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Dunlop R, Noad M. Male humpback whales switch to singing in the presence of seismic air guns. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1232. [PMID: 39354209 PMCID: PMC11445414 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06908-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocean noise produced by seismic exploration has been implicated in causing changes in baleen whale hearing, physiology, feeding, breeding, and migratory behaviours. Here, we observed changes in the mating tactics of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) during a one-hour exposure to nearby seismic air guns. Males employ a conditional mating strategy where they switch between singing and non-singing tactics. Singing is presumably an advertisement signal, while non-singing behaviours include seeking out and joining with females as well as forming competitive groups. During periods of active air guns, the number of male singing whales increased, and singers were more likely to be observed joining females. Conversely, non-singing males were less likely to engage in joining interactions suggesting that active air guns caused a switch in male breeding tactics. Though we cannot translate these effects into changes in breeding success, this indicates that seismic exploration has the potential to alter breeding behaviours in baleen whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Dunlop
- School of the Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael Noad
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
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2
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Pirotta E, Fernandez Ajó A, Bierlich KC, Bird CN, Buck CL, Haver SM, Haxel JH, Hildebrand L, Hunt KE, Lemos LS, New L, Torres LG. Assessing variation in faecal glucocorticoid concentrations in gray whales exposed to anthropogenic stressors. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad082. [PMID: 38026800 PMCID: PMC10660368 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how individual animals respond to stressors behaviourally and physiologically is a critical step towards quantifying long-term population consequences and informing management efforts. Glucocorticoid (GC) metabolite accumulation in various matrices provides an integrated measure of adrenal activation in baleen whales and could thus be used to investigate physiological changes following exposure to stressors. In this study, we measured GC concentrations in faecal samples of Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) collected over seven consecutive years to assess the association between GC content and metrics of exposure to sound levels and vessel traffic at different temporal scales, while controlling for contextual variables such as sex, reproductive status, age, body condition, year, time of year and location. We develop a Bayesian Generalized Additive Modelling approach that accommodates the many complexities of these data, including non-linear variation in hormone concentrations, missing covariate values, repeated samples, sampling variability and some hormone concentrations below the limit of detection. Estimated relationships showed large variability, but emerging patterns indicate a strong context-dependency of physiological variation, depending on sex, body condition and proximity to a port. Our results highlight the need to control for baseline hormone variation related to context, which otherwise can obscure the functional relationship between faecal GCs and stressor exposure. Therefore, extensive data collection to determine sources of baseline variation in well-studied populations, such as PCFG gray whales, could shed light on cetacean stress physiology and be used to extend applicability to less-well-studied taxa. GC analyses may offer greatest utility when employed as part of a suite of markers that, in aggregate, provide a multivariate measure of physiological status, better informing estimates of individuals' health and ultimately the consequences of anthropogenic stressors on populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Fernandez Ajó
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - KC Bierlich
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Clara N Bird
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - C Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Samara M Haver
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystem and Resources Studies, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Joseph H Haxel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Coastal Sciences Division, 1529 W. Sequim Bay Rd., Sequim, WA 98362, USA
| | - Lisa Hildebrand
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - Kathleen E Hunt
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation & Department of Biology, George Mason University, 1500 Remount Rd, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Leila S Lemos
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st St, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Leslie New
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ursinus College, 601 E Main St, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Leigh G Torres
- Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna Lab, Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA
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3
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Besson M, Alison J, Bjerge K, Gorochowski TE, Høye TT, Jucker T, Mann HMR, Clements CF. Towards the fully automated monitoring of ecological communities. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:2753-2775. [PMID: 36264848 PMCID: PMC9828790 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution monitoring is fundamental to understand ecosystems dynamics in an era of global change and biodiversity declines. While real-time and automated monitoring of abiotic components has been possible for some time, monitoring biotic components-for example, individual behaviours and traits, and species abundance and distribution-is far more challenging. Recent technological advancements offer potential solutions to achieve this through: (i) increasingly affordable high-throughput recording hardware, which can collect rich multidimensional data, and (ii) increasingly accessible artificial intelligence approaches, which can extract ecological knowledge from large datasets. However, automating the monitoring of facets of ecological communities via such technologies has primarily been achieved at low spatiotemporal resolutions within limited steps of the monitoring workflow. Here, we review existing technologies for data recording and processing that enable automated monitoring of ecological communities. We then present novel frameworks that combine such technologies, forming fully automated pipelines to detect, track, classify and count multiple species, and record behavioural and morphological traits, at resolutions which have previously been impossible to achieve. Based on these rapidly developing technologies, we illustrate a solution to one of the greatest challenges in ecology: the ability to rapidly generate high-resolution, multidimensional and standardised data across complex ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Besson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK,Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR Biologie des Organismes Marins, BIOMBanyuls‐sur‐MerFrance
| | - Jamie Alison
- Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,UK Centre for Ecology & HydrologyBangorUK
| | - Kim Bjerge
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Thomas E. Gorochowski
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK,BrisEngBio, School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Toke T. Høye
- Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Hjalte M. R. Mann
- Department of EcoscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark,Arctic Research CentreAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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4
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Booth CG, Brannan N, Dunlop R, Friedlander A, Isojunno S, Miller P, Quick N, Southall B, Pirotta E. A sampling, exposure and receptor framework for identifying factors that modulate behavioural responses to disturbance in cetaceans. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1948-1960. [PMID: 35895847 PMCID: PMC9804311 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of behavioural disturbance in cetacean species (e.g. resulting from exposure to anthropogenic sources such as military sonar, seismic surveys, or pile driving) is important for effective conservation and management. Disturbance effects can be informed by Behavioural Response Studies (BRSs), involving either controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) where noise exposure conditions are presented deliberately to meet experimental objectives or in opportunistic contexts where ongoing activities are monitored in a strategic manner. In either context, animal-borne sensors or in situ observations can provide information on individual exposure and disturbance responses. The past 15 years of research have greatly expanded our understanding of behavioural responses to noise, including hundreds of experiments in nearly a dozen cetacean species. Many papers note limited sample sizes, required knowledge of baseline behaviour prior to exposure and the importance of contextual factors modulating behavioural responses, all of which in combination can lead to sampling biases, even for well-designed research programs. It is critical to understand these biases to robustly identify responses. This ensures outcomes of BRSs help inform predictions of how anthropogenic disturbance impacts individuals and populations. Our approach leverages concepts from the animal behaviour literature focused on helping to avoid sampling bias by considering what shapes an animal's response. These factors include social, experience, genetic and natural changes in responsiveness. We developed and applied a modified version of this framework to synthesise current knowledge on cetacean response in the context of effects observed across marine and terrestrial taxa. This new 'Sampling, Exposure, Receptor' framework (SERF) identifies 43 modulating factors, highlights potential biases, and assesses how these vary across selected focal species. In contrast to studies that identified variation in 'Exposure' factors as a key concern, our analysis indicated that factors relating to 'Sampling' (e.g. deploying tags on less evasive individuals, which biases selection of subjects), and 'Receptor' (e.g. health status or coping style) have the greatest potential for weakening the desired broad representativeness of BRSs. Our assessment also highlights how potential biases could be addressed with existing datasets or future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac G. Booth
- SMRU Consulting, Scottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Naomi Brannan
- Southeast Asia Marine Mammal ResearchHong KongHong Kong
| | - Rebecca Dunlop
- Cetacean Ecology and Acoustics LaboratoryMoreton Bay Research Station and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ari Friedlander
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc.AptosCaliforniaUSA,University of California, Institute of Marine ScienceSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - Saana Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Patrick Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans InstituteUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | - Nicola Quick
- School of Biological and Marine SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK,Nicholas School of the EnvironmentDuke UniversityBeaufortNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Brandon Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc.AptosCaliforniaUSA,University of California, Institute of Marine ScienceSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
| | - Enrico Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
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5
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Williams TM, Blackwell SB, Tervo O, Garde E, Sinding MS, Richter B, Heide‐Jørgensen MP. Physiological responses of narwhals to anthropogenic noise: A case study with seismic airguns and vessel traffic in the Arctic. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terrie M. Williams
- Coastal Biology Building‐ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 130 McAllister Way University of California‐ Santa Cruz CA
| | | | - Outi Tervo
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Copenhagen K Denmark
| | - Eva Garde
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources Copenhagen K Denmark
| | | | - Beau Richter
- Coastal Biology Building‐ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 130 McAllister Way University of California‐ Santa Cruz CA
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6
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Andreas J, Beguš G, Bronstein MM, Diamant R, Delaney D, Gero S, Goldwasser S, Gruber DF, de Haas S, Malkin P, Pavlov N, Payne R, Petri G, Rus D, Sharma P, Tchernov D, Tønnesen P, Torralba A, Vogt D, Wood RJ. Toward understanding the communication in sperm whales. iScience 2022; 25:104393. [PMID: 35663036 PMCID: PMC9160774 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning has been advancing dramatically over the past decade. Most strides are human-based applications due to the availability of large-scale datasets; however, opportunities are ripe to apply this technology to more deeply understand non-human communication. We detail a scientific roadmap for advancing the understanding of communication of whales that can be built further upon as a template to decipher other forms of animal and non-human communication. Sperm whales, with their highly developed neuroanatomical features, cognitive abilities, social structures, and discrete click-based encoding make for an excellent model for advanced tools that can be applied to other animals in the future. We outline the key elements required for the collection and processing of massive datasets, detecting basic communication units and language-like higher-level structures, and validating models through interactive playback experiments. The technological capabilities developed by such an undertaking hold potential for cross-applications in broader communities investigating non-human communication and behavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Andreas
- MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gašper Beguš
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael M. Bronstein
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- IDSIA, University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
- Twitter, London, UK
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roee Diamant
- Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Denley Delaney
- Exploration Technology Lab, National Geographic Society, Washington DC, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shane Gero
- Dominica Sperm Whale Project, Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shafi Goldwasser
- Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David F. Gruber
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College and The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah de Haas
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Malkin
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Giovanni Petri
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Rus
- MIT CSAIL, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Dan Tchernov
- Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pernille Tønnesen
- Marine Bioacoustics Lab, Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel Vogt
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J. Wood
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Project CETI, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Pirotta E, Booth CG, Calambokidis J, Costa DP, Fahlbusch JA, Friedlaender AS, Goldbogen JA, Harwood J, Hazen EL, New L, Santora JA, Watwood SL, Wertman C, Southall BL. From individual responses to population effects: Integrating a decade of multidisciplinary research on blue whales and sonar. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University College Cork Cork Ireland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics Washington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - C. G. Booth
- SMRU Consulting, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | - D. P. Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - J. A. Fahlbusch
- Cascadia Research Collective Olympia WA USA
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - A. S. Friedlaender
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc. Aptos CA USA
| | - J. A. Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - J. Harwood
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
- SMRU Consulting, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - E. L. Hazen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Monterey CA USA
| | - L. New
- Ursinus College Collegeville PA USA
| | - J. A. Santora
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center Fisheries Ecology Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Santa Cruz CA USA
- Department of Applied Math University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - S. L. Watwood
- Ranges, Engineering and Analysis Department Naval Undersea Warfare Center Newport RI USA
| | - C. Wertman
- Ranges, Engineering and Analysis Department Naval Undersea Warfare Center Newport RI USA
| | - B. L. Southall
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc. Aptos CA USA
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8
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Behavioral responses to predatory sounds predict sensitivity of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise within a soundscape of fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114932119. [PMID: 35312354 PMCID: PMC9060435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114932119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic signals travel efficiently in the marine environment, allowing soniferous predators and prey to eavesdrop on each other. Our results with four cetacean species indicate that they use acoustic information to assess predation risk and have evolved mechanisms to reduce predation risk by ceasing foraging. Species that more readily gave up foraging in response to predatory sounds of killer whales also decreased foraging more during 1- to 4-kHz sonar exposures, indicating that species exhibiting costly antipredator responses also have stronger behavioral reactions to anthropogenic noise. This advance in our understanding of the drivers of disturbance helps us to predict what species and habitats are likely to be most severely impacted by underwater noise pollution in oceans undergoing increasing anthropogenic activities. As human activities impact virtually every animal habitat on the planet, identifying species at-risk from disturbance is a priority. Cetaceans are an example taxon where responsiveness to anthropogenic noise can be severe but highly species and context specific, with source–receiver characteristics such as hearing sensitivity only partially explaining this variability. Here, we predicted that ecoevolutionary factors that increase species responsiveness to predation risk also increase responsiveness to anthropogenic noise. We found that reductions in intense-foraging time during exposure to 1- to 4-kHz naval sonar and predatory killer whale sounds were highly correlated (r = 0.92) across four cetacean species. Northern bottlenose whales ceased foraging completely during killer whale and sonar exposures, followed by humpback, long-finned pilot, and sperm whales, which reduced intense foraging by 48 to 97%. Individual responses to sonar were partly predicted by species-level responses to killer whale playbacks, implying a similar level of perceived risk. The correlation cannot be solely explained by hearing sensitivity, indicating that species- and context-specific antipredator adaptations also shape cetacean responses to human-made noise. Species that are more responsive to predator presence are predicted to be more disturbance sensitive, implying a looming double whammy for Arctic cetaceans facing increased anthropogenic and predator activity with reduced ice cover.
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9
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Jones‐Todd CM, Pirotta E, Durban JW, Claridge DE, Baird RW, Falcone EA, Schorr GS, Watwood S, Thomas L. Discrete-space continuous-time models of marine mammal exposure to Navy sonar. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02475. [PMID: 34653299 PMCID: PMC9786920 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the patterns of wildlife attendance to specific areas is relevant across many fundamental and applied ecological studies, particularly when animals are at risk of being exposed to stressors within or outside the boundaries of those areas. Marine mammals are increasingly being exposed to human activities that may cause behavioral and physiological changes, including military exercises using active sonars. Assessment of the population-level consequences of anthropogenic disturbance requires robust and efficient tools to quantify the levels of aggregate exposure for individuals in a population over biologically relevant time frames. We propose a discrete-space, continuous-time approach to estimate individual transition rates across the boundaries of an area of interest, informed by telemetry data collected with uncertainty. The approach allows inferring the effect of stressors on transition rates, the progressive return to baseline movement patterns, and any difference among individuals. We apply the modeling framework to telemetry data from Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) tagged in the Bahamas at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), an area used by the U.S. Navy for fleet readiness training. We show that transition rates changed as a result of exposure to sonar exercises in the area, reflecting an avoidance response. Our approach supports the assessment of the aggregate exposure of individuals to sonar and the resulting population-level consequences. The approach has potential applications across many applied and fundamental problems where telemetry data are used to characterize animal occurrence within specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Pirotta
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsWashington State University14204 NE Salmon Creek AvenueVancouverWashington98686USA
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity College CorkNorth MallDistillery FieldsCorkT23 N73KIreland
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingThe ObservatoryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9LZUK
| | - John W. Durban
- Southall Environmental Associates Inc.9099 Soquel Drive, Suite 8AptosCalifornia95003USA
| | - Diane E. Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research OrganizationMarsh HarbourAbacoBahamas
| | - Robin W. Baird
- Cascadia Research Collective218 ½ W. 4th AvenueOlympiaWashington98501USA
| | - Erin A. Falcone
- Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research2420 Nellita Road NWSeabeckWashington98380USA
| | - Gregory S. Schorr
- Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research2420 Nellita Road NWSeabeckWashington98380USA
| | - Stephanie Watwood
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center DivisionCode 70TNewportRhode Island02841USA
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental ModellingThe ObservatoryUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9LZUK
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10
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Favilla AB, Horning M, Costa DP. Advances in thermal physiology of diving marine mammals: The dual role of peripheral perfusion. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:46-66. [PMID: 35655662 PMCID: PMC9154795 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1988817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain a high core body temperature is a defining characteristic of all mammals, yet their diverse habitats present disparate thermal challenges that have led to specialized adaptations. Marine mammals inhabit a highly conductive environment. Their thermoregulatory capabilities far exceed our own despite having limited avenues of heat transfer. Additionally, marine mammals must balance their thermoregulatory demands with those associated with diving (i.e. oxygen conservation), both of which rely on cardiovascular adjustments. This review presents the progress and novel efforts in investigating marine mammal thermoregulation, with a particular focus on the role of peripheral perfusion. Early studies in marine mammal thermal physiology were primarily performed in the laboratory and provided foundational knowledge through in vivo experiments and ex vivo measurements. However, the ecological relevance of these findings remains unknown because comparable efforts on free-ranging animals have been limited. We demonstrate the utility of biologgers for studying their thermal adaptations in the context in which they evolved. Our preliminary results from freely diving northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) reveal blubber's dynamic nature and the complex interaction between thermoregulation and the dive response due to the dual role of peripheral perfusion. Further exploring the potential use of biologgers for measuring physiological variables relevant to thermal physiology in other marine mammal species will enhance our understanding of the relative importance of morphology, physiology, and behavior for thermoregulation and overall homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina B. Favilla
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
| | - Markus Horning
- Wildlife Technology Frontiers, Seward, AK, United States
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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11
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McHuron EA, Aerts L, Gailey G, Sychenko O, Costa DP, Mangel M, Schwarz LK. Predicting the population consequences of acoustic disturbance, with application to an endangered gray whale population. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02440. [PMID: 34374143 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic disturbance is a growing conservation concern for wildlife populations because it can elicit physiological and behavioral responses that can have cascading impacts on population dynamics. State-dependent behavioral and life history models implemented via Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) provide a natural framework for quantifying biologically meaningful population changes resulting from disturbance by linking environment, physiology, and metrics of fitness. We developed an SDP model using the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) as a case study because they experience acoustic disturbance on their summer foraging grounds. We modeled the behavior and physiological dynamics of pregnant females as they arrived on the feeding grounds and predicted the probability of female and offspring survival, with and without acoustic disturbance and in the presence/absence of high prey availability. Upon arrival in mid-May, pregnant females initially exhibited relatively random behavior before they transitioned to intensive feeding that resulted in continual fat mass gain until departure. This shift in behavior co-occurred with a change in spatial distribution; early in the season, whales were more equally distributed among foraging areas with moderate to high energy availability, whereas by mid-July whales transitioned to predominate use of the location that had the highest energy availability. Exclusion from energy-rich offshore areas led to reproductive failure and in extreme cases, mortality of adult females that had lasting impacts on population dynamics. Simulated disturbances in nearshore foraging areas had little to no impact on female survival or reproductive success at the population level. At the individual level, the impact of disturbance was unequally distributed across females of different lengths, both with respect to the number of times an individual was disturbed and the impact of disturbance on vital rates. Our results highlight the susceptibility of large capital breeders to reductions in prey availability, and indicate that who, where, and when individuals are disturbed are likely to be important considerations when assessing the impacts of acoustic activities. This model provides a framework to inform planned acoustic disturbances and assess the effectiveness of mitigation strategies for large capital breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McHuron
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | | | - Glenn Gailey
- Cetacean EcoSystem Research, Lacey, Washington, 98516, USA
| | - Olga Sychenko
- Cetacean EcoSystem Research, Lacey, Washington, 98516, USA
| | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
| | - Marc Mangel
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
- Theoretical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 9020, Norway
- Puget Sound Institute, University of Washington, Tacoma, Washington, 98402, USA
| | - Lisa K Schwarz
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, 95064, USA
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12
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Kok ACM, Bruil L, Berges B, Sakinan S, Debusschere E, Reubens J, de Haan D, Norro A, Slabbekoorn H. An echosounder view on the potential effects of impulsive noise pollution on pelagic fish around windfarms in the North Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118063. [PMID: 34482245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise in the oceans is disturbing marine life. Among other groups, pelagic fish are likely to be affected by sound from human activities, but so far have received relatively little attention. Offshore wind farms have become numerous and will become even more abundant in the next decades. Wind farms can be interesting to pelagic fish due to food abundance or fisheries restrictions. At the same time, construction of wind farms involves high levels of anthropogenic noise, likely disturbing and/or deterring pelagic fish. Here, we investigated whether bottom-moored echosounders are a suitable tool for studying the effects of impulsive - intermittent, high-intensity - anthropogenic noise on pelagic fish around wind farms and we explored the possible nature of their responses. Three different wind farms along the Dutch and Belgian coast were examined, one with exposure to the passing by of an experimental seismic survey with a full-scale airgun array, one with pile driving activity in an adjacent wind farm construction site and one control site without exposure. Two bottom-moored echosounders were placed in each wind farm and recorded fish presence and behaviour before, during and after the exposures. The echosounders were successful in detecting variation in the number of fish schools and their behaviour. During the seismic survey exposure there were significantly fewer, but more cohesive, schools than before, whereas during pile driving fish swam shallower with more cohesive schools. However, the types and magnitudes of response patterns were also observed at the control site with no impulsive sound exposure. We therefore stress the need for thorough replication beyond single case studies, before we can conclude that impulsive sounds, from either seismic surveys or pile driving, are a disturbing factor for pelagic fish in otherwise attractive habitat around wind farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Bruil
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Benoit Berges
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - Serdar Sakinan
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Dick de Haan
- Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, IJmuiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alain Norro
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Keen KA, Beltran RS, Pirotta E, Costa DP. Emerging themes in Population Consequences of Disturbance models. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210325. [PMID: 34428966 PMCID: PMC8385386 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the non-lethal effects of disturbance from human activities is necessary for wildlife conservation and management. However, linking short-term responses to long-term impacts on individuals and populations is a significant hurdle for evaluating the risks of a proposed activity. The Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) framework conceptually describes how disturbance can lead to changes in population dynamics, and its real-world application has led to a suite of quantitative models that can inform risk assessments. Here, we review PCoD models that forecast the possible consequences of a range of disturbance scenarios for marine mammals. In so doing, we identify common themes and highlight general principles to consider when assessing risk. We find that, when considered holistically, these models provide valuable insights into which contextual factors influence a population's degree of exposure and sensitivity to disturbance. We also discuss model assumptions and limitations, identify data gaps and suggest future research directions to enable PCoD models to better inform risk assessments and conservation and management decisions. The general principles explored can help wildlife managers and practitioners identify and prioritize the populations most vulnerable to disturbance and guide industry in planning activities that avoid or mitigate population-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Keen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne S. Beltran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Enrico Pirotta
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, UK
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel P. Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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14
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Czapanskiy MF, Savoca MS, Gough WT, Segre PS, Wisniewska DM, Cade DE, Goldbogen JA. Modelling short‐term energetic costs of sonar disturbance to cetaceans using high‐resolution foraging data. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max F. Czapanskiy
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Matthew S. Savoca
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - William T. Gough
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Paolo S. Segre
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
| | - Danuta M. Wisniewska
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé CNRS‐Université de La Rochelle Villiers‐en‐Bois France
| | - David E. Cade
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz CA USA
| | - Jeremy A. Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station Department of Biology Stanford University Pacific Grove CA USA
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15
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Pirotta E, Booth CG, Cade DE, Calambokidis J, Costa DP, Fahlbusch JA, Friedlaender AS, Goldbogen JA, Harwood J, Hazen EL, New L, Southall BL. Context-dependent variability in the predicted daily energetic costs of disturbance for blue whales. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coaa137. [PMID: 33505702 PMCID: PMC7816799 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the long-term consequences of sub-lethal anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife populations requires integrating data on fine-scale individual behavior and physiology into spatially and temporally broader, population-level inference. A typical behavioral response to disturbance is the cessation of foraging, which can be translated into a common metric of energetic cost. However, this necessitates detailed empirical information on baseline movements, activity budgets, feeding rates and energy intake, as well as the probability of an individual responding to the disturbance-inducing stressor within different exposure contexts. Here, we integrated data from blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) experimentally exposed to military active sonar signals with fine-scale measurements of baseline behavior over multiple days or weeks obtained from accelerometry loggers, telemetry tracking and prey sampling. Specifically, we developed daily simulations of movement, feeding behavior and exposure to localized sonar events of increasing duration and intensity and predicted the effects of this disturbance source on the daily energy intake of an individual. Activity budgets and movements were highly variable in space and time and among individuals, resulting in large variability in predicted energetic intake and costs. In half of our simulations, an individual's energy intake was unaffected by the simulated source. However, some individuals lost their entire daily energy intake under brief or weak exposure scenarios. Given this large variation, population-level models will have to assess the consequences of the entire distribution of energetic costs, rather than only consider single summary statistics. The shape of the exposure-response functions also strongly influenced predictions, reinforcing the need for contextually explicit experiments and improved mechanistic understanding of the processes driving behavioral and physiological responses to disturbance. This study presents a robust approach for integrating different types of empirical information to assess the effects of disturbance at spatio-temporal and ecological scales that are relevant to management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pirotta
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork T23 N73K, Ireland
| | - Cormac G Booth
- SMRU Consulting, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - David E Cade
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Costa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - James A Fahlbusch
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | - Ari S Friedlaender
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - John Harwood
- SMRU Consulting, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Elliott L Hazen
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Research Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Leslie New
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Brandon L Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates, Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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16
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A Modeling Comparison of the Potential Effects on Marine Mammals from Sounds Produced by Marine Vibroseis and Air Gun Seismic Sources. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about the potential environmental impacts of geophysical surveys using air gun sources, coupled with advances in geophysical surveying technology and data processing, are driving research and development of commercially viable alternative technologies such as marine vibroseis (MV). MV systems produce controllable acoustic signals through volume displacement of water using a vibrating plate or shell. MV sources generally produce lower acoustic pressure and reduced bandwidth (spectral content) compared to air gun sources, but to be effective sources for geophysical surveys they typically produce longer duration signals with short inter-signal periods. Few studies have evaluated the potential effects of MV system use on marine fauna. In this desktop study, potential acoustic exposure of marine mammals was estimated for MV and air gun arrays by modeling the source signal, sound propagation, and animal movement in representative survey scenarios. In the scenarios, few marine mammals could be expected to be exposed to potentially injurious sound levels for either source type, but fewer were predicted for MV arrays than air gun arrays. The estimated number of marine mammals exposed to sound levels associated with behavioral disturbance depended on the selection of evaluation criteria. More behavioral disturbance was predicted for MV arrays compared to air gun arrays using a single threshold sound pressure level (SPL), while the opposite result was found when using frequency-weighted sound fields and a multiple-step, probabilistic, threshold function.
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17
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Hückstädt LA, Schwarz LK, Friedlaender AS, Mate BR, Zerbini AN, Kennedy A, Robbins J, Gales NJ, Costa DP. A dynamic approach to estimate the probability of exposure of marine predators to oil exploration seismic surveys over continental shelf waters. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2020. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing human demand for fossil fuels has resulted in the expansion of oil exploration efforts to waters over the continental shelf. These waters are largely utilized by a complex biological community. Large baleen whales, in particular, utilize continental shelf waters as breeding and calving grounds, foraging grounds, and also as migration corridors. We developed a dynamic approach to estimate the likelihood that individuals from different populations of blue whales Balaenoptera musculus and humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae could be exposed to idealized, simulated seismic surveys as they move over the continental shelf. Animal tracking data for the different populations were filtered, and behaviors (transit and foraging) were inferred from the tracks using hidden Markov models. We simulated a range of conditions of exposure by having the source of noise affecting a circular area of different radii (5, 25, 50 and 100 km), moving along a gridded transect of 270 and 2500 km2 at a constant speed of 9 km h-1, and starting the simulated surveys every week of the year. Our approach allowed us to identify the temporal variability in the susceptibility of the different populations under study, as we ran the simulations for an entire year, allowing us to identify periods when the surveys would have an intensified effect on whales. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the behavior and ecology of individuals in a site-specific context when considering the likelihood of exposure to anthropogenic disturbances, as the habitat utilization patterns of each population are highly variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- LA Hückstädt
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - LK Schwarz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - AS Friedlaender
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - BR Mate
- Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365, USA
| | - AN Zerbini
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington & Marine Mammal Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
- Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research, Seabeck, WA, 98380, USA
- Instituto Aqualie, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A Kennedy
- Joint Institute for the Study of Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington & Marine Mammal Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - J Robbins
- Center for Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA 02657, USA
| | - NJ Gales
- Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia
| | - DP Costa
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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18
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Simonis AE, Brownell RL, Thayre BJ, Trickey JS, Oleson EM, Huntington R, Baumann-Pickering S. Co-occurrence of beaked whale strandings and naval sonar in the Mariana Islands, Western Pacific. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200070. [PMID: 32070257 PMCID: PMC7062028 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS), used for antisubmarine warfare (ASW), has been associated with multiple beaked whale (BW) mass stranding events. Multinational naval ASW exercises have used MFAS offshore of the Mariana Archipelago semi-annually since 2006. We report BW and MFAS acoustic activity near the islands of Saipan and Tinian from March 2010 to November 2014. Signals from Cuvier's (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris), and a third unidentified BW species, were detected throughout the recording period. Both recorders documented MFAS on 21 August 2011 before two Cuvier's beaked whales stranded on 22–23 August 2011. We compared the history of known naval operations and BW strandings from the Mariana Archipelago to consider potential threats to BW populations. Eight BW stranding events between June 2006 and January 2019 each included one to three animals. Half of these strandings occurred during or within 6 days after naval activities, and this co-occurrence is highly significant. We highlight strandings of individual BWs can be associated with ASW, and emphasize the value of ongoing passive acoustic monitoring, especially for beaked whales that are difficult to visually detect at sea. We strongly recommend more visual monitoring efforts, at sea and along coastlines, for stranded cetaceans before, during and after naval exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Simonis
- Contractor to Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert L Brownell
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Bruce J Thayre
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Erin M Oleson
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Roderick Huntington
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Mount Edgecumbe High School, Sitka, AK, USA
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19
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Wensveen PJ, Isojunno S, Hansen RR, von Benda-Beckmann AM, Kleivane L, van IJsselmuide S, Lam FPA, Kvadsheim PH, DeRuiter SL, Curé C, Narazaki T, Tyack PL, Miller PJO. Northern bottlenose whales in a pristine environment respond strongly to close and distant navy sonar signals. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182592. [PMID: 30890101 PMCID: PMC6452067 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact assessments for sonar operations typically use received sound levels to predict behavioural disturbance in marine mammals. However, there are indications that cetaceans may learn to associate exposures from distant sound sources with lower perceived risk. To investigate the roles of source distance and received level in an area without frequent sonar activity, we conducted multi-scale controlled exposure experiments ( n = 3) with 12 northern bottlenose whales near Jan Mayen, Norway. Animals were tagged with high-resolution archival tags ( n = 1 per experiment) or medium-resolution satellite tags ( n = 9 in total) and subsequently exposed to sonar. We also deployed bottom-moored recorders to acoustically monitor for whales in the exposed area. Tagged whales initiated avoidance of the sound source over a wide range of distances (0.8-28 km), with responses characteristic of beaked whales. Both onset and intensity of response were better predicted by received sound pressure level (SPL) than by source distance. Avoidance threshold SPLs estimated for each whale ranged from 117-126 dB re 1 µPa, comparable to those of other tagged beaked whales. In this pristine underwater acoustic environment, we found no indication that the source distances tested in our experiments modulated the behavioural effects of sonar, as has been suggested for locations where whales are frequently exposed to sonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Wensveen
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Saana Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Rune R. Hansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander M. von Benda-Beckmann
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sander van IJsselmuide
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Frans-Peter A. Lam
- Acoustics and Sonar Research Group, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stacy L. DeRuiter
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Charlotte Curé
- Cerema—Ifsttar, UMRAE, Laboratoire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tomoko Narazaki
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Peter L. Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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20
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Southall BL, DeRuiter SL, Friedlaender A, Stimpert AK, Goldbogen JA, Hazen E, Casey C, Fregosi S, Cade DE, Allen AN, Harris CM, Schorr G, Moretti D, Guan S, Calambokidis J. Behavioral responses of individual blue whales ( Balaenoptera musculus) to mid-frequency military sonar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/5/jeb190637. [PMID: 30833464 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.190637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study measured the degree of behavioral responses in blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) to controlled noise exposure off the southern California coast. High-resolution movement and passive acoustic data were obtained from non-invasive archival tags (n=42) whereas surface positions were obtained with visual focal follows. Controlled exposure experiments (CEEs) were used to obtain direct behavioral measurements before, during and after simulated and operational military mid-frequency active sonar (MFAS), pseudorandom noise (PRN) and controls (no noise exposure). For a subset of deep-feeding animals (n=21), active acoustic measurements of prey were obtained and used as contextual covariates in response analyses. To investigate potential behavioral changes within individuals as a function of controlled noise exposure conditions, two parallel analyses of time-series data for selected behavioral parameters (e.g. diving, horizontal movement and feeding) were conducted. This included expert scoring of responses according to a specified behavioral severity rating paradigm and quantitative change-point analyses using Mahalanobis distance statistics. Both methods identified clear changes in some conditions. More than 50% of blue whales in deep-feeding states responded during CEEs, whereas no changes in behavior were identified in shallow-feeding blue whales. Overall, responses were generally brief, of low to moderate severity, and highly dependent on exposure context such as behavioral state, source-to-whale horizontal range and prey availability. Response probability did not follow a simple exposure-response model based on received exposure level. These results, in combination with additional analytical methods to investigate different aspects of potential responses within and among individuals, provide a comprehensive evaluation of how free-ranging blue whales responded to mid-frequency military sonar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates (SEA), Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA .,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Stacy L DeRuiter
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA
| | - Ari Friedlaender
- Southall Environmental Associates (SEA), Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - Alison K Stimpert
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Jeremy A Goldbogen
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Elliott Hazen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Caroline Casey
- Southall Environmental Associates (SEA), Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA.,Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Selene Fregosi
- Southall Environmental Associates (SEA), Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA.,Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, 97365, USA
| | - David E Cade
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Ann N Allen
- Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | - Catriona M Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LZ, UK
| | - Greg Schorr
- Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research, Seabeck, WA 98380, USA
| | - David Moretti
- Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Newport, RI 02841, USA
| | - Shane Guan
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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21
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von Benda-Beckmann AM, Wensveen PJ, Prior M, Ainslie MA, Hansen RR, Isojunno S, Lam FPA, Kvadsheim PH, Miller PJO. Predicting acoustic dose associated with marine mammal behavioural responses to sound as detected with fixed acoustic recorders and satellite tags. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:1401. [PMID: 31067938 DOI: 10.1121/1.5093543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the consequences of underwater noise exposure for cetaceans, there is a need for assessments of behavioural responses over increased spatial and temporal scales. Bottom-moored acoustic recorders and satellite tags provide such long-term and large spatial coverage of behaviour compared to short-duration acoustic-recording tags. However, these tools result in a decreased resolution of data from which an animal response can be inferred, and no direct recording of the sound received at the animal. This study discusses the consequence of the decreased resolution of data from satellite tags and fixed acoustic recorders on the acoustic dose estimated by propagation modelling and presents a method for estimating the range of sound levels that animals observed with these methods have received. This problem is illustrated using experimental results obtained during controlled exposures of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) exposed to naval sonar, carried out near Jan Mayen, Norway. It is shown that variability and uncertainties in the sound field, resulting from limited sampling of the acoustic environment, as well as decreased resolution in animal locations, can lead to quantifiable uncertainties in the estimated acoustic dose associated with the behavioural response (in this case avoidance and cessation of foraging).
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Affiliation(s)
- A M von Benda-Beckmann
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - P J Wensveen
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - M Prior
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - M A Ainslie
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - R R Hansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - F P A Lam
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - P H Kvadsheim
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Defence Systems, Horten, Norway
| | - P J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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22
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Lewis LA, Calambokidis J, Stimpert AK, Fahlbusch J, Friedlaender AS, McKenna MF, Mesnick SL, Oleson EM, Southall BL, Szesciorka AR, Širović A. Context-dependent variability in blue whale acoustic behaviour. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180241. [PMID: 30225013 PMCID: PMC6124089 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic communication is an important aspect of reproductive, foraging and social behaviours for many marine species. Northeast Pacific blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) produce three different call types-A, B and D calls. All may be produced as singular calls, but A and B calls also occur in phrases to form songs. To evaluate the behavioural context of singular call and phrase production in blue whales, the acoustic and dive profile data from tags deployed on individuals off southern California were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Only 22% of all deployments contained sounds attributed to the tagged animal. A larger proportion of tagged animals were female (47%) than male (13%), with 40% of unknown sex. Fifty per cent of tags deployed on males contained sounds attributed to the tagged whale, while only a few (5%) deployed on females did. Most calls were produced at shallow depths (less than 30 m). Repetitive phrasing (singing) and production of singular calls were most common during shallow, non-lunging dives, with the latter also common during surface behaviour. Higher sound production rates occurred during autumn than summer and they varied with time-of-day: singular call rates were higher at dawn and dusk, while phrase production rates were highest at dusk and night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Lewis
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John Calambokidis
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 ½ W 4th Ave., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | - Alison K. Stimpert
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - James Fahlbusch
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 ½ W 4th Ave., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | - Ari S. Friedlaender
- Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Southall Environmental Associates, 9099 Soquel Drive, Suite 8, Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Megan F. McKenna
- Natural Sounds and Night Skies Division, National Park Service, 1201 Oakridge Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | - Sarah L. Mesnick
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erin M. Oleson
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Building 176, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA
| | - Brandon L. Southall
- Institute for Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Southall Environmental Associates, 9099 Soquel Drive, Suite 8, Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Angela R. Szesciorka
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Cascadia Research Collective, 218 ½ W 4th Ave., Olympia, WA 98501, USA
| | - Ana Širović
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Texas A&M University Galveston, 200 Seawolf Parkway, Galveston, TX 77554, USA
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23
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Mulsow J, Finneran JJ, Schlundt CE, Jones R. Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) discrimination of harmonic stimuli with range-dependent signal degradation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:3434. [PMID: 29960462 DOI: 10.1121/1.5040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of perceived sound source distance has been noted in controlled exposure studies with free-ranging marine mammals. Different behavioral reactions have been observed for sonar exposures with a similar received level but differing source distances. This psychophysical study examined bottlenose dolphins' use of range-dependent acoustic features in classifying frequency-modulated tonal stimuli (∼10-kHz fundamental). Repetitive tones with simulated range-dependent high-frequency attenuation (HFA) and reverberation (REV) were presented with roving levels (levels varied ±10 dB). The dolphins were trained to produce a phonic response upon hearing tones simulating relatively distant 30-km sources and to withhold response for closer-range tones. Once this behavior was reliably performed, probe trials with intermediate ranges were used to examine stimulus classification based on HFA and REV. Dolphins responded to nearly all probe trials with ranges of 10 and 20 km, while responses were less frequent at 1 and 2 km. Probes with HFA and REV decoupled from simulated source distance indicated that the dolphins used HFA to a greater degree than REV in response decisions. These results suggest that dolphins can classify harmonic signals based on range-dependent HFA and REV independent of received level, making these cues potentially useful in deciding behavioral reactions to acoustic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mulsow
