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Kruse TN, Seeley KE, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Less EH, Junge RE. CLINICAL FINDINGS OF DENTAL DISEASE AND POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN PYGMY SLOW LORISES ( NYCTICEBUS PYGMAEUS) UNDER HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:757-765. [PMID: 38251999 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental disease is a common finding in pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus) under human care, but the etiology is not fully understood. The small oral cavity in this species can make diagnosis of dental disease difficult. This retrospective study evaluated medical records and diet and husbandry protocols from 18 participating institutions with the objective of describing the signalment, clinical signs, physical exam findings, tooth type, tooth location, diagnostics used, and treatments performed to help guide care for dental disease. In addition, the study aimed to identify potential contributing factors to dental disease in this species. Of 59 animals with medical records evaluated, 42 (71.2%) had dental disease: 19 (44.2%) males, 20 (46.5%) females, and 3 (9.3%) without gender documented. Average age at onset of dental disease was 7.6 yr in males and 9 yr in females. Multiple lorises with dental disease (n = 12; 28.6%) had no premonitory clinical signs, and dental disease was found incidentally on examination. On dental examination, 30 lorises (71.4%) had evidence of gingivitis. In 13 cases skull radiographs were taken, but the majority of images (n = 8; 61.5%) were nondiagnostic for pathologic dental changes. A small proportion of cases with dental abnormalities (n = 4; 9.5%) were diagnosed using computed tomography. In total, 175 teeth were extracted from 31 patients; molars were the most frequently extracted tooth (n = 55; 31.4%). No substantial differences in diets were noted among many of the participating institutions, and not all slow lorises evaluated developed dental disease (n = 17; 28.8%). This retrospective study provides clinical findings on slow loris dental disease and guidance for the veterinary care and management of slow lorises under human care.
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Dewi T, Imron MA, Lukmandaru G, Hedger K, Campera M, Nekaris KAI. The sticky tasty: the nutritional content of the exudativorous diet of the Javan slow loris in a lowland forest. Primates 2021; 63:93-102. [PMID: 34853929 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant exudates are an important food source for many primates. The Critically Endangered Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) was previously found to prefer Acacia decurrens exudate in an anthropogenically disturbed site, while its feeding habits in secondary natural forest remain unknown. Knowledge of the chemical characteristics of the plant exudates that Javan slow lorises consume is limited, especially with respect to those that they feed on in natural forests. As plant exudates may contain plant secondary metabolites (PSM), which are considered unpalatable in high concentrations, differences in PSM composition may drive feeding preferences. This research aims firstly to confirm exudate consumption by the Javan slow loris in a lowland tropical forest in Central Java, and secondly to identify the chemical characteristics of the exudates consumed. We followed wild slow lorises in Kemuning Forest, Central Java and observed their behaviour. We investigated the gum-producing trees that were utilized by the slow lorises by tapping the exudates and examining their nutritional and PSM contents. We found that exudates are the predominant food source for the Javan slow loris in this lowland forest, and that their nutritional contents are similar to those of exudates consumed by lorises in anthropogenically disturbed areas. Significant differences in polysaccharide and flavonoid contents were found between consumed and unconsumed exudates. Knowledge of the diet of the Javan slow loris is crucial to its conservation, and our findings confirm the importance of exudates in its diet. We also highlight the need to preserve natural slow loris habitat, and to manage the diets of these species in captivity. The results of this study indicate that plant exudates should constitute a significant portion of the diet of captive slow lorises, and that the presence of exudate-producing trees is vital in areas into which slow lorises are to be translocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungga Dewi
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Ganis Lukmandaru
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Marco Campera
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Chatpongcharoen P, Campera M, Laithong P, Gibson NL, Nekaris K. Naturalising diet to reduce stereotypic behaviours in slow lorises rescued from wildlife trade. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Simpson GM, Fuller G, Lukas KE, Kuhar CW, Fitch-Snyder H, Taylor J, Dennis PM. Sources of morbidity in lorises and pottos in North American zoos: A retrospective review, 1980-2010. Zoo Biol 2018; 37:245-257. [PMID: 29971828 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Delineating patterns of morbidity can reveal management practices in need of reassessment to improve individual welfare, as well as population health and sustainability. We reviewed medical records from 38 North American zoological institutions for 276 slender lorises, slow lorises, and pottos born between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2010. This sample included animals identified as 116 Nycticebus pygmaeus, 84 N. coucang, 48 Loris tardigradus tardigradus, 6 L.t. nordicus (now classified as L. lydekkerianus nordicus), and 22 Perodicticus potto. Taxonomy for lorises and pottos is developing, and two of these populations (N. coucang and P. potto) likely included hybrids and/or multiple species. Our focus was to examine trends based on species and age. Across all species, whole body disease events, abnormalities of bloodwork, and dental diseases were the most common sources of morbidity. Other major sources of morbidity varied by species and included trauma, respiratory disease, and ocular disease. A recent upsurge in research has informed feeding practices for slow lorises living in human care, and a similar, evidence-based approach is needed to improve diets for other species. Given the prevalence of trauma in this sample, social needs and reproductive management practices are also important areas for further investigation. Species-level health trends reveal risk factors for individual welfare that can guide husbandry practices in zoos, as well as in sanctuaries caring for the influx of lorises and pottos rescued from the growing wildlife trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Simpson
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Grace Fuller
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kristen E Lukas
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Christopher W Kuhar
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Helena Fitch-Snyder
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jessica Taylor
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Patricia M Dennis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Nijman V, Spaan D, Rode-Margono EJ, Wirdateti, Nekaris KAI. Changes in the primate trade in indonesian wildlife markets over a 25-year period: Fewer apes and langurs, more macaques, and slow lorises. Am J Primatol 2015; 79. [PMID: 26713673 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Indonesia has amongst the highest primate species richness, and many species are included on the country's protected species list, partially to prevent over-exploitation. Nevertheless traders continue to sell primates in open wildlife markets especially on the islands of Java and Bali. We surveyed 13 wildlife markets in 2012-2014 and combined our results with previous surveys from 1990-2009 into a 122-survey dataset with 2,424 records of 17 species. These data showed that the diversity of species in trade decreased over time, shifting from rare rainforest-dwelling primates traded alongside more widespread species that are not confined to forest to the latter type only. In the 1990s and early 2000s orangutans, gibbons and langurs were commonly traded alongside macaques and slow lorises but in the last decade macaques and slow lorises comprised the bulk of the trade. In 2012-2014 we monitored six wildlife markets in Jakarta, Bandung and Garut (all on Java), and Denpasar (Bali). During 51 surveys we recorded 1,272 primates of eight species. Traders offered long-tailed macaque (total 1,007 individuals) and three species of slow loris (228 individuals) in five of the six markets, whereas they traded ebony langurs (18 individuals), and pig-tailed macaques (14 individuals) mostly in Jakarta. Pramuka and Jatinegara markets, both in Jakarta, stood out as important hubs for the primate trade, with a clear shift in importance over time from the former to the latter. Slow lorises, orangutans, gibbons and some langurs are protected under Indonesian law, which prohibits all trade in them; of these protected species, only the slow lorises remained common in trade throughout the 25-year period. Trade in non-protected macaques and langurs is subject to strict regulations-which market traders did not follow-making all the market trade in primates that we observed illegal. Trade poses a substantial threat to Indonesian primates, and without enforcement, the sheer volume of trade may mean that species of Least Concern or Near Threatened may rapidly decline. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22517, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Spaan
- Institute of Neuroethology, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, Mexico
| | | | - Wirdateti
- Zoological Division, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Wildlife Trade Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cabana F, Nekaris K. Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus). Zoo Biol 2015; 34:547-53. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cabana
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP; United Kingdom
- Paignton Zoo Environmental Park; Paignton Devon TQ4 7EU United Kingdom
| | - K.A.I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP; United Kingdom
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Cabinet of Curiosities: Venom Systems and Their Ecological Function in Mammals, with a Focus on Primates. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2639-58. [PMID: 26193318 PMCID: PMC4516934 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7072639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom delivery systems (VDS) are common in the animal kingdom, but rare amongst mammals. New definitions of venom allow us to reconsider its diversity amongst mammals by reviewing the VDS of Chiroptera, Eulipotyphla, Monotremata, and Primates. All orders use modified anterior dentition as the venom delivery apparatus, except Monotremata, which possesses a crural system. The venom gland in most taxa is a modified submaxillary salivary gland. In Primates, the saliva is activated when combined with brachial gland exudate. In Monotremata, the crural spur contains the venom duct. Venom functions include feeding, intraspecific competition, anti-predator defense and parasite defense. Including mammals in discussion of venom evolution could prove vital in our understanding protein functioning in mammals and provide a new avenue for biomedical and therapeutic applications and drug discovery.
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Nekaris KAI, Starr CR. OVERVIEW: Conservation and ecology of the neglected slow loris: priorities and prospects. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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