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Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems continue to expand as markets for organic and naturally produced poultry meat and egg products increase. However, these production systems represent challenges associated with variable environmental conditions and exposure to foodborne pathogens. Consequently, there is a need to introduce feed additives that can support bird health and performance. There are several candidate feed additives with potential applications in alternative poultry production systems. Prebiotic compounds selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gastrointestinal microorganisms leading to improved health of the host and limiting the establishment of foodborne pathogens. The shift in the gastrointestinal microbiota and modulation of fermentation can inhibit the establishment of foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Both current and potential applications of prebiotics in alternative poultry production systems will be discussed in this review. Different sources and types of prebiotics that could be developed for alternative poultry production will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
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2
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Rothrock MJ, Locatelli A, Feye KM, Caudill AJ, Guard J, Hiett K, Ricke SC. A Microbiomic Analysis of a Pasture-Raised Broiler Flock Elucidates Foodborne Pathogen Ecology Along the Farm-To-Fork Continuum. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:260. [PMID: 31448296 PMCID: PMC6692657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While conventionally grown poultry continues to dominate the U. S. poultry industry, there is an increasing demand for locally-grown, "all natural" alternatives. The use of next generation sequencing allows for not only the gross (e.g., community structure) but also fine-scale (e.g., taxa abundances) examination of these complex microbial communities. This data provides a better understanding of how a pasture flock's microbiome changes throughout the production life cycle and how that change in microbial ecology changes foodborne pathogens in alternative poultry production systems. In order to understand this ecology better, pooled broiler samples were taken during the entire flock life cycle, from pre-hatch gastrointestinal samples (N = 12) to fecal samples from the brood (N = 5), and pasture (N = 10) periods. Additional samples were taken during processing, including skin and feather rinsates (N = 12), ceca (N = 12), and whole carcass rinses (N = 12), and finally whole carcasss rinsates of final products (N = 3). Genomic DNA was extracted, 16S rDNA microbiome sequencing was conducted (Illumina MiSeq), and microbiomes were analyzed and compared using QIIME 1.9.1 to determine how microbiomes shifted throughout production continuum, as well as what environmental factors may be influencing these shifts. Significant microbiome shifts occurred during the life cycle of the pasture broiler flock, with the brood and pasture fecal samples and cecal samples being very distinct from the other pre-hatch, processing, and final product samples. Throughout these varied microbiomes, there was a stable core microbiome containing 13 taxa. Within this core microbiome, five taxa represented known foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter) or potential/emerging pathogens (Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter) whose relative abundances varied throughout the farm-to-fork continuum, although all were more prevalent in the fecal samples. Additionally, of the 25 physiochemical and nutrient variables measured from the fecal samples, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was one of the most significant variables to warrant further investigations because it impacted both general fecal microbial ecology and Campylobacter and Enterococcus taxa within the core fecal microbiomes. These findings demonstrate the need for further longitudinal, farm-to-fork studies to understand the ecology of the microbial ecology of pasture production flocks to improve animal, environmental, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aude Locatelli
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Andrew J. Caudill
- Department of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelli Hiett
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Goonewardene KB, Popowich S, Gunawardana T, Gupta A, Kurukulasuriya S, Karunarathna R, Chow-Lockerbie B, Ahmed KA, Tikoo SK, Foldvari M, Willson P, Gomis S. Intrapulmonary Delivery of CpG-ODN Microdroplets Provides Protection Against Escherichia coli Septicemia in Neonatal Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2019; 61:503-511. [PMID: 29337617 DOI: 10.1637/11684-060617-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine phosphodiester guanine (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODN) are effective immunostimulatory agents against a variety of viral, bacterial, and protozoan diseases in different animals including poultry. We have recently demonstrated that in ovo injection of CpG-ODN confers protection in neonatal chickens against bacterial septicemias. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of needle-free intrapulmonary (IPL) delivery of CpG-ODN microdroplets against Escherichia coli infection in neonatal chicks. In the present study, we used 880 chicks in total keeping 40 chicks per group. Chicks were delivered CpG-ODN or saline by IPL at the day 1 of hatch. Three days later, chicks were challenged with two doses (1 × 104 CFU, n = 20 or 1 × 105 CFU, n = 20) of E. coli. Chicks treated with CpG-ODN by the IPL route had significantly lower clinical signs and bacterial load compared to the group treated with saline ( P < 0.05). CpG-ODN-treated groups were significantly protected against E. coli septicemia. We observed dose- and exposure time-dependent immunoprotective effects of IPL CpG-ODN in chicks. We found that IPL delivery of CpG-ODN can induce protective immunity as early as 6 hr that remains effective at least until day 5 post-treatment. Moreover, there were no adverse effects of IPL delivery of CpG-ODN on growth or mortality up to 42 days of age. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that CpG-ODN delivery by IPL route can be a promising alternative to antibiotics for inducing protective immunity in chicks during the critical first week of neonatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalhari Bandara Goonewardene
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Thushari Gunawardana
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shanika Kurukulasuriya
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ruwani Karunarathna
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Betty Chow-Lockerbie
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- B Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.,C Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, 7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- D School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Philip Willson
- E Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, SK S7N 5E5 Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- A Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
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Shi Z, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Applications of Microbiome Analyses in Alternative Poultry Broiler Production Systems. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:157. [PMID: 31179291 PMCID: PMC6543280 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While most of the focus on poultry microbiome research has been directed toward conventional poultry production, there is increasing interest in characterizing microbial populations originating from alternative or non-conventional poultry production. This is in part due to the growing general popularity in locally produced foods and more specifically the attractiveness of free-range or pasture raised poultry. Most of the focus of microbiome characterization in pasture flock birds has been on live bird production, primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Interest in environmental impacts on production responses and management strategies have been key factors for comparative microbiome studies. This has important ramifications since these birds are not only raised under different conditions, but the grower cycle can be longer and in some cases slower growing breