to tilapia aquaculture worldwide, with outbreaks causing over 90% mortality reported on several continents since 2014. Following a severe tilapia mortality event in July 2017, we confirmed the presence of TiLV in Bangladesh and obtained the near-complete genome of this isolate, BD-2017. Phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated 10 segment coding regions placed BD-2017 in a clade with the two isolates from Thailand, separate from the Israeli and South American isolates. However, phylogenetic analysis of individual segments gave conflicting results, sometimes clustering BD-2017 with one of the Israeli isolates, and splitting pairs of isolates from the same region. By comparing patterns of topological difference among segments of quartets of isolates, we showed that TiLV likely has a history of reassortment. Segments 5 and 6, in particular, appear to have undergone a relatively recent reassortment event involving Ecuador isolate EC-2012 and Israel isolate Til-4-2011. The phylogeny of TiLV isolates therefore depends on the segment sequenced. Our findings illustrate the need to exercise caution when using phylogenetic analysis to infer geographic origin and track the movement of TiLV, and we recommend using whole genomes wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique L. Chaput
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (D.L.C.); (C.R.T.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1392-724450 (C.R.T.)
| | - David Bass
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK; (D.B.); (G.D.S.); (R.v.A.)
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Md. Mehedi Alam
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.); (N.A.H.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Neaz Al Hasan
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.); (N.A.H.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Grant D. Stentiford
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK; (D.B.); (G.D.S.); (R.v.A.)
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK; (D.B.); (G.D.S.); (R.v.A.)
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Karen Moore
- Exeter Sequencing Service, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK;
| | - John P. Bignell
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Mohammad Mahfujul Haque
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh; (M.M.A.); (N.A.H.); (M.M.H.)
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Biosciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK
- Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, UK; (D.B.); (G.D.S.); (R.v.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.C.); (C.R.T.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1392-724450 (C.R.T.)
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30
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Chengula AA, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Tilapia Lake Virus Does Not Hemagglutinate Avian and Piscine Erythrocytes and NH 4Cl Does Not Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121152. [PMID: 31842425 PMCID: PMC6950307 DOI: 10.3390/v11121152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) icosahedral virus classified to be the only member in the family Amnoonviridae. Although TiLV segment-1 shares homology with the influenza C virus PB1 and has four conserved motifs similar to influenza A, B, and C polymerases, it is unknown whether there are other properties shared between TiLV and orthomyxovirus. In the present study, we wanted to determine whether TiLV agglutinated avian and piscine erythrocytes, and whether its replication was inhibited by lysosomotropic agents, such as ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), as seen for orthomyxoviruses. Our findings showed that influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8 (PR8) was able to hemagglutinate turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) red blood cells (RBCs), while infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) only agglutinated Atlantic salmon, but not turkey or tilapia, RBCs. In contrast to PR8 and ISAV, TiLV did not agglutinate turkey, Atlantic salmon, or tilapia RBCs. qRT-PCR analysis showed that 30 mM NH4Cl, a basic lysosomotropic agent, neither inhibited nor enhanced TiLV replication in E-11 cells. There was no difference in viral quantities in the infected cells with or without NH4Cl treatment during virus adsorption or at 1, 2, and 3 h post-infection. Given that hemagglutinin proteins that bind RBCs also serve as ligands that bind host cells during virus entry leading to endocytosis in orthomyxoviruses, the data presented here suggest that TiLV may use mechanisms that are different from orthomyxoviruses for entry and replication in host cells. Therefore, future studies should seek to elucidate the mechanisms used by TiLV for entry into host cells and to determine its mode of replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustino Alfred Chengula
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3019 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, NO-0102 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.C.); (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-98-86-86-83
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31
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Nanthini R, Abdul Majeed S, Vimal S, Taju G, Sivakumar S, Santhosh Kumar S, Pillai D, Sneha KG, Rakesh CG, Sahul Hameed AS. In vitro propagation of tilapia lake virus in cell lines developed from Oreochromis mossambicus. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1543-1552. [PMID: 31515819 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV)-suspected samples of tilapia were collected from grow-out ponds located with clinical signs and mortality ranged from 5% to 50%. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay revealed the presence of TiLV in the disease outbreak ponds. Cell lines were developed from heart, gill and eye of Mozambique tilapia and characterized. Morphologically, these cell lines are composed of epithelioid cells. The optimum growth of these cells was observed at 28°C and 20% concentration of FBS. After cryopreservation, 70%-90% of cells were found to be viable. The cells of all three cell lines were found to be positive to fibronectin and pancytokeratin. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and COI of O. mossambicus confirmed the origin of these cell lines from O. mossambicus. Heart and gill cell lines were found to be highly susceptible to TiLV and found to be useful for its isolation from infected fish samples. The experimental infection was carried out in O. niloticus and O. mossambicus using the TiLV propagated in susceptible cell lines. The RT-PCR results revealed the presence of TiLV in brain, gill, liver, kidney, spleen, eye, muscle, intestine and heart of experimentally infected O. niloticus and O. mossambicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Nanthini
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Seepoo Abdul Majeed
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sugumar Vimal
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gani Taju
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvam Sivakumar
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Devika Pillai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, KUFOS, Kochi, Kerala, India
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32
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Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Q, Zeng W, Li Y, Yin J, Bergmann SM, Zhu X. Establishment of a brain cell line obtained from hybrids of Channa argus ×Channa maculata for the detection of tilapia lake virus. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103810. [PMID: 31654776 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A brain cell line (CAMB) derived from hybrid snakehead (Channa argus (♂) × Channa maculata (♀)) was established by trypsin and collagenase combined digestion. The culturing conditions and cell biological characteristics were systematically studied. For growth of the cells, M199 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum was used and at 27 °C incubated. Based on morphological analysis, CAMB cells were confirmed to be epithelial. The cell line has been subcultured more than 80 times since its initial primary culture. Chromosome analysis revealed that CAMB cells had an abnormal chromosome number 2n = 64, whereas the chromosome number in the hybrid snakehead was 45. The suitability of CAMB for tilapia lake virus (TiLV) was demonstrated. A CPE was observed after infection with TiLV-2017A. The highest TiLV titer was observed after 12 days post infection (dpi) and reached 107.2 TCID50/mL. The virus replication was confirmed by electron microscopic observations. Additionally, immunofluorescence assay confirmed the presence of TiLV-2017A after infection of CAMB. Therefore, CAMB cells can be a useful tool for the investigation of the pathogenesis of the TiLV induced disease in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Pearl River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Liwan District, 510380, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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