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Viel T, Cocca M, Esposito R, Amato A, Russo T, Di Cosmo A, Polese G, Manfra L, Libralato G, Zupo V, Costantini M. Effect of biodegradable polymers upon grazing activity of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk) revealed by morphological, histological and molecular analyses. Sci Total Environ 2024; 929:172586. [PMID: 38657802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In the last years biodegradable polymers (BPs) were largely used as real opportunity to solve plastic pollution. Otherwise, their wide use in commercial products, such as packaging sector, is causing a new pollution alarm, mainly because few data reported about their behaviour in the environment and toxicity on marine organisms. Our previous results showed that embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk) exposed to poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) showed delay of their development and morphological malformations, also affecting at the molecular levels the expression of several genes involved in different functional responses. In the present work for the first time, we tested the effects of five microplastics (MPs) obtained from BPs such as PBS, poly(butylene succinate), PBSA, poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate), PCL, PHB and PLA, upon grazing activity of the sea urchin revealed by: i. histological analysis seeing at the gonadic tissues; ii. morphological analysis of the deriving embryos; iii. Molecular analyses on these embryos to detect variations of the gene expression of eighty-seven genes involved in stress response, detoxification, skeletogenesis, differentiation and development. All these results will help in understanding how MP accumulated inside various organs in the adult sea urchins, and more in general in marine invertebrates, could represent risks for the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Viel
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegri, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegri, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Esposito
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Amalia Amato
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Loredana Manfra
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00144 Rome, Italy; Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica, Sustainable Biotechnology Department. Ischia Marine Centre, Via Buonocore, Ischia, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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2
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Russo T, Coppola F, Paris D, De Marchi L, Meucci V, Motta A, Carbone M, Di Cosmo A, Soares AMVM, Pretti C, Mollo E, Freitas R, Polese G. Exploring toxicological interactions in a changing sea: The case of the alkaloids caffeine and caulerpin. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169190. [PMID: 38092204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The bisindolic alkaloid caulerpin (CAU) is a bioactive compound isolated from green algae of the genus Caulerpa that are highly invasive in the Mediterranean Sea. On the other side, the purine alkaloid caffeine (CAF) is one of the most globally consumed psychoactive substances and a widespread anthropogenic water pollutant. Both compounds display a large panel of biological properties and are well known to accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms and, in certain circumstances, co-occur in the human diet. On this premise, the present study aimed to investigate possible synergistic interactions between CAU and CAF by using the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis as a model organism. Mussels were exposed to CAF via medium while they were fed with food enriched with CAU. After treatments, biochemical analysis confirmed the toxic potential of CAF, with increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation. Also, histopathological alterations were observed in the gills and digestive tubules. The NMR-based metabolomics analysis detected higher levels of free amino acids under CAF treatments. Conversely, the food administration of CAU did not affect the above toxicological biomarkers. In addition, we did not observe any cumulative effect between CAF and CAU toward increased cellular damage and neurotoxicity. On the other hand, a possible action of CAU in decreasing CAF toxicity could be hypothesized based on our results. This hypothesis is supported by the activity of CAU as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs mediate xenobiotic detoxification via cytochromes P450, which is involved in CAF metabolism. Overall, the results obtained not only rule out any cumulative adverse effects of CAF and CAU but also encourage further research to evaluate the possible use of CAU, a compound easily obtained through the valorization of biomass from invasive species, as a food additive to improve the clearance of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56122 San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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3
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Di Cosmo A, Maselli V, Cirillo E, Norcia M, de Zoysa HKS, Polese G, Winlow W. The Use of Isoflurane and Adjunctive Magnesium Chloride Provides Fast, Effective Anaesthetization of Octopus vulgaris. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3579. [PMID: 38003196 PMCID: PMC10668643 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals rather than preventing pain. In essence, the role of an ideal general anaesthetic is to act as a muscle relaxant, an analgesic, an anaesthetic, and an amnesic. To achieve all these properties with a single substance is difficult, and various adjuvants usually need to be administered, resulting in a cocktail of drugs. In a clinical setting, the vast majority of patients are unaware of surgery being carried out and have no memory of it, so they can claim to have felt no pain, but this is much more difficult to demonstrate in invertebrates. Here, we show that 1% MgCl2, a muscle relaxant, is a useful adjuvant for the clinical anaesthetic isoflurane on Octopus vulgaris when applied alone in seawater for 10 min before the clinical anaesthetic. After this, full anaesthesia can be achieved in 5 min using 1% isoflurane insufflated into the saline still containing MgCl2. Full recovery takes place rapidly in about 10 to 15 min. The depth of anaesthesia was monitored using changes in respiratory rate, chromatophore pattern, and withdrawal movements of the arms and siphon. This methodology reduces stress on the animal and minimises the quantity of anaesthetic used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
- PNRR “MNESYS”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Emanuela Cirillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
- PNRR “MNESYS”, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Norcia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - Heethaka K. S. de Zoysa
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihintale 50300, Sri Lanka
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
| | - William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.C.); (M.N.); (H.K.S.d.Z.); (G.P.)
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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4
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Russo T, Coppola F, Leite C, Carbone M, Paris D, Motta A, Di Cosmo A, Soares AMVM, Mollo E, Freitas R, Polese G. An alien metabolite vs. a synthetic chemical hazard: An ecotoxicological comparison in the Mediterranean blue mussel. Sci Total Environ 2023:164476. [PMID: 37257616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive natural products from marine invasive species may dramatically impact native communities, while many synthetic pharmaceutical drugs are released into the marine environment and have long-lasting harmful effects on aquatic life. Sometimes, metabolites from alien species and synthetic compounds share similar mechanisms of action, suggesting comparable ecotoxicological impacts. This applies to the alkaloid caulerpin (CAU) from the green alga Caulerpa cylindracea, highly invasive in the Mediterranean Sea, and to the synthetic lipid-lowering drug fenofibrate (FFB), both acting as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Analogies with FFB, which is widely considered hazardous to the aquatic environment, have led to concerns about the ecotoxicological potential of CAU. The problem has implications for public health as CAU is well known to enter the food web accumulating in fish of commercial importance. Here, we compared the effects of FFB and CAU through biochemical and histopathological analysis on a relevant bioindicator molluscan species, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Under laboratory conditions, mussels were fed with food enriched with CAU or FFB. After treatment, biochemical markers were analyzed revealing metabolic capacity impairments, cellular damage, and changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in mussels fed with FFB-enriched food. NMR-based metabolomic studies also showed significant alterations in the metabolic profiles of FFB-treated mussels. In addition, dietary administration of FFB produced morphological alterations in the mussels' gills and digestive tubules. Obtained results confirm that FFB is harmful to aquatic life and that its release into the environment should be avoided. Conversely, dietary treatment with CAU did not produce any significant alterations in the mussels. Overall, our results pave the way for the possible valorization of the huge biomass from one of the world's worst invasive species to obtain CAU, a natural product of interest in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Leite
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Debora Paris
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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5
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Glaviano F, Federico S, Pinto B, Gharbi M, Russo T, Cosmo AD, Polese G, Costantini M, Zupo V. Morphologic and genic effects of waste pollution on the reproductive physiology of Paracentrotus lividus lmk: a mesocosm experiment. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1161852. [PMID: 37288438 PMCID: PMC10242131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1161852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A considerable amount of coastal contamination is caused by wastes deriving from household and the degradation and the metabolism of plants and animals, even if our attention is commonly focused on industrial pollutants and contaminants. Waste pollutants are mainly represented by highly diluted soluble compounds and particles deriving from dead organisms. This complex combination, consisting of suspended particles and dissolved nutrients, has a significant impact on coastal planktonic and benthic organisms, also playing an active role in the global cycles of carbon. In addition, production practices are nowadays shifting towards recirculated aquaculture systems (RAS) and the genic responses of target organisms to the pollution deriving from animal metabolism are still scarcely addressed by scientific investigations. The reservoir of organic matter dissolved in the seawater is by far the least understood if compared to that on land, cause only a few compounds have been identified and their impacts on animals and plants are poorly understood. The tendency of these compounds to concentrate at interfaces facilitates the absorption of dissolved organic compound (DOC) onto suspended particles. Some DOC components are chemically combined with dissolved metals and form complexes, affecting the chemical properties of the seawater and the life of the coastal biota. In this research, we compared the reproductive performances of the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus cultured in open-cycle tanks to those cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), where pollution progressively increased during the experiment due to animal escretions. Sea urchins were cultured for 7 months under these two conditions and their gametes were collected. Embryos resulting by in vitro fertilization were analyzed by Real Time qPCR to identify possible effects of pollution-induced stress. The fertility of sea urchins was evaluated, as well as the gonadosomatic indices and the histological features of gonads. Our results indicate that pollution due to excess of nutrients, event at sub-lethal concentrations, may hardly impact the reproductive potential of this key species and that chronic effects of stress are revealed by the analyses of survival rates and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Glaviano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Federico
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Napoli, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Maissa Gharbi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Ischia Marine Centre, Naples, Italy
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Hwang PP, Di Cosmo A, Franzellitti S. Editorial: Insights in aquatic physiology: 2021. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1202759. [PMID: 37179827 PMCID: PMC10169704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1202759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Franzellitti
- Animal and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
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7
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Gutnick T, Neef A, Cherninskyi A, Ziadi-Künzli F, Di Cosmo A, Lipp HP, Kuba MJ. Recording electrical activity from the brain of behaving octopus. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1171-1178.e4. [PMID: 36827988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Octopuses, which are among the most intelligent invertebrates,1,2,3,4 have no skeleton and eight flexible arms whose sensory and motor activities are at once autonomous and coordinated by a complex central nervous system.5,6,7,8 The octopus brain contains a very large number of neurons, organized into numerous distinct lobes, the functions of which have been proposed based largely on the results of lesioning experiments.9,10,11,12,13 In other species, linking brain activity to behavior is done by implanting electrodes and directly correlating electrical activity with observed animal behavior. However, because the octopus lacks any hard structure to which recording equipment can be anchored, and because it uses its eight flexible arms to remove any foreign object attached to the outside of its body, in vivo recording of electrical activity from untethered, behaving octopuses has thus far not been possible. Here, we describe a novel technique for inserting a portable data logger into the octopus and implanting electrodes into the vertical lobe system, such that brain activity can be recorded for up to 12 h from unanesthetized, untethered octopuses and can be synchronized with simultaneous video recordings of behavior. In the brain activity, we identified several distinct patterns that appeared consistently in all animals. While some resemble activity patterns in mammalian neural tissue, others, such as episodes of 2 Hz, large amplitude oscillations, have not been reported. By providing an experimental platform for recording brain activity in behaving octopuses, our study is a critical step toward understanding how the brain controls behavior in these remarkable animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Gutnick
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Physics and Biology Unit, 904 0495 Okinawa, Japan; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Andreas Neef
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Fabienne Ziadi-Künzli
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Nonlinear and Non-equilibrium Physics Unit, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Hans-Peter Lipp
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Kuba
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Physics and Biology Unit, 904 0495 Okinawa, Japan; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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8
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Zolotarov G, Fromm B, Legnini I, Ayoub S, Polese G, Maselli V, Chabot PJ, Vinther J, Styfhals R, Seuntjens E, Di Cosmo A, Peterson KJ, Rajewsky N. MicroRNAs are deeply linked to the emergence of the complex octopus brain. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd9938. [PMID: 36427315 PMCID: PMC9699675 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soft-bodied cephalopods such as octopuses are exceptionally intelligent invertebrates with a highly complex nervous system that evolved independently from vertebrates. Because of elevated RNA editing in their nervous tissues, we hypothesized that RNA regulation may play a major role in the cognitive success of this group. We thus profiled messenger RNAs and small RNAs in three cephalopod species including 18 tissues of the Octopus vulgaris. We show that the major RNA innovation of soft-bodied cephalopods is an expansion of the microRNA (miRNA) gene repertoire. These evolutionarily novel miRNAs were primarily expressed in adult neuronal tissues and during the development and had conserved and thus likely functional target sites. The only comparable miRNA expansions happened, notably, in vertebrates. Thus, we propose that miRNAs are intimately linked to the evolution of complex animal brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grygoriy Zolotarov
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bastian Fromm
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- SciLifeLab, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivano Legnini
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Ayoub
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Jakob Vinther
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Laboratory of Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Hannoversche Str 28, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Sollai G, Di Cosmo A, Invitto S. Editorial: An Integrated Model of the Olfactory System Through Phylogenetic, Evolutionary, and Clinical Aspects: From Invertebrates to Humans, Through Sensory, Perceptual, and Cognitive Olfactometry Studies. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.877994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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10
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Lopes J, Coppola F, Russo T, Maselli V, Di Cosmo A, Meucci V, M V M Soares A, Pretti C, Polese G, Freitas R. Behavioral, physiological and biochemical responses and differential gene expression in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol and sodium lauryl sulfate. J Hazard Mater 2022; 426:128058. [PMID: 34971986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixture of contaminants often determine biological responses of marine species, making difficult the interpretation of toxicological data. The pharmaceutical 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and the surfactant Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) commonly co-occur in the marine environment. This study evaluated the effects of EE2 (125.0 ng/L) and SLS (4 mg/L), acting individually and combined, in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Contaminated mussels closed their valves for longer periods than control ones, especially in the presence of both contaminants, with longer closure periods immediately after spiking compared to values obtained one day after spiking. Nevertheless, males and females increased their metabolism when in the presence of both contaminants (males) and SLS (females), and independently on the treatment males and females were able to activate their antioxidant and biotransformation defences. Although enhancing defences mussels still presented cellular damage and loss of redox balance, especially noticed in the presence of EE2 for males and SLS for females. Histopathological damage was found at mussel's gills in single and mixture exposure, and qPCR analysis revealed a clear estrogen receptor expression with no additive effect due to combined stressors. The results obtained highlight the harmful capacity of both contaminants but further research on this matter is needed, namely considering different climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | | | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy; Consorzio per il Centro Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina ed Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Livorno, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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11
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Gutnick T, Kuba MJ, Di Cosmo A. Neuroecology: Forces that shape the octopus brain. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R131-R135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Brunelli E, Macirella R, Curcio V, D'Aniello B, Di Cosmo A. The differential role of Leydig cells in the skin and gills of Lissotriton italicus larvae. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2113-2122. [PMID: 35092118 PMCID: PMC9304190 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Larval urodeles are provided with external gills involved, along with the skin, in gas exchange and osmoregulation. Gills and skin epithelia are different, each showing a peculiar set of specialized cells but both provided with Leydig cells (LCs). Information on LCs in the gills is lacking as the literature has focused primarily on the epidermis. Contradictory and fragmentary results highlight that LCs origin, fate, and functions remain not fully understood. Here, we investigated the morpho-functional differences of LCs in the skin and gills of Lissotriton italicus larvae for the first time. LCs showed the same morphological and ultrastructural features in both tissues, even if LCs were significantly larger in the epidermis. Despite the uniform morphology within the LCs population, the proliferative ability was different. The putative diversity in the mucus composition was evaluated using a panel of 4 lectins as markers of specific carbohydrate moieties, revealing that sites of specific glycoconjugates were comparable in two tissues. To disclose the involvement of LCs in water storage and transport, immunofluorescence assay for aquaporin-3 has also been performed, demonstrating the expression of this protein only in gills epithelium. By demonstrating that LCs can multiply by cell division in gills, our results will also contribute to the discussion about their proliferative ability. Finally, we found that the LCs cytoplasm is rich in glycoconjugates, which are involved in many diverse and essential functions in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth ScienceUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Rachele Macirella
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth ScienceUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Vittoria Curcio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth ScienceUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Napoli “Federico II”, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
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13
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Al-Soudy AS, Maselli V, Galdiero S, Kuba MJ, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Identification and Characterization of a Rhodopsin Kinase Gene in the Suckers of Octopus vulgaris: Looking around Using Arms? Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10090936. [PMID: 34571813 PMCID: PMC8465341 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Octopus arms are a fascinating and evolutionarily unique sensory organ, with hundreds of motile suckers, each with thousands of sensory cells, lining eight highly flexible arms. Scientifically, there are many open questions regarding the sensory capabilities of the arms and specifically the highly innervated suckers. In our present work, we used a multidisciplinary approach to fully characterize the light-sensing molecule, Ov-GRK1, in the suckers, skin and retina of Octopus vulgaris. We sequenced the O. vulgaris GRK1 gene, defining a phylogenetic tree and performing a 3D structure model prediction. We found differences in the relative expression of mRNA in different sucker types at several locations along the arm, which might indicate a functional difference. Using labeling methods, we localized the expression to the highly sensitive sucker rim. Our findings indicate that octopus suckers, in specific areas of the arm, might have the ability for light sensing. We therefore suggest that suckers are tactile, chemical and light sensors. Abstract In their foraging behavior octopuses rely on arm search movements outside the visual field of the eyes. In these movements the environment is explored primarily by the suckers that line the entire length of the octopus arm. In this study, for the first time, we report the complete characterization of a light-sensing molecule, Ov-GRK1, in the suckers, skin and retina of Octopus vulgaris. We sequenced the O. vulgaris GRK1 gene, defining a phylogenetic tree and performing a 3D structure model prediction. Furthermore, we found differences in relative mRNA expression in different sucker types at several arm levels, and localized it through in situ hybridization. Our findings suggest that the suckers in octopus arms are much more multimodal than was previously shown, adding the potential for light sensing to the already known mechanical and chemical sensing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al-Sayed Al-Soudy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Michael J. Kuba
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12271, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- Physics and Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0945, Japan
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.-S.A.-S.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Buglione M, Petrelli S, Maselli V, Trapanese M, Salvemini M, Aceto S, Di Cosmo A, Fulgione D. Correction: Fixation of genetic variation and optimization of gene expression: The speed of evolution in isolated lizard populations undergoing Reverse Island Syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256943. [PMID: 34437632 PMCID: PMC8389493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Di Cosmo A, Pinelli C, Scandurra A, Aria M, D’Aniello B. Research Trends in Octopus Biological Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061808. [PMID: 34204419 PMCID: PMC8233767 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Octopuses represent model studies for different fields of scientific inquiry. We provide a bibliometric analysis on biological research trends in octopuses studies by using bibliometrix, a new and powerful R-tool. The analysis was executed from January 1985 to December 2020 including scientific products reported in Web of Science (WoS) database. The main results showed an increasing effort in research involving octopuses with a greater number of journals reporting research on these animals, as well as countries, institutions, and researchers involved. Some research themes lost importance over time, while some new themes appeared recently. Current data provide significant insight into the evolving trends in octopuses studies. Abstract Octopuses represent interesting model studies for different fields of scientific inquiry. The present study provides a bibliometric analysis on research trends in octopuses biological studies. The analysis was executed from January 1985 to December 2020 including scientific products reported in the Web of Science database. The period of study was split into two blocks (“earlier period” (EP): 1985−2010; “recent period” (RP): 2011−2020) to analyze the evolution of the research topics over time. All publications of interest were identified by using the following query: ((AK = octopus) OR (AB = octopus) OR (TI = octopus)). Data information was converted into an R-data frame using bibliometrix. Octopuses studies appeared in 360 different sources in EP, while they increased to 408 in RP. Sixty countries contributed to the octopuses studies in the EP, while they were 78 in the RP. The number of affiliations also increased between EP and RP, with 835 research centers involved in the EP and 1399 in the RP. In the EP 5 clusters (i.e., “growth and nutrition”, “pollution impact”, “morphology”, “neurobiology”, “biochemistry”) were represented in a thematic map, according to their centrality and density ranking. In the RP the analysis identified 4 clusters (i.e., “growth and nutrition”, “ecology”, “pollution impact”, “genes, behavior, and brain evolution”). The UK with Ireland, and the USA with Canada shared the highest number of publications in the EP, while in the RP, Spain and Portugal were the leading countries. The current data provide significant insight into the evolving trends in octopuses studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Massimo Aria
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Biagio D’Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (B.D.)
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16
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Maione A, de Alteriis E, Carraturo F, Galdiero S, Falanga A, Guida M, Di Cosmo A, Maselli V, Galdiero E. The Membranotropic Peptide gH625 to Combat Mixed Candida albicans/ Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm: Correlation between In Vitro Anti-Biofilm Activity and In Vivo Antimicrobial Protection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010026. [PMID: 33466540 PMCID: PMC7824901 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiofilm activity of a gH625 analogue was investigated to determine the in vitro inhibition and eradication of a dual-species biofilm of Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, two leading opportunistic pathogens responsible for several resistant infections. The possibility of effectively exploiting this peptide as an alternative anti-biofilm strategy in vivo was assessed by the investigation of its efficacy on the Galleria mellonella larvae model. Results on larvae survival demonstrate a prophylactic efficacy of the peptide towards the infection of each single microorganism but mainly towards the co-infection. The expression of biofilm-related genes in vivo showed a possible synergy in virulence when these two species co-exist in the host, which was effectively prevented by the peptide. These findings provide novel insights into the treatment of medically relevant bacterial–fungal interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta de Alteriis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Carraturo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Via dell'Università 100, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
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17
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Zupo V, Scibelli S, Mutalipassi M, Ruocco N, Esposito F, Macina A, Polese G, Di Cosmo A, Costantini M. Coupling feeding activity, growth rates and molecular data shows dietetic needs of Ciona robusta (Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia) in automatic culture plants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11295. [PMID: 32647309 PMCID: PMC7347631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea squirt Ciona robusta is a model organism characterized by a transparent body, exhibiting peculiar physiologic and evolutionary characters. In vitro fertilization and breeding of sea squirts is possible, in order to preserve consistent genetic pools. However, some aspects of its biology, as the feeding efficiency according to diet quantity and quality, are still scarcely known. Here we test the effects of three experimental diets on survival and growth, to detect physiological and molecular responses to various types of alimentary suspended particles and the effects of feed concentrations. We also aimed at determining rearing conditions able to limit handling operations, save artificial seawater and control water pollution. Molecular analyses of growth-related genes were performed to detect stressful effects due to feed quality and quantity. A strong effect of doses was highlighted, but water pollution may represent a major concern. A compound diet containing both live algae and non-live particles of a correct size is indispensable to assure development, low stress and high survival rates. Overall, our findings suggest protocols for an easier rearing of Ciona robusta in the laboratory, increasing the potentialities of these organisms as models for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Zupo
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Scibelli
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Mutalipassi
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Macina
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Marine Organism Core Facility, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University Federico II of Naples, Monte Sant'Angelo, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
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18
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Winters GC, Polese G, Di Cosmo A, Moroz LL. Mapping of neuropeptide Y expression in Octopus brains. J Morphol 2020; 281:790-801. [PMID: 32384206 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an evolutionarily conserved neurosecretory molecule implicated in a diverse complement of functions across taxa and in regulating feeding behavior and reproductive maturation in Octopus. However, little is known about the precise molecular circuitry of NPY-mediated behaviors and physiological processes, which likely involve a complex interaction of multiple signal molecules in specific brain regions. Here, we examined the expression of NPY throughout the Octopus central nervous system. The sequence analysis of Octopus NPY precursor confirmed the presence of both, signal peptide and putative active peptides, which are highly conserved across bilaterians. In situ hybridization revealed distinct expression of NPY in specialized compartments, including potential "integration centers," where visual, tactile, and other behavioral circuitries converge. These centers integrating separate circuits may maintain and modulate learning and memory or other behaviors not yet attributed to NPY-dependent modulation in Octopus. Extrasomatic localization of NPY mRNA in the neurites of specific neuron populations in the brain suggests a potential demand for immediate translation at synapses and a crucial temporal role for NPY in these cell populations. We also documented the presence of NPY mRNA in a small cell population in the olfactory lobe, which is a component of the Octopus feeding and reproductive control centers. However, the molecular mapping of NPY expression only partially overlapped with that produced by immunohistochemistry in previous studies. Our study provides a precise molecular map of NPY mRNA expression that can be used to design and test future hypotheses about molecular signaling in various Octopus behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Winters
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, Di Cosmo Laboratory, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, Di Cosmo Laboratory, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Whitney Laboratory for Marine Biosciences, University of Florida, St. Augustine, Florida, USA
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19
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Coppola F, Bessa A, Henriques B, Russo T, Soares AMVM, Figueira E, Marques PAAP, Polese G, Di Cosmo A, Pereira E, Freitas R. Oxidative stress, metabolic and histopathological alterations in mussels exposed to remediated seawater by GO-PEI after contamination with mercury. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 243:110674. [PMID: 32058044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The modern technology brought new engineering materials (e.g. nanostructured materials) with advantageous characteristics such as a high capacity to decontaminate water from pollutants (for example metal(loid)s). Among those innovative materials the synthesis of nanostructured materials (NSMs) based on graphene as graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with polyethyleneimine (GO-PEI) had a great success due to their metal removal capacity from water. However, research dedicated to environmental risks related to the application of these materials is still non-existent. To evaluate the impacts of such potential stressors, benthic species can be a good model as they are affected by several environmental constraints. Particularly, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis has been identified by several authors as a bioindicator that responds quickly to environmental disturbances, with a wide spatial distribution and economic relevance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the impacts caused in M. galloprovincialis by seawater previously contaminated by Hg and decontaminated using GO-PEI. For this, histopathological and biochemical alterations were examined. This study demonstrated that mussels exposed to the contaminant (Hg), the decontaminant (GO-PEI) and the combination of both (Hg + GO-PEI) presented an increment of histopathological, oxidative stress and metabolic alterations if compared to organisms under remediated seawater and control conditions The present findings highlight the possibility to remediate seawater with nanoparticles for environmental safety purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coppola
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ana Bessa
- TEMA & Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Tania Russo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | | | - Etelvina Figueira
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Paula A A P Marques
- TEMA & Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Italy
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
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20
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Buglione M, Petrelli S, Maselli V, Trapanese M, Salvemini M, Aceto S, Di Cosmo A, Fulgione D. Fixation of genetic variation and optimization of gene expression: The speed of evolution in isolated lizard populations undergoing Reverse Island Syndrome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224607. [PMID: 31711071 PMCID: PMC6846358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological theory of island biogeography suggests that mainland populations should be more genetically divergent from those on large and distant islands rather than from those on small and close islets. Some island populations do not evolve in a linear way, but the process of divergence occurs more rapidly because they undergo a series of phenotypic changes, jointly known as the Island Syndrome. A special case is Reversed Island Syndrome (RIS), in which populations show drastic phenotypic changes both in body shape, skin colouration, age of sexual maturity, aggressiveness, and food intake rates. The populations showing the RIS were observed on islets nearby mainland and recently raised, and for this they are useful models to study the occurrence of rapid evolutionary change. We investigated the timing and mode of evolution of lizard populations adapted through selection on small islets. For our analyses, we used an ad hoc model system of three populations: wild-type lizards from the mainland and insular lizards from a big island (Capri, Italy), both Podarcis siculus siculus not affected by the syndrome, and a lizard population from islet (Scopolo) undergoing the RIS (called P. s. coerulea because of their melanism). The split time of the big (Capri) and small (Scopolo) islands was determined using geological events, like sea-level rises. To infer molecular evolution, we compared five complete mitochondrial genomes for each population to reconstruct the phylogeography and estimate the divergence time between island and mainland lizards. We found a lower mitochondrial mutation rate in Scopolo lizards despite the phenotypic changes achieved in approximately 8,000 years. Furthermore, transcriptome analyses showed significant differential gene expression between islet and mainland lizard populations, suggesting the key role of plasticity in these unpredictable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Petrelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Trapanese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Salvemini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Fulgione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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D'Aniello B, Di Cosmo A, Scandurra A, Pinelli C. Mosaic and Concerted Brain Evolution: The Contribution of Microscopic Comparative Neuroanatomy in Lower Vertebrates. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:86. [PMID: 31607870 PMCID: PMC6773805 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples “Federico II”, MSA Campus, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pinelli
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Pinto J, Costa M, Leite C, Borges C, Coppola F, Henriques B, Monteiro R, Russo T, Di Cosmo A, Soares AMVM, Polese G, Pereira E, Freitas R. Ecotoxicological effects of lanthanum in Mytilus galloprovincialis: Biochemical and histopathological impacts. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 211:181-192. [PMID: 31003043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate processing and disposal of electronic waste contributes to the contamination of aquatic systems by various types of pollutants such as the rare-earth elements (REE) in which lanthanum (La) is included. Knowledge on the toxicity of these elements in marine organisms is still scarce when compared to other metals such as mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As). Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of La on the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, considered a good bioindicator of aquatic pollution, through the analysis of metabolic, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and histopathological markers. Organisms were exposed to different concentrations of La for a period of 28 days (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/L) under controlled temperature (18 °C ± 1.0) and salinity (30 ± 1) conditions. La concentrations in mussels increased in higher exposure concentrations. La exposure demonstrated a biochemical response in mussels, evidenced by lowered metabolism and accumulation of energy reserves, activation of the antioxidant defences SOD and GPx as well as the biotransformation enzymes GSTs, especially at intermediate concentrations. Despite oxidative stress being shown by a decrease in GSH/GSSG, oxidative damage was avoided as evidenced by lower LPO and PC levels. Inhibition of the enzyme AChE demonstrated the neurotoxicity of La in this species. Histopathological indices were significantly different from the control group, indicating impacts in gonads, gills and digestive glands of mussels due to La. These results show that La can be considered a risk for marine organisms and thus its discharge into the environment should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Costa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Leite
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Borges
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Departamento de Química & CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Departamento de Química & CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CIIMAR, Universidade do Porto, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tania Russo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Departamento de Química & CESAM & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Magliozzi L, Maselli V, Almada F, Di Cosmo A, Mollo E, Polese G. Effect of the algal alkaloid caulerpin on neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) of Diplodus sargus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:203-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Di Cosmo A, Bertapelle C, Porcellini A, Polese G. Corrigendum: Magnitude Assessment of Adult Neurogenesis in the Octopus vulgaris Brain Using a Flow Cytometry-Based Technique. Front Physiol 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 30792666 PMCID: PMC6374689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01050.].