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
| | - James J Finneran
- U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific Code 71510, 53560 Hull Street, San Diego, California 92152, USA
| | | | - Ryan Jones
- National Marine Mammal Foundation, 2240 Shelter Island Drive #200, San Diego, California 92106, USA
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24
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Kok ACM, Engelberts JP, Kastelein RA, Helder-Hoek L, Van de Voorde S, Visser F, Slabbekoorn H. Spatial avoidance to experimental increase of intermittent and continuous sound in two captive harbour porpoises. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:1024-1036. [PMID: 29050731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuing rise in underwater sound levels in the oceans leads to disturbance of marine life. It is thought that one of the main impacts of sound exposure is the alteration of foraging behaviour of marine species, for example by deterring animals from a prey location, or by distracting them while they are trying to catch prey. So far, only limited knowledge is available on both mechanisms in the same species. The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is a relatively small marine mammal that could quickly suffer fitness consequences from a reduction of foraging success. To investigate effects of anthropogenic sound on their foraging efficiency, we tested whether experimentally elevated sound levels would deter two captive harbour porpoises from a noisy pool into a quiet pool (Experiment 1) and reduce their prey-search performance, measured as prey-search time in the noisy pool (Experiment 2). Furthermore, we tested the influence of the temporal structure and amplitude of the sound on the avoidance response of both animals. Both individuals avoided the pool with elevated sound levels, but they did not show a change in search time for prey when trying to find a fish hidden in one of three cages. The combination of temporal structure and SPL caused variable patterns. When the sound was intermittent, increased SPL caused increased avoidance times. When the sound was continuous, avoidance was equal for all SPLs above a threshold of 100 dB re 1 μPa. Hence, we found no evidence for an effect of sound exposure on search efficiency, but sounds of different temporal patterns did cause spatial avoidance with distinct dose-response patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fleur Visser
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Kelp Marine Research, Hoorn, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Slabbekoorn
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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25
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Isojunno S, Sadykova D, DeRuiter S, Curé C, Visser F, Thomas L, Miller PJO, Harris CM. Individual, ecological, and anthropogenic influences on activity budgets of long‐finned pilot whales. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Isojunno
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB UK
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
| | - D. Sadykova
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
- School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 97 Lisburn Road Belfast BT9 7BL UK
| | - S. DeRuiter
- Mathematics and Statistics Department Calvin College Grand Rapids Michigan 49546 USA
| | - C. Curé
- Cerema, DTer Est Acoustics Group F‐67035 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - F. Visser
- Kelp Marine Research Loniusstraat 9 1624 CJ Hoorn The Netherlands
- Behavioural Biology Institute of Biology Leiden University P.O. Box 9505 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - L. Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
| | - P. J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB UK
| | - C. M. Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling (CREEM) The Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews St Andrews, Fife KY169LZ UK
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26
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Kvadsheim PH, DeRuiter S, Sivle LD, Goldbogen J, Roland-Hansen R, Miller PJO, Lam FPA, Calambokidis J, Friedlaender A, Visser F, Tyack PL, Kleivane L, Southall B. Avoidance responses of minke whales to 1-4kHz naval sonar. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 121:60-68. [PMID: 28552251 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Minke whales are difficult to study and little information exists regarding their responses to anthropogenic sound. This study pools data from behavioural response studies off California and Norway. Data are derived from four tagged animals, of which one from each location was exposed to naval sonar signals. Statistical analyses were conducted using Mahalanobis distance to compare overall changes in parameters summarising dive behaviour, avoidance behaviour, and potential energetic costs of disturbance. Our quantitative analysis showed that both animals initiated avoidance behaviour, but responses were not associated with unusual dive behaviour. In one exposed animal the avoidance of the sonar source included a 5-fold increase in horizontal speed away from the source, implying a significant increase in metabolic rate. Despite the different environmental settings and exposure contexts, clear changes in behaviour were observed providing the first insights into the nature of responses to human noise for this wide-ranging species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacy DeRuiter
- Calvin College, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Grand Rapids, MI 49546-4301, USA
| | - Lise D Sivle
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jeremy Goldbogen
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick J O Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LB, UK
| | - Frans-Peter A Lam
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ari Friedlaender
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 Marine Science Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA; Southall Environmental Associates Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA
| | - Fleur Visser
- Kelp Marine Research (KMR), 1624 CJ Hoorn, The Netherlands; Behavioural Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9LB, UK
| | - Lars Kleivane
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), NO-3191 Horten, Norway
| | - Brandon Southall
- Southall Environmental Associates Inc., Aptos, CA 95003, USA; Long Marine Laboratory, University of California, Santa Cruz, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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27
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Harris CM, Thomas L, Falcone EA, Hildebrand J, Houser D, Kvadsheim PH, Lam FA, Miller PJO, Moretti DJ, Read AJ, Slabbekoorn H, Southall BL, Tyack PL, Wartzok D, Janik VM. Marine mammals and sonar: Dose‐response studies, the risk‐disturbance hypothesis and the role of exposure context. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M. Harris
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Len Thomas
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling The Observatory University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | - John Hildebrand
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography UC San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Petter H. Kvadsheim
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Maritime Systems Horten Norway
| | - Frans‐Peter A. Lam
- Acoustics & Sonar Research Group Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. O. Miller
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter L. Tyack
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
| | - Douglas Wartzok
- Department of Biological SciencesFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
| | - Vincent M. Janik
- Sea Mammal Research Unit Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews St Andrews UK
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28
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Forney KA, Southall BL, Slooten E, Dawson S, Read AJ, Baird RW, Brownell RL. Nowhere to go: noise impact assessments for marine mammal populations with high site fidelity. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2017. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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