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Montazeri K, Farhadi M, Majdabadi A, Akbarnejad Z, Fekrazad R, Shahbazi A, Mahmoudian S. Photobiomodulation therapy in improvement of harmful neural plasticity in sodium salicylate-induced tinnitus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296607. [PMID: 38626075 PMCID: PMC11020422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is a common annoying symptom without effective and accepted treatment. In this controlled experimental study, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), which uses light to modulate and repair target tissue, was used to treat sodium salicylate (SS)-induced tinnitus in a rat animal model. Here, PBMT was performed simultaneously on the peripheral and central regions involved in tinnitus. The results were evaluated using objective tests including gap pre-pulse inhibition of acoustic startle (GPIAS), auditory brainstem response (ABR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Harmful neural plasticity induced by tinnitus was detected by doublecortin (DCX) protein expression, a known marker of neural plasticity. PBMT parameters were 808 nm wavelength, 165 mW/cm2 power density, and 99 J/cm2 energy density. In the tinnitus group, the mean gap in noise (GIN) value of GPIAS test was significantly decreased indicated the occurrence of an additional perceived sound like tinnitus and also the mean ABR threshold and brainstem transmission time (BTT) were significantly increased. In addition, a significant increase in DCX expression in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), dentate gyrus (DG) and the parafloccular lobe (PFL) of cerebellum was observed in the tinnitus group. In PBMT group, a significant increase in the GIN value, a significant decrease in the ABR threshold and BTT, and also significant reduction of DCX expression in the DG were observed. Based on our findings, PBMT has the potential to be used in the management of SS-induced tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Montazeri
- The Five Senses Health Institute, ENT and Head and Neck Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- The Five Senses Health Institute, ENT and Head and Neck Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Majdabadi
- Dentistry Research Institute, Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zainab Akbarnejad
- The Five Senses Health Institute, ENT and Head and Neck Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Mahmoudian
- The Five Senses Health Institute, ENT and Head and Neck Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ciralli B, Malfatti T, Lima TZ, Silva SRB, Cederroth CR, Leao KE. Alterations of auditory sensory gating in mice with noise-induced tinnitus treated with nicotine and cannabis extract. J Psychopharmacol 2023; 37:1116-1131. [PMID: 37837354 DOI: 10.1177/02698811231200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a phantom sound perception affecting both auditory and limbic structures. The mechanisms of tinnitus remain unclear and it is debatable whether tinnitus alters attention to sound and the ability to inhibit repetitive sounds, a phenomenon also known as auditory gating. Here we investigate if noise exposure interferes with auditory gating and whether natural extracts of cannabis or nicotine could improve auditory pre-attentional processing in noise-exposed mice. We used 22 male C57BL/6J mice divided into noise-exposed (exposed to a 9-11 kHz narrow band noise for 1 h) and sham (no sound during noise exposure) groups. Hearing thresholds were measured using auditory brainstem responses, and tinnitus-like behavior was assessed using Gap prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle. After noise exposure, mice were implanted with multi-electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus to assess auditory event-related potentials in response to paired clicks. The results showed that mice with tinnitus-like behavior displayed auditory gating of repetitive clicks, but with larger amplitudes and longer latencies of the N40 component of the aERP waveform. The combination of cannabis extract and nicotine improved the auditory gating ratio in noise-exposed mice without permanent hearing threshold shifts. Lastly, the longer latency of the N40 component appears due to an increased sensitivity to cannabis extract in noise-exposed mice compared to sham mice. The study suggests that the altered central plasticity in tinnitus is more sensitive to the combined actions on the cholinergic and the endocannabinoid systems. Overall, the findings contribute to a better understanding of pharmacological modulation of auditory sensory gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ciralli
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Thawann Malfatti
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Thiago Z Lima
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Exact and Earth Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Christopher R Cederroth
- Experimental Audiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Translational Hearing Research, Tübingen Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina E Leao