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Maselli V, Xu F, Syed NI, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Corrigendum: A Novel Approach to Primary Cell Culture for Octopus Vulgaris Neurons. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1900. [PMID: 30687118 PMCID: PMC6335359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Winlow W, Polese G, Moghadam HF, Ahmed IA, Di Cosmo A. Sense and Insensibility - An Appraisal of the Effects of Clinical Anesthetics on Gastropod and Cephalopod Molluscs as a Step to Improved Welfare of Cephalopods. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1147. [PMID: 30197598 PMCID: PMC6117391 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical anesthetics are renowned for their ability to produce unconsciousness in vertebrate species, but their exact mechanisms of action still elude investigators. In vertebrates it can prove difficult to specify the differences of response of particular neuron types given the multiplicity of neurons in the CNS. However, gastropod molluscs such as Aplysia, Lymnaea, or Helix, with their large uniquely identifiable nerve cells, make studies on the cellular, subcellular, network and behavioral actions of anesthetics much more feasible, particularly as identified cells may also be studied in culture, isolated from the rest of the nervous system. To date, the sorts of study outlined above have never been performed on cephalopods in the same way as on gastropods. However, criteria previously applied to gastropods and vertebrates have proved successful in developing a method for humanely anesthetizing Octopus with clinical doses of isoflurane, i.e., changes in respiratory rate, color pattern and withdrawal responses. However, in the long term, further refinements will be needed, including recordings from the CNS of intact animals in the presence of a variety of different anesthetic agents and their adjuvants. Clues as to their likely responsiveness to other appropriate anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants can be gained from background studies on gastropods such as Lymnaea, given their evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Winlow
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NPC Newton, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Hadi-Fathi Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Centre, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Scandurra A, Alterisio A, Di Cosmo A, D'Aniello B. Behavioral and Perceptual Differences between Sexes in Dogs: An Overview. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E151. [PMID: 30142932 PMCID: PMC6162565 DOI: 10.3390/ani8090151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we review the scientific reports of sex-related differences in dogs as compared to the outcomes described for wild animals. Our aim was to explore whether the differences in male and female dogs were affected by the domestication process, in which artificial selection is the main driver. For this purpose, we used information regarding personality traits, cognitive processes, and perception, for which there is a wide theoretical framework in behavioral ecology. Aggressiveness and boldness, described as a behavioral syndrome, were reported as being higher in males than females. Females also seemed more inclined to interspecific social interactions with humans in tasks that require cooperative skills, whereas males appeared more inclined to social play, thus implying different levels of social engagement between the sexes, depending on the context. Studies on cognitive processes underlined a greater flexibility in resorting to a particular navigation strategy in males. Most lateralization studies seem to support the view that males are preferentially left-handed and females are preferentially right-handed. Reports on visual focusing coherently rank females as superior in focusing on single social and physical stimuli. Only male dogs are able to discriminate kin; however, the timing of the olfactory recording in sexes is related to the stimulus relevance. Dogs are largely in line with life-history theories, which indicate that sex differences in dogs are mainly rooted in their biological and evolutionary heritage, remaining unchanged despite artificial selection. In contrast, the higher intraspecific sociability in wild male animals was not replicated in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Scandurra
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Biagio D'Aniello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Di Cosmo A, Bertapelle C, Porcellini A, Polese G. Magnitude Assessment of Adult Neurogenesis in the Octopus vulgaris Brain Using a Flow Cytometry-Based Technique. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1050. [PMID: 30116204 PMCID: PMC6082961 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is widespread among metazoans, it occurs in animals with a network nervous system, as cnidarians, and in animals with a complex and centralized brain, such as mammals, non-mammalian vertebrates, ecdysozoans, and a lophotrochozoan, Octopus vulgaris. Nevertheless, there are important differences among taxa, especially in the number of the regions involved and in cell proliferation rate during the life-cycle. The comparative evaluation of adult neurogenesis among different brain regions is an arduous task to achieve with only stereological techniques. However, in Octopus vulgaris we recently confirmed the presence of active proliferation in the learning-memory centers, multisensory integration centers, and the motor centers of the adult brain. Here, using a flow cytometry technique, we provide a method to quantify the active proliferation in octopus nervous system using a BrdU in vitro administration without exposing the animals to stress or painful injections usually used. This method is in line with the current animal welfare regulations regarding cephalopods, and the flow cytometry-based technique enabled us to measure adult neurogenesis more quickly and reliably than histological techniques, with the additional advantage of processing multiple samples in parallel. Flow cytometry is thus an appropriate technique for measuring and comparing adult neurogenesis in animals that are in a different physiological and/or environmental contexts. A BrdU immunoreactivity distribution, to define the neurogenic areas, and the effective penetration in vitro of the BrdU is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Bertapelle
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Maselli V, Xu F, Syed NI, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. A Novel Approach to Primary Cell Culture for Octopus vulgaris Neurons. Front Physiol 2018; 9:220. [PMID: 29666582 PMCID: PMC5891582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Octopus vulgaris is a unique model system for studying complex behaviors in animals. It has a large and centralized nervous system made up of lobes that are involved in controlling various sophisticated behaviors. As such, it may be considered as a model organism for untangling the neuronal mechanisms underlying behaviors—including learning and memory. However, despite considerable efforts, Octopus lags behind its other counterparts vis-à-vis its utility in deciphering the cellular, molecular and synaptic mechanisms underlying various behaviors. This study represents a novel approach designed to establish a neuronal cell culture protocol that makes this species amenable to further exploitation as a model system. Here we developed a protocol that enables dissociation of neurons from two specific Octopus' brain regions, the vertical-superior frontal system and the optic lobes, which are involved in memory, learning, sensory integration and adult neurogenesis. In particular, cells dissociated with enzyme papain and cultured on Poly-D-Lysine-coated dishes with L15-medium and fetal bovine serum yielded high neuronal survival, axon growth, and re-growth after injury. This model was also explored to define optimal culture conditions and to demonstrate the regenerative capabilities of adult Octopus neurons after axotomy. This study thus further underscores the importance of Octopus neurons as a model system for deciphering fundamental molecular and cellular mechanism of complex brain function and underlying behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Maselli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Naweed I Syed
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Bertapelle C, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Enriched Environment Increases PCNA and PARP1 Levels in Octopus vulgaris Central Nervous System: First Evidence of Adult Neurogenesis in Lophotrochozoa. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2017; 328:347-359. [PMID: 28251828 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organisms showing a complex and centralized nervous system, such as teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and among invertebrates, crustaceans and insects, can adjust their behavior according to the environmental challenges. Proliferation, differentiation, migration, and axonal and dendritic development of newborn neurons take place in brain areas where structural plasticity, involved in learning, memory, and sensory stimuli integration, occurs. Octopus vulgaris has a complex and centralized nervous system, located between the eyes, with a hierarchical organization. It is considered the most "intelligent" invertebrate for its advanced cognitive capabilities, as learning and memory, and its sophisticated behaviors. The experimental data obtained by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay using proliferating cell nuclear antigen and poli (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 as marker of cell proliferation and synaptogenesis, respectively, reviled cell proliferation in areas of brain involved in learning, memory, and sensory stimuli integration. Furthermore, we showed how enriched environmental conditions affect adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bertapelle
