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Lei Y. Sociality and self-awareness in animals. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1065638. [PMID: 36710826 PMCID: PMC9881685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1065638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognizing one's mirror reflection appears to be a simple task, but beyond humans, few animals have demonstrated this capability. Mirror self-recognition is indicative of self-awareness, which is one's capacity for self-directed knowledge. This theoretical paper examines literature from the past 50 years regarding self-recognition in over 30 species. Animals are classified based on the quantity and quality of research supporting evidence of their self-recognition abilities. Additionally, animals are classified as either social or solitary. It was found that only social animals have consistently demonstrated self-recognition, while solitary species studied so far do not seem to possess this trait. This finding aligns with the social intelligence hypothesis. This paper also reveals a lack of research on solitary species and recommends future studies examine self-recognition in these animals. A meta-analysis quantifying sociality on a numerical scale is also recommended. Given the existing evidence, this article proposes that social animals are more likely to be self-aware than solitary species.
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Guidelines for the ethical treatment of nonhuman animals in behavioural research and teaching. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Holst MM, Hauver CM, Stein RS, Milano BL, Levine LH, Zink AG, Watters JV, Crook RJ. Behavioral changes in senescent giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) are associated with peripheral neural degeneration and loss of epithelial tissue. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 271:111263. [PMID: 35753604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most species of octopus experience extreme physical decline after a single reproductive bout which extends over a period of days, weeks, or months before eventual death. Although outward indicators of senescence are widely recognized, comparatively little is known about physiological and neural changes accompanying terminal decline in octopuses. Here, we measured changes in behavioral response to nociceptive stimuli across the lifespan in giant Pacific octopus (GPO), Enteroctopus dofleini, held in public aquariums in the USA. Post-euthanasia, tissue was collected from arm tips, and neural and epithelial cell degeneration was quantified and compared with biopsies of arm tips from healthy, pre-reproductive GPOs. Behavioral assays showed significant changes both in low threshold mechanosensory responses and nociceptive behavioral responses beginning early in senescence and extending until euthanasia. Histology data showed that while the ratio of apoptotic cells to total cell number stayed constant between healthy and senescent GPOs, overall neural and epithelial cell density was significantly lower in terminally senescent octopuses compared with healthy controls. Our data provide new insight into the time-course and causes of sensory dysfunction in senescent cephalopods and suggest proactive welfare management should begin early in the senescence phase, well before animals enter terminal decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Holst
- Aquarium of the Bay, The Embarcadero at Beach Street, San Francisco, CA 94133, United States of America.
| | - Camille M Hauver
- Loveland Living Planet Aquarium, 12033 South Lone Peak Parkway, Draper, UT 84020, United States of America.
| | - Rachel S Stein
- The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, 10 N. Water St., Norwalk, CT 06854, United States of America.
| | - Bianca L Milano
- The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, 10 N. Water St., Norwalk, CT 06854, United States of America
| | - Lindsey H Levine
- The Maritime Aquarium at Norwalk, 10 N. Water St., Norwalk, CT 06854, United States of America.
| | - Andrew G Zink
- San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States of America.
| | - Jason V Watters
- San Francisco Zoological Society, Sloat Blvd & Upper Great Hwy, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States of America.
| | - Robyn J Crook
- San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States of America.
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Ventura-López C, López-Galindo L, Rosas C, Sánchez-Castrejón E, Galindo-Torres P, Pascual C, Rodríguez-Fuentes G, Juárez OE, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Sex-specific role of the optic gland in octopus maya: A transcriptomic analysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 320:114000. [PMID: 35217062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The optic glands (OG) of cephalopods are a source of molecules associated with the control of reproductive traits and lifecycle events such as sexual maturation, reproductive behavior, feeding, parental care, and senescence. However, little is known about the role of the optic gland in Octopus maya adults during mating and egg laying. RNA sequencing, de novo transcriptome assembly, ubiquity and differential expression analysis were performed. First, we analyzed the expression patterns of transcripts commonly associated with OG regulatory functions to describe their possible role once the maturation of the gonad is complete. The transcriptomic profiles of the optic gland of both sexes were compared with emphasis on the signaling pathways involved in the dimorphism of reproductive traits. Results suggest that in the OG of males, the reproductive condition (mated or non-mated) did not affect the general expression profile. In contrast, more differentially expressed genes were observed in females. In mated females, the mRNA metabolic process and the response to norepinephrine were enriched, suggesting a high cellular activity in preparation for the laying of the embryos. Whereas in egg-laying females, energetic and metabolic processes were the most represented, including the oxidation-reduction process. Finally, the gene expression patterns in senescence females suggest a physiological response to starvation as well as upregulation of genes involved retrotransposon activity. In conclusion, more substantial fluctuations in gene expression were observed in the optic glands of the fertilized females compared to the males. Such differences might be associated with the regulation of the egg-laying and the onset of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ventura-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Laura López-Galindo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas (IIO), Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3917, Fraccionamiento Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Edna Sánchez-Castrejón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Pavel Galindo-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucma, Yucatan CP97355, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Juárez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
| | - Clara E Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Tijuana - Ensenada No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California CP 22860, México.