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Liu Y, Yang S, Wang Y, Hu J, Xie H, Ni T, Han Z. Efficacy and factors influencing outcomes of customized music therapy combined with a follow-up system in chronic tinnitus patients. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 52:29. [PMID: 37095562 PMCID: PMC10124025 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-023-00631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Tinnitus is a meaningless sound signal perceived by the patients in the absence of auditory stimuli. Due to the complex etiology and unclear mechanism, specific therapies for tinnitus are still in the exploratory stage. In recent years, personalized and customized music therapy has been proposed as an effective method for tinnitus treatment. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of customized therapy with a well-designed follow-up system in the treatment of tinnitus through a large sample one arm study and to identify the relevant factors affecting the treatment outcome. METHODS The study investigated a total of 615 patients with unilateral or bilateral chronic tinnitus who received personalized and customized music therapy for 3 months. A complete follow-up system was designed by the professionals. Questionnaires of Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects and relevant factors affecting the efficacy of therapy. RESULTS The results showed a decreasing trend in THI and VAS scores after 3 months of therapy, with statistically significant differences between pre- and post-therapy time points (P < 0.001). All patients were divided into 5 groups according to THI scores, and the mean reduction score in catastrophic, severe, moderate, mild and slight group was 28, 19, 11, 5, 0 respectively. The proportion of tinnitus patients with anxiety was higher than that with depression (70.57% and 40.65%, respectively), and there were statistically significant differences between HADS-A/D scores pre- and post-therapy. Binary logistic regression showed that the baseline of THI, VAS scores, the duration of tinnitus and the state of anxiety prior to therapy were significant influencing factors of therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of reduction in THI scores after music therapy depended on the severity of the patients' tinnitus, the higher the initial THI scores, the greater the potential for improvement in tinnitus disorders. Music therapy also reduced the anxiety and depression levels of tinnitus patients. Therefore, personalized and customized music therapy with a comprehensive follow-up system may be an effective treatment option for chronic tinnitus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Siyi Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiahua Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hongbo Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Tianyi Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Huadong Hospital Affiliated Fudan University, No. 221 West Yan'an Road, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Qian F, Jiang X, Chai R, Liu D. The Roles of Solute Carriers in Auditory Function. Front Genet 2022; 13:823049. [PMID: 35154281 PMCID: PMC8827148 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are important transmembrane transporters with members organized into 65 families. They play crucial roles in transporting many important molecules, such as ions and some metabolites, across the membrane, maintaining cellular homeostasis. SLCs also play important roles in hearing. It has been found that mutations in some SLC members are associated with hearing loss. In this review, we summarize SLC family genes related with hearing dysfunction to reveal the vital roles of these transporters in auditory function. This summary could help us understand the auditory physiology and the mechanisms of hearing loss and further guide future studies of deafness gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Wang J, Ding J, Song J, Hu L, Cong N, Han Z. A Prospective Study of the Effect of Tinnitus Sound Matching Degree on the Efficacy of Customized Sound Therapy in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2021; 84:229-237. [PMID: 34482306 DOI: 10.1159/000517631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore and compare the customized sound therapy effect between tinnitus sound matching and nonmatching patients in tinnitus customized sound therapy and therapy-related influencing factors. METHODS This prospective study investigated a total of 100 patients with unilateral chronic tinnitus who received customized sound therapy. The participants were dichotomously divided into matching (group A) and nonmatching (group B) groups after 4 stages of tinnitus matching via the tinnitus assistant app (provided by Sound Ocean Company, SuZhou, China). Each group consists of 50 participants. Before and 6 months after the treatment, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), and tinnitus loudness Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the customized sound therapy effect and explore other related influencing factors. RESULTS (1) The HADS-A, HADS-D, THI, and VAS scores of 2 groups were both significantly decreased after treatment. (2) The HADS-A and THI scores improved markedly in group A than that in group B, which could be related to the hearing loss of the tinnitus side ear before treatment; the lighter the degree of hearing loss, the better the improvement. No statistically significant differences were detected in HADS-D and VAS scores between the 2 groups, and also, these were not related to the degree of hearing loss. The differences in age, gender, and tinnitus duration did not show any statistically significant effect on the improvement of the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Both tinnitus sound matching and nonmatching of the customized sound therapy brought a significant effect to tinnitus participants. Our study also suggests that THI and HADS-A scores of those with tinnitus matching participants improved markedly as compared to those of nonmatching participants, and the customized sound therapy effect is negatively correlated with the severity of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- JinYu Wang
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Ding
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Hu
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Cong
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Eye Ear Nose & Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Auditory Medical Center, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China.,Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, HuaDong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ma K, Zhang A, She X, Yang H, Wang K, Zhu Y, Gao X, Cui B. Disruption of Glutamate Release and Uptake-Related Protein Expression After Noise-Induced Synaptopathy in the Cochlea. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720902. [PMID: 34422838 PMCID: PMC8373299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity noise can cause permanent hearing loss; however, short-duration medium-intensity noise only induces a temporary threshold shift (TTS) and damages synapses formed by inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion nerves. Synaptopathy is generally thought to be caused by glutamate excitotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the expression levels of vesicle transporter protein 3 (Vglut3), responsible for the release of glutamate; glutamate/aspartate transporter protein (GLAST), responsible for the uptake of glutamate; and Na+/K+-ATPase α1 coupled with GLAST, in the process of synaptopathy in the cochlea. The results of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and CtBP2 immunofluorescence revealed that synaptopathy was induced on day 30 after 100 dB SPL noise exposure in C57BL/6J mice. We found that GLAST and Na+/K+-ATPase α1 were co-localized in the cochlea, mainly in the stria vascularis, spiral ligament, and spiral ganglion cells. Furthermore, Vglut3, GLAST, and Na+/K+-ATPase α1 expression were disrupted after noise exposure. These results indicate that disruption of glutamate release and uptake-related protein expression may exacerbate the occurrence of synaptopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefeng Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Anran Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun She
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingwen Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Fan T, Xiang MY, Zhou RQ, Li W, Wang LQ, Guan PF, Li GL, Wang YF, Li J. Effect of Sodium Salicylate on Calcium Currents and Exocytosis in Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Implications for Tinnitus Generation. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:69-80. [PMID: 34235622 PMCID: PMC8782992 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium salicylate is an anti-inflammatory medication with a side-effect of tinnitus. Here, we used mouse cochlear cultures to explore the effects of salicylate treatment on cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs). We found that IHCs showed significant damage after exposure to a high concentration of salicylate. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that 1-5 mmol/L salicylate did not affect the exocytosis of IHCs, indicating that IHCs are not involved in tinnitus generation by enhancing their neuronal input. Instead, salicylate induced a larger peak amplitude, a more negative half-activation voltage, and a steeper slope factor of Ca2+ current. Using noise analysis of Ca2+ tail currents and qRT-PCR, we further found that salicylate increased the number of Ca2+ channels along with CaV1.3 expression. All these changes could act synergistically to enhance the Ca2+ influx into IHCs. Inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ overload significantly attenuated IHC death after 10 mmol/L salicylate treatment. These results implicate a cellular mechanism for tinnitus generation in the peripheral auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fan
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Meng-Ya Xiang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ruo-Qiao Zhou
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wen Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Li-Qin Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Peng-Fei Guan
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Geng-Lin Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yun-Feng Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EYE & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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Domarecka E, Olze H, Szczepek AJ. Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR) of Rats during Experimentally Induced Tinnitus: Literature Review. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120901. [PMID: 33255266 PMCID: PMC7760291 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is a subjective phantom sound perceived only by the affected person and a symptom of various auditory and non-auditory conditions. The majority of methods used in clinical and basic research for tinnitus diagnosis are subjective. To better understand tinnitus-associated changes in the auditory system, an objective technique measuring auditory sensitivity-the auditory brainstem responses (ABR)-has been suggested. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize ABR's features in a rat model during experimentally induced tinnitus. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databanks were searched using Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms: auditory brainstem response, tinnitus, rat. The search identified 344 articles, and 36 of them were selected for the full-text analyses. The experimental protocols and results were evaluated, and the gained knowledge was synthesized. A high level of heterogeneity between the studies was found regarding all assessed areas. The most consistent finding of all studies was a reduction in the ABR wave I amplitude following exposure to noise and salicylate. Simultaneously, animals with salicylate-induced but not noise-induced tinnitus had an increased amplitude of wave IV. Furthermore, the present study identified a need to develop a consensus experimental ABR protocol applied in future tinnitus studies using the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Domarecka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.D.); (H.O.)
| | - Heidi Olze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.D.); (H.O.)
| | - Agnieszka J. Szczepek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.D.); (H.O.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
- Correspondence:
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