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, NA, Italy
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Di Cosmo A, Polese G. Neuroendocrine-Immune Systems Response to Environmental Stressors in the Cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. Front Physiol 2016; 7:434. [PMID: 27733834 PMCID: PMC5039199 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Under a continuous changing environment, animals are challenged with stresses and stimuli which demanding adaptation at behavioral and physiological levels. The adaptation strategies are finely regulated by animal nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Although it's been established by now the usage of integrative approach to the study the endocrine and nervous systems (neuroendocrine), yet our understanding of how they cooperate with the immune system remains far from complete. The possible role that immune system plays as a component of the network has only been recognized recently. Octopus vulgaris is an important member of cephalopods and is considered as a model species, with considerable information about the neuroendocrine and immune systems. In the current review, we anticipate to shed light on the complexity and cross talk among the three systems and how they cooperate in setting physiological response to stresses-stimuli in O. vulgaris as a target species and primary example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II Napoli, Italy
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Polese G, Bertapelle C, Di Cosmo A. Olfactory organ of Octopus vulgaris: morphology, plasticity, turnover and sensory characterization. Biol Open 2016; 5:611-9. [PMID: 27069253 PMCID: PMC4874359 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cephalopod olfactory organ was described for the first time in 1844 by von Kölliker, who was attracted to the pair of small pits of ciliated cells on each side of the head, below the eyes close to the mantle edge, in both octopuses and squids. Several functional studies have been conducted on decapods but very little is known about octopods. The morphology of the octopus olfactory system has been studied, but only to a limited extent on post-hatching specimens, and the only paper on adult octopus gives a minimal description of the olfactory organ. Here, we describe the detailed morphology of young male and female Octopus vulgaris olfactory epithelium, and using a combination of classical morphology and 3D reconstruction techniques, we propose a new classification for O. vulgaris olfactory sensory neurons. Furthermore, using specific markers such as olfactory marker protein (OMP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) we have been able to identify and differentially localize both mature olfactory sensory neurons and olfactory sensory neurons involved in epithelium turnover. Taken together, our data suggest that the O. vulgaris olfactory organ is extremely plastic, capable of changing its shape and also proliferating its cells in older specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Polese
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, NA 80126, Italy
| | - Carla Bertapelle
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, NA 80126, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, NA 80126, Italy
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Abstract
The olfactory system in any animal is the primary sensory system that responds to chemical stimuli emanating from a distant source. In aquatic animals "Odours" are molecules in solution that guide them to locate food, partners, nesting sites, and dangers to avoid. Fish, crustaceans and aquatic molluscs possess sensory systems that have anatomical similarities to the olfactory systems of land-based animals. Molluscs are a large group of aquatic and terrestrial animals that rely heavily on chemical communication with a generally dispersed sense of touch and chemical sensitivity. Cephalopods, the smallest class among extant marine molluscs, are predators with high visual capability and well developed vestibular, auditory, and tactile systems. Nevertheless they possess a well developed olfactory organ, but to date almost nothing is known about the mechanisms, functions and modulation of this chemosensory structure in octopods. Cephalopod brains are the largest of all invertebrate brains and across molluscs show the highest degree of centralization. The reproductive behaviour of Octopus vulgaris is under the control of a complex set of signal molecules such as neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and sex steroids that guide the behaviour from the level of individuals in evaluating mates, to stimulating or deterring copulation, to sperm-egg chemical signalling that promotes fertilization. These signals are intercepted by the olfactory organs and integrated in the olfactory lobes in the central nervous system. In this context we propose a model in which the olfactory organ and the olfactory lobe of O. vulgaris could represent the on-off switch between food intake and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Polese
- University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Biology, via Cinthia, Campus MSA, ed. 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Carla Bertapelle
- University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Biology, via Cinthia, Campus MSA, ed. 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Biology, via Cinthia, Campus MSA, ed. 7, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Polese G, Winlow W, Di Cosmo A. Dose-dependent effects of the clinical anesthetic isoflurane on Octopus vulgaris: a contribution to cephalopod welfare. J Aquat Anim Health 2014; 26:285-294. [PMID: 25369208 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2014.945047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation relating to invertebrates has provoked interest in methods for the anesthesia of cephalopods, for which different approaches to anesthesia have been tried but in most cases without truly anesthetizing the animals. For example, several workers have used muscle relaxants or hypothermia as forms of "anesthesia." Several inhalational anesthetics are known to act in a dose-dependent manner on the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, a pulmonate mollusk. Here we report, for the first time, on the effects of clinical doses of the well-known inhalational clinical anesthetic isoflurane on the behavioral responses of the common octopus Octopus vulgaris. In each experiment, isoflurane was equilibrated into a well-aerated seawater bath containing a single adult O. vulgaris. Using a web camera, we recorded each animal's response to touch stimuli eliciting withdrawal of the arms and siphon and observed changes in the respiratory rate and the chromatophore pattern over time (before, during, and after application of the anesthetic). We found that different animals of the same size responded with similar behavioral changes as the isoflurane concentration was gradually increased. After gradual application of 2% isoflurane for a maximum of 5 min (at which time all the responses indicated deep anesthesia), the animals recovered within 45-60 min in fresh aerated seawater. Based on previous findings in gastropods, we believe that the process of anesthesia induced by isoflurane is similar to that previously observed in Lymnaea. In this study we showed that isoflurane is a good, reversible anesthetic for O. vulgaris, and we developed a method for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Polese
- a Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II , Via Cinthia, Building 7, Campus MSA, 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Troncone L, De Lisa E, Bertapelle C, Porcellini A, Laccetti P, Polese G, Di Cosmo A. Morphofunctional characterization and antibacterial activity of haemocytes fromOctopus vulgaris. J NAT HIST 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.826830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Fiorito G, Affuso A, Anderson DB, Basil J, Bonnaud L, Botta G, Cole A, D'Angelo L, De Girolamo P, Dennison N, Dickel L, Di Cosmo A, Di Cristo C, Gestal C, Fonseca R, Grasso F, Kristiansen T, Kuba M, Maffucci F, Manciocco A, Mark FC, Melillo D, Osorio D, Palumbo A, Perkins K, Ponte G, Raspa M, Shashar N, Smith J, Smith D, Sykes A, Villanueva R, Tublitz N, Zullo L, Andrews P. Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs. Invert Neurosci 2014; 14:13-36. [PMID: 24385049 PMCID: PMC3938841 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-013-0165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods have been utilised in neuroscience research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentiation) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of "live cephalopods" became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the "Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes", giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs principles (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce "guidelines" and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