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Juárez OE, Arreola-Meraz L, Sánchez-Castrejón E, Avila-Poveda OH, López-Galindo LL, Rosas C, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Oviducal gland transcriptomics of Octopus maya through physiological stages and the negative effects of temperature on fertilization. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12895. [PMID: 35378931 PMCID: PMC8976471 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated temperatures reduce fertilization and egg-laying rates in the octopus species. However, the molecular mechanisms that control the onset of fertilization and egg-laying in the octopus' oviducal gland are still unclear; and the effect of temperature on the expression of key reproductive genes is unknown. This study aims to better understand the molecular bases of octopus fertilization and egg-laying, and how they are affected by elevated temperatures. Method RNA-seq of oviducal glands was performed for samples before, during, and after fertilization and their transcriptomic profiles were compared. Also, at the fertilization stage, the optimal and thermal-stress conditions were contrasted. Expression levels of key reproductive genes were validated via RT-qPCR. Results In mated females before egg-laying, genes required for the synthesis of spermine, spermidine, which may prevent premature fertilization, and the myomodulin neuropeptide were upregulated. Among the genes with higher expression at the fertilization stage, we found those encoding the receptors of serotonin, dopamine, and progesterone; genes involved in the assembly and motility of the sperm flagellum; genes that participate in the interaction between male and female gametes; and genes associated with the synthesis of eggshell mucoproteins. At temperatures above the optimal range for reproduction, mated females reduced the fertilization rate. This response coincided with the upregulation of myomodulin and APGW-amide neuropeptides. Also, genes associated with fertilization like LGALS3, VWC2, and Pcsk1 were downregulated at elevated temperatures. Similarly, in senescent females, genes involved in fertilization were downregulated but those involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones like SRD5A1 were highly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E. Juárez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Lousiana Arreola-Meraz
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Edna Sánchez-Castrejón
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México,Programa Investigadoras e Investigadores por México, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Laura L. López-Galindo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación - Sisal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Clara E. Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California, México
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Mamzer HM. Ritual Slaughter: The Tradition of Pilot Whale Hunting on the Faroe Islands. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:552465. [PMID: 33898540 PMCID: PMC8062700 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.552465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Faroese people consider grindadráp, the hunting of pilot whales, as a part of their cultural heritage, but from the point of view of veterinary sciences and biology, the method of killing pilot whales is a form of a ritual slaughter performed on fully conscious animals that are aware of their circumstances. Pilot whales are social, intelligent, and communicative animals that demonstrate complex social behaviors. Therefore, this traditional whaling method should be considered as a procedure in which animals are exposed to high levels of distress. In the context of contemporary civilizational development and material welfare, the practice of whaling may appear to be an inadequate and cruel relic of the past. This text explores social and cultural issues caused by pilot whale hunts and presents an understanding of the term tradition and some perspectives of how traditions change. The specificity of pilot whales as a species is presented, setting a foundation for a discussion about hunting itself. The conclusion of the text discusses different social perceptions of grindadráp by presenting arguments for and against the hunting. This analysis includes a presentation of actions undertaken bywhale hunting opponents.
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Schnell AK, Clayton NS. Cephalopods: Ambassadors for rethinking cognition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 564:27-36. [PMID: 33390247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traditional approaches in comparative cognition have a long history of focusing on a narrow range of vertebrate species. However, in recent years the range of model species has expanded. Despite this development, invertebrate taxa are still largely neglected in comparative cognition, which limits our ability to locate the origins of cognitive traits. The time has come to rethink cognition and develop a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive evolution by expanding comparative analyses to include a diverse range of invertebrate taxa. In this review, we contend that cephalopods are suitable ambassadors for rethinking cognition. Cephalopods have large complex brains, exhibit sophisticated behavioral traits, and increasing evidence suggests that they possess complex cognitive abilities once thought to be unique to large-brained vertebrates. Comparing cephalopods with vertebrates, whose cognition has evolved independently, provides prominent opportunities to circumvent current limitations in comparative cognition that have arisen from traditional vertebrate comparisons. Increased efforts in investigating the cognitive abilities of cephalopods have also led to important welfare-related improvements. These large-brained molluscs are paving the way for a more inclusive approach to investigating cognitive evolution that we hope will extend to other invertebrate taxa.
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Holst MM, Miller-Morgan T. The Use of a Species-Specific Health and Welfare Assessment Tool for the Giant Pacific Octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2020; 24:272-291. [PMID: 32937082 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1809412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods are increasingly viewed as sentient animals that require the same welfare consideration as their vertebrate counterparts. In this study, an observational welfare assessment tool developed by the EU Directive was revised to be species-specific for the giant Pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini. This E. dofleini health and welfare assessment tool includes categories assessing E. dofleini external appearance, behavior, and clinical signs of stress and disease. These categories are scored in severity from 1 to 4, allowing a quantitative perspective on health observations. Six facilities used the health and welfare assessment tool to evaluate E. dofleini until the animal was humanely euthanized or died naturally. Results showed an irreversible upward trend in scores for feeding behavior and response to stimulus beginning 4 weeks prior to death, with significant changes in health and welfare scores between 4 weeks and the final week prior to death. This suggests that upward trends in these two variables predict death within 3-4 weeks. Highly variable results between individuals for other categories indicate that a quantitative tool can help assess health and welfare at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Holst
- Animal Care Department, Aquarium of the Bay, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tim Miller-Morgan
- Oregon Sea Grant/Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
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Juárez OE, López-Galindo L, Pérez-Carrasco L, Lago-Lestón A, Rosas C, Di Cosmo A, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Octopus maya white body show sex-specific transcriptomic profiles during the reproductive phase, with high differentiation in signaling pathways. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216982. [PMID: 31095623 PMCID: PMC6522055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
White bodies (WB), multilobulated soft tissue that wraps the optic tracts and optic lobes, have been considered the hematopoietic organ of the cephalopods. Its glandular appearance and its lobular morphology suggest that different parts of the WB may perform different functions, but a detailed functional analysis of the octopus WB is lacking. The aim of this study is to describe the transcriptomic profile of WB to better understand its functions, with emphasis on the difference between sexes during reproductive events. Then, validation via qPCR was performed using different tissues to find out tissue-specific transcripts. High differentiation in signaling pathways was observed in the comparison of female and male transcriptomic profiles. For instance, the expression of genes involved in the androgen receptor-signaling pathway were detected only in males, whereas estrogen receptor showed higher expression in females. Highly expressed genes in males enriched oxidation-reduction and apoptotic processes, which are related to the immune response. On the other hand, expression of genes involved in replicative senescence and the response to cortisol were only detected in females. Moreover, the transcripts with higher expression in females enriched a wide variety of signaling pathways mediated by molecules like neuropeptides, integrins, MAPKs and receptors like TNF and Toll-like. In addition, these putative neuropeptide transcripts, showed higher expression in females' WB and were not detected in other analyzed tissues. These results suggest that the differentiation in signaling pathways in white bodies of O. maya influences the physiological dimorphism between females and males during the reproductive phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E. Juárez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Laura López-Galindo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Leonel Pérez-Carrasco
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Asunción Lago-Lestón
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Académica Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Yucatán, México
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italia
| | - Clara E. Galindo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, México
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López-Galindo L, Juárez OE, Larios-Soriano E, Del Vecchio G, Ventura-López C, Lago-Lestón A, Galindo-Sánchez C. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Insights on Male Infertility in Octopus maya Under Chronic Thermal Stress. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1920. [PMID: 30697164 PMCID: PMC6341066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopus maya endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, is an ectotherm organism particularly temperature-sensitive. Studies in O. maya females show that temperatures above 27°C reduce the number of eggs per spawn, fertilization rate and the viability of embryos. High temperatures also reduce the male reproductive performance and success. However, the molecular mechanisms are still unknown. The transcriptomic profiles of testes from thermally stressed (30°C) and not stressed (24°C) adult male octopuses were compared, before and after mating to understand the molecular bases involved in the low reproductive performance at high temperature. The testis paired-end cDNA libraries were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Then, the transcriptome was assembled de novo using Trinity software. A total of 53,214,611 high-quality paired reads were used to reconstruct 85,249 transcripts and 77,661 unigenes with an N50 of 889 bp length. Later, 13,154 transcripts were annotated implementing Blastx searches in the UniProt database. Differential expression analysis revealed 1,881 transcripts with significant difference among treatments. Functional annotation and pathway mapping of differential expressed transcripts revealed significant enrichment for biological processes involved in spermatogenesis, gamete generation, germ cell development, spermatid development and differentiation, response to stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis. Remarkably, the transcripts encoding genes such as ZMYND15, KLHL10, TDRD1, TSSK2 and DNAJB13, which are linked to male infertility in other species, were differentially expressed among the treatments. The expression levels of these key genes, involved in sperm motility and spermatogenesis were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The results suggest that the reduction in male fertility at high temperature can be related to alterations in spermatozoa development and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Galindo
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Oscar E Juárez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Larios-Soriano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Integrativa de Organismos Marinos, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Giulia Del Vecchio
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Ventura-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Asunción Lago-Lestón
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Clara Galindo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Departamento de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
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Ponte G, Andrews P, Galligioni V, Pereira J, Fiorito G. Cephalopod Welfare, Biological and Regulatory Aspects: An EU Experience. Anim Welf 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13947-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Weil E, Weil-Allen A, Weil A. Coral and Cnidarian Welfare in a Changing Sea. Anim Welf 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13947-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Keller M. Feeding live invertebrate prey in zoos and aquaria: Are there welfare concerns? Zoo Biol 2017; 36:316-322. [PMID: 28901580 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates constitute more than 90% of all species on earth, however, as a rule, humans do not regard invertebrates as creatures that can suffer and they are generally seen as creatures that should be eliminated. As a result, the importance of their welfare may be grossly unappreciated. For instance, the feeding of live food is often viewed as a good method of enrichment and invertebrates are commonly used as live prey in many zoological facilities. As a result, zoos may send mixed messages to their patrons in that welfare is considered only for the invertebrates that are part of their zoological collection and not necessarily for the invertebrates used as feed. Research indicates that many invertebrates possess nociceptors, opioid receptors, and demonstrate behavioral responses indicative of pain sensation. In addition, in some taxa, there may be evidence of higher cognitive functions such as emotions and learning, although studies in this area of research are preliminary and sparse. Therefore, the possibility for suffering exists in many invertebrate species and as such, zoological facilities have an ethical responsibility to take their welfare into consideration. This paper discusses the current research regarding invertebrates' capacity for suffering and discusses methods facilities can use to improve the welfare of their invertebrate live prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Keller
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center, Dexter, New Mexico
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Fassiano AV, Ortiz N, Ríos de Molina MDC. Reproductive status, antioxidant defences and lipid peroxidation in Octopus tehuelchus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) females. J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1329460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anabella V. Fassiano
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Ortiz
- IBIOMAR-CONICET, Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- UTN-FRCH, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional-Facultad Regional Chubut, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - María del Carmen Ríos de Molina
- IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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García-Fernández P, Castellanos-Martínez S, Iglesias J, Otero J, Gestal C. Selection of reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in Octopus vulgaris paralarvae during development and immune-stimulation. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 138:57-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Basil J, Cole A, de Girolamo P, D'Angelo L, Dickel L, Gestal C, Grasso F, Kuba M, Mark F, Melillo D, Osorio D, Perkins K, Ponte G, Shashar N, Smith D, Smith J, Andrews PLR. Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research -A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group. Lab Anim 2016; 49:1-90. [PMID: 26354955 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215580006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Fiorito
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Andrea Affuso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy Animal Model Facility - BIOGEM S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Jennifer Basil
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College - CUNY Graduate Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison Cole
- Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
| | - Paolo de Girolamo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions - University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy AISAL - Associazione Italiana per le Scienze degli Animali da Laboratorio, Milano, Italy
| | - Ludovic Dickel
- Groupe mémoire et Plasticité comportementale, University of Caen Basse-Normandy, Caen, France
| | - Camino Gestal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Frank Grasso
- BioMimetic and Cognitive Robotics, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College - CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Kuba
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Felix Mark
- Integrative Ecophysiology, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniel Osorio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | - Kerry Perkins
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK
| | | | - Nadav Shashar
- Department of Life Sciences, Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer, Sheva, Israel
| | - David Smith
- FELASA, Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations
| | | | - Paul L R Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK Association for Cephalopod Research 'CephRes', Italy
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Avila-Poveda OH, Montes-Pérez RC, Koueta N, Benítez-Villalobos F, Ramírez-Pérez JS, Jimenez-Gutierrez L, Rosas C. Seasonal changes of progesterone and testosterone concentrations throughout gonad maturation stages of the Mexican octopus,Octopus maya(Octopodidae: Octopus). MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2015.1045055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Anderson DB, Basil J, Bonnaud L, Botta G, Cole A, D'Angelo L, De Girolamo P, Dennison N, Dickel L, Di Cosmo A, Di Cristo C, Gestal C, Fonseca R, Grasso F, Kristiansen T, Kuba M, Maffucci F, Manciocco A, Mark FC, Melillo D, Osorio D, Palumbo A, Perkins K, Ponte G, Raspa M, Shashar N, Smith J, Smith D, Sykes A, Villanueva R, Tublitz N, Zullo L, Andrews P. Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:13-36. [PMID: 24385049 PMCID: PMC3938841 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-013-0165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of "live cephalopods" became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the "Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes", giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce "guidelines" and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
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Alupay JS, Hadjisolomou SP, Crook RJ. Arm injury produces long-term behavioral and neural hypersensitivity in octopus. Neurosci Lett 2014; 558:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Vidal EAG, Villanueva R, Andrade JP, Gleadall IG, Iglesias J, Koueta N, Rosas C, Segawa S, Grasse B, Franco-Santos RM, Albertin CB, Caamal-Monsreal C, Chimal ME, Edsinger-Gonzales E, Gallardo P, Le Pabic C, Pascual C, Roumbedakis K, Wood J. Cephalopod culture: current status of main biological models and research priorities. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2014; 67:1-98. [PMID: 24880794 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800287-2.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A recent revival in using cephalopods as experimental animals has rekindled interest in their biology and life cycles, information with direct applications also in the rapidly growing ornamental aquarium species trade and in commercial aquaculture production for human consumption. Cephalopods have high rates of growth and food conversion, which for aquaculture translates into short culture cycles, high ratios of production to biomass and high cost-effectiveness. However, at present, only small-scale culture is possible and only for a few species: the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopuses Octopus maya and O. vulgaris. These four species are the focus of this chapter, the aims of which are as follows: (1) to provide an overview of the culture requirements of cephalopods, (2) to highlight the physical and nutritional requirements at each phase of the life cycle regarded as essential for successful full-scale culture and (3) to identify current limitations and the topics on which further research is required. Knowledge of cephalopod culture methods is advanced, but commercialization is still constrained by the highly selective feeding habits of cephalopods and their requirement for large quantities of high-quality (preferably live) feed, particularly in the early stages of development. Future research should focus on problems related to the consistent production of viable numbers of juveniles, the resolution of which requires a better understanding of nutrition at all phases of the life cycle and better broodstock management, particularly regarding developments in genetic selection, control of reproduction and quality of eggs and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A G Vidal
- Center for Marine Studies, University of Parana (UFPR), Parana, Brazil.
| | | | - José P Andrade
- CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciencias do Mar do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade doAlgarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ian G Gleadall
- International Fisheries Science Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - José Iglesias
- Oceanographic Center of Vigo. Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Subida a Radio Faro, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Noussithé Koueta
- UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7028, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France
| | - Carlos Rosas
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Susumu Segawa
- Tokyo University of Fisheries, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bret Grasse
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, USA
| | | | - Caroline B Albertin
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Claudia Caamal-Monsreal
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maria E Chimal
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Pedro Gallardo
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Charles Le Pabic
- UMR BOREA, MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7028, IRD-207, IBFA Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen cedex, France
| | - Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Katina Roumbedakis
- Laboratório Sanidade de Organismos Aquáticos. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - James Wood
- Mounts Botanical Garden, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
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Avila-Poveda OH, Montes-Pérez RC, Benitez-Villalobos F, Rosas C. Development and Validation of a Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay for Measuring Progesterone and Testosterone in Octopus Gonad Extracts. MALACOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.4002/040.056.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Squid have nociceptors that display widespread long-term sensitization and spontaneous activity after bodily injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10021-6. [PMID: 23761897 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0646-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodily injury in mammals often produces persistent pain that is driven at least in part by long-lasting sensitization and spontaneous activity (SA) in peripheral branches of primary nociceptors near sites of injury. While nociceptors have been described in lower vertebrates and invertebrates, outside of mammals there is limited evidence for peripheral sensitization of primary afferent neurons, and there are no reports of persistent SA being induced in primary afferents by noxious stimulation. Cephalopod molluscs are the most neurally and behaviorally complex invertebrates, with brains rivaling those of some vertebrates in size and complexity. This has fostered the opinion that cephalopods may experience pain, leading some governments to include cephalopods under animal welfare laws. It is not known, however, if cephalopods possess nociceptors, or whether their somatic sensory neurons exhibit nociceptive sensitization. We demonstrate that squid possess nociceptors that selectively encode noxious mechanical but not heat stimuli, and that show long-lasting peripheral sensitization to mechanical stimuli after minor injury to the body. As in mammals, injury in squid can cause persistent SA in peripheral afferents. Unlike mammals, the afferent sensitization and SA are almost as prominent on the contralateral side of the body as they are near an injury. Thus, while squid exhibit peripheral alterations in afferent neurons similar to those that drive persistent pain in mammals, robust changes far from sites of injury in squid suggest that persistently enhanced afferent activity provides much less information about the location of an injury in cephalopods than it does in mammals.
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Huffard CL. Cephalopod neurobiology: an introduction for biologists working in other model systems. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 13:11-8. [PMID: 23456288 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-013-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper concisely summarizes major aspects of cephalopod biology, behavior, and ecology providing a backdrop against which neurobiology of these animals can be interpreted. Reproduction, camouflage, motor control, memory, learning, and behavioral ecology are introduced, and thorough literature reviews of these subjects are cited for further reading. The aim of this paper is to provide a general introduction to cephalopods for use by workers currently focused on other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Huffard
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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Kimwele C, Matheka D, Ferdowsian H. A Kenyan perspective on the use of animals in science education and scientific research in Africa and prospects for improvement. Pan Afr Med J 2012; 9:45. [PMID: 22355442 PMCID: PMC3215567 DOI: 10.4314/pamj.v9i1.71224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal experimentation is common in Africa, a region that accords little priority on animal protection in comparison to economic and social development. The current study aimed at investigating the prevalence of animal experimentation in Kenya, and to review shortfalls in policy, legislation, implementation and enforcement that result in inadequate animal care in Kenya and other African nations. METHODS Data was collected using questionnaires, administered at 39 highly ranked academic and research institutions aiming to identify those that used animals, their sources of animals, and application of the three Rs. Perceived challenges to the use of non-animal alternatives and common methods of euthanasia were also queried. Data was analyzed using Epidata, SPSS 16.0 and Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Thirty-eight (97.4%) of thirty-nine institutions reported using animals for education and/or research. Thirty (76.9%) institutions reported using analgesics or anesthetics on a regular basis. Thirteen (33.3%) institutions regularly used statistical methods to minimize the use of animals. Overall, sixteen (41.0%) institutions explored the use of alternatives to animals such as cell cultures and computer simulation techniques, with one (2.6%) academic institution having completely replaced animals with computer modeling, manikins and visual illustrations. The commonest form of euthanasia employed was chloroform administration, reportedly in fourteen (29.8%) of 47 total methods (some institutions used more than one method). Twenty-eight (71.8%) institutions had no designated ethics committee to review or monitor protocols using animals. CONCLUSION Animals are commonly used in academic and research institutions in Kenya. The relative lack of ethical guidance and oversight regarding the use of animals in research and education presents significant concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Kimwele
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Kenya
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Firoozfar F, norjah N, Baniardalani M, Moosa-Kazemi SH. Knowledge, attitudes and practices study in relation to entomophobia and its application in vector-borne-diseases. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Species differences in captivity: where are the invertebrates? Trends Ecol Evol 2011; 26:211; author reply 212-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Anderson RC, Mather JA, Monette MQ, Zimsen SRM. Octopuses (Enteroctopus dofleini) Recognize Individual Humans. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2010; 13:261-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2010.483892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathieu Q. Monette
- c Department of Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology , University of Brussels , Brussels, Belgium
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