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De Maio A, Natale E, Rotondo S, Di Cosmo A, Faraone-Mennella MR. Vault-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in the Octopus vulgaris brain: a regulatory factor of actin polymerization dynamic. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 166:40-7. [PMID: 23831359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Our previous behavioural, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses conducted in selected regions (supra/sub oesophageal masses) of the Octopus vulgaris brain detected a cytoplasmic poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (more than 90% of total enzyme activity). The protein was identified as the vault-free form of vault-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. The present research extends and integrates the biochemical characterization of poly-ADP-ribosylation system, namely, reaction product, i.e., poly-ADP-ribose, and acceptor proteins, in the O. vulgaris brain. Immunochemical analyses evidenced that the sole poly-ADP-ribose acceptor was the octopus cytoskeleton 50-kDa actin. It was present in both free, endogenously poly-ADP-ribosylated form (70kDa) and in complex with V-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase and poly-ADP-ribose (260kDa). The components of this complex, alkali and high salt sensitive, were purified and characterized. The kind and the length of poly-ADP-ribose corresponded to linear chains of 30-35 ADP-ribose units, in accordance with the features of the polymer synthesized by the known vault-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase. In vitro experiments showed that V-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase activity of brain cytoplasmic fraction containing endogenous actin increased upon the addition of commercial actin and was highly reduced by ATP. Anti-actin immunoblot of the mixture in the presence and absence of ATP showed that the poly-ADP-ribosylation of octopus actin is a dynamic process balanced by the ATP-dependent polymerization of the cytoskeleton protein, a fundamental mechanism for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Maio
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126, Naples, Italy
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De Lisa E, Carella F, De Vico G, Di Cosmo A. The gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-like molecule in prosobranch Patella caerulea: potential biomarker of endocrine-disrupting compounds in marine environments. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:135-40. [PMID: 23387848 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs) interfere with the endocrine system, mimicking the action of sex steroid hormones in different species of mollusks. Prosobranchs are frequently used as a reliable bioindicator to evaluate EDC exposure. In this article, we evaluate the effects of the xenoestrogen 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) in the prosobranch gastropod Patella caerulea, which exhibits protandrous hermaphroditism as its reproductive strategy. We isolated a partial sequence of a GnRH-like molecule from the gonads of Patella caerulea. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly homologous to that reported for the Lottia gigantea GnRH. Patella caerulea GnRH (pGnRH) mRNA expression is widespread in both male and female germ lines during gametogenesis. We suggest pGnRH as a novel biomarker for the early assessment of presence of EDCs and monitoring short and long-term impacts on Patella caerulea community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia De Lisa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli "Federico II", via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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De Lisa E, Salzano AM, Moccia F, Scaloni A, Di Cosmo A. Sperm-attractant peptide influences the spermatozoa swimming behavior in internal fertilization in Octopus vulgaris. J Exp Biol 2013; 216:2229-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.081885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Marine invertebrates exhibit both chemokinesis and chemotaxis phenomena, induced in most cases by the release of water-borne peptides or pheromones. In mollusks, several peptides released during egg-laying improve both male attraction and mating. Unlike other cephalopods, Octopus vulgaris adopts an indirect internal fertilization strategy. We here report on the identification and characterization of a chemoattractant peptide isolated from mature eggs of octopus females. Using two-chamber and time-lapse microscopy assays, we demonstrate that this bioactive peptide is able to increase sperm motility and induce chemotaxis by changing the octopus spermatozoa swimming behavior in a dose-dependent manner. We also provide evidence that chemotaxis in the octopus requires the presence of extracellular calcium and membrane protein phophorylation at tyrosine. This study is the first report on a sperm-activating factor in a non-free-spawning marine animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia De Lisa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, Laboratory of Physiology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Cosmo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Cristo CD, Paolucci M, Cosmo AD. Progesterone Affects Vitellogenesis in Octopus vulgaris~!2008-04-01~!2008-08-19~!2008-09-22~! ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2174/1874336600801010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Di Cristo C, Di Donato P, Palumbo A, d'Ischia M, Paolucci M, Di Cosmo A. Steroidogenesis in the brain of Sepia officinalis and Octopus vulgaris. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2010; 2:673-83. [PMID: 20036911 DOI: 10.2741/e127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of vertebrate-like steroids, steroidogenic enzymes and steroid receptors has been reported exclusively in cephalopods gonads. The role played by these steroids has been also recently investigated. We here give evidence of steroidogenic activity in the brain of cephalopods. The activity of two key steroidogenic enzymes: 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17beta-HSD is present in the lobes of the nervous system of both Sepia and Octopus. Such enzymes convert pregnenolone to progesterone and androstenedione to testosterone respectively. Binding experiments seem to assign a functional role to the androgens in the brain of cephalopods. According to the present results, the absence of any progesterone binding moiety supports the hypothesis that progesterone may be a metabolite product along the steroidogenic chain leading to androgens. The presence of steroidogenic enzymes in specific lobes of the central nervous system is discussed in terms of the possible role that steroids can play in the sexual differentiation of the brain and in influencing some coded behaviours of cephalopods, such as learning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Cristo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Naples, Parthenope, Naples, Italy
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Moccia F, Cristo CD, Di Cosmo A. Lost in phototransduction: a few facts and hypotheses on cephalopod photoresponse. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2009; 1:319-28. [PMID: 19482705 DOI: 10.2741/s29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods are endowed with the most sophisticated nervous system among invertebrates and exhibit a repertoire of complex behaviors, such as spatial and observational learning. Cephalopod eyes supply a wide range of information which are utilized for these learning behaviors. Although our understanding of vertebrate physiology greatly benefited from the sub-cellular analysis of cephalopod nervous system, as shown by the discovery of the ionic bases of action potentials and of the Ca2+ requirement for neurotransmitter release Surprisingly, the cellular basis by which the visual system drives the sophisticated repertoire of cephalopod behaviors are still poorly understood. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge about cephalopod phototransduction. Light excites cephalopod photoreceptors by either inducing Ca2+ release from intracellular stores or activating cation-permeable channels by an as yet unknown mechanism. A 92 kDa protein, which is homologous to the Drosophila transient receptor potential (TRP) gene, is the most likely mediator of light-induced currents in cephalopods. A number of models which explain the mechanism whereby cephalopod TRP channel is gated by light will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples, Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
In the cephalopod mollusk Octopus vulgaris, the gonadotropic hormone released by the optic gland controls sexual maturity. Several lobes of the central nervous system control the activity of this gland. In one of these lobes, the olfactory lobe, a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system has been described. We assume that several inputs converge on the olfactory lobes in order to activate GnRH neurons and that a glutamatergic system mediates the integration of stimuli on these neuropeptidergic neurons. The presence of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor immunoreactivity in the neuropil of olfactory lobes and in the fibers of the optic gland nerve, along with the GnRH nerve endings strongly supports this hypothesis. A distinctive role in the control of GnRH secretion has also been attributed, in vertebrates, to nitric oxide (NO). The lobes and nerves involved in the nervous control of reproduction in Octopus contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Using a set of experiments aimed at manipulate a putative l-glutamate/NMDA/NO signal transduction pathway, we have demonstrated, by quantitative real-time PCR, that NMDA enhances the expression of GnRH mRNA in a dose-response manner. The reverting effect of a selective antagonist of NMDA receptors (NMDARs), 2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (D-APV), confirms that such an enhancing action is a NMDA receptor-mediated response. Nitric oxide and calcium also play a positive role on GnRH mRNA expression. The results suggest that in Octopusl-glutamate could be a key molecule in the nervous control of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Cristo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Abstract
We have cloned from brain, ovary and eggs of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis a 269-bp PCR product, which shares 100% sequence identity with the open reading frame of GnRH isoform isolated from Octopus vulgaris. Similar to Octopus, this sequence encodes a peptide that is organized as a preprohormone from which, after enzymatic cleavage, a dodecapeptide is released. Apart from its length, this peptide shares all the common features of vertebrate GnRHs. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses followed by sequencing have confirmed that the same peptide transcript is also present in the ovary, as well as in eggs released in the mantle cavity. The use of an antibody made specifically against the oct-GnRH has revealed that the peptide is localized in the dorso-lateral basal and olfactory lobes, the two neuropeptidergic centers controlling the activity of the gonadotropic optic gland. Immunoreactive nerve endings are also present on the glandular cells of the optic glands. These results confirm the fact that, regardless of the evolutionary distances among animal phyla, GnRH is an ancient peptide present also in invertebrates, and also reinforce the notion that, despite the name "gonadotropin releasing-hormone" was attributed according to its role in vertebrates, probably this family of peptides always had a role in the broad context of animal reproduction. The divergence and spread of several different isoforms of this peptide among animals seem to be balanced, in both invertebrates and vertebrates, by the class-specificity of the GnRH isoform involved in reproductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Cristo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Moccia F, Di Cristo C, Winlow W, Di Cosmo A. GABA(A)- and AMPA-like receptors modulate the activity of an identified neuron within the central pattern generator of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Invert Neurosci 2009; 9:29-41. [PMID: 19214610 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-009-0086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To examine the neurochemistry underlying the firing of the RPeD1 neuron in the respiratory central pattern generator of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined electrophysiologically and pharmacologically either "active" or "silent" preparations by intracellular recording and pharmacology. GABA inhibited electrical firing by hyperpolarizing RPeD1, while picrotoxin, an antagonist of GABA(A) receptors, excited silent cells and reversed GABA-induced inhibition. Action potential activity was terminated by 1 mM glutamate (Glu) while silent cells were depolarized by the GluR agonists, AMPA, and NMDA. Kainate exerted a complex triphasic effect on membrane potential. However, only bath application of AMPA desensitized the firing. These data indicate that GABA inhibits RPeD1 via activation of GABA(A) receptors, while Glu stimulates the neuron by activating AMPA-sensitive GluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Naples "Federico II" Complesso Universitario, Monte S. Angelo, viale Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Piscopo S, Moccia F, Di Cristo C, Caputi L, Di Cosmo A, Brown ER. Pre- and postsynaptic excitation and inhibition at octopus optic lobe photoreceptor terminals; implications for the function of the 'presynaptic bags'. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:2196-203. [PMID: 17953617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission was examined in the plexiform zone of Octopus vulgaris optic lobes using field-potential recording from optic lobe slices. Stimulation of the optic nerve produced pre- and postsynaptic field potentials. Transmission was abolished in calcium-free seawater, L- glutamate or the AMPA/Kainate receptor blocker CNQX (EC(50), 40 microm), leaving an intact presynaptic field potential. ACh markedly reduced or blocked and d-tubocurarine augmented both pre- and postsynaptic field potentials, while alpha-bungarotoxin and atropine were without effect. Paired-pulse stimulation showed short-term depression of pre- and postsynaptic components with a half-time of recovery of approximately 500 ms. The depression was partially relieved in the presence of d-tubocurarine (half-time of recovery, 350 ms). No long-term changes in synaptic strength were induced by repetitive stimulation. A polyclonal antibody raised against a squid glutamate receptor produced positive staining in the third radial layer of the plexiform zone. No positive staining was observed in the other layers. Taking into account previous morphological data and our results, we propose that the excitatory terminations of the photoreceptors are in the innermost layer of the plexiform zone where the transmitter is likely to be glutamate and postsynaptic receptors are AMPA/kainate-like. Thus, the function of the terminal bags is to provide a location for a presynaptic cholinergic inhibitory shunt. The results imply that this arrangement provides a temporal filter for visual processing and enhances the perception of moving vs. stationary objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Piscopo
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale I, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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Di Cristo C, Fiore G, Scheinker V, Enikolopov G, d'Ischia M, Palumbo A, Di Cosmo A. Nitric oxide synthase expression in the central nervous system of Sepia officinalis: an in situ hybridization study. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:1599-610. [PMID: 17880394 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported the molecular cloning of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA from Sepia officinalis (SoNOS) using a strategy that involves hybridization of degenerate PCR primers to highly conserved NOS regions, combined with a RACE procedure. Here, in situ hybridization study has been performed on serial sections of the cuttlefish central nervous system to reveal localized specific staining of cell bodies in several lobes of the brain. Staining was found in many lower motor centres, including cells of the inferior and superior buccal lobes (feeding centres); in some higher motor centres (anterior basal and peduncle lobes); in learning centres (vertical, subvertical and superior frontal lobes); and in the visual system [medulla and deep retina (optic lobe)]. Positive staining was also found in the olfactory lobe. NOS-expressing cells have been detected also in the interbasal lobe. Double labelling experiments, performed on consecutive sections, showed that neurons containing NOS immunoreactivity were also positive in in situ hybridization staining. All these data support the presence of NOS in several systems in the cuttlefish brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Cristo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Via Port'Arsa, 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Abstract
The oviducal gland of the female of Octopus vulgaris lies about halfway along the oviduct. Progesterone and 17beta-estradiol receptors have been immunolocalized in the nuclei of the cells of the glandular compartment of previtellogenic glands. We also have evidence of FMRFamide-like and cGnRH-I-like immunoreactivity in the nerve endings that reach the oviducal gland. Moreover, we have recently shown APGWamide immunoreactivity in the glandular cells of the inner part of the oviducal gland. Here we report a review on these findings as well as our latest studies on the effect that neuropeptides may exert on the secretory activity of the oviducal gland. cAMP seems to be a possible second messenger involved in such a process. We discuss the findings of a neuropeptidergic action on the glandular cells of oviducal gland in a more complex frame of molecules, such as steroids, biogenic amines and neuromodulators, controlling the activity of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Di Cristo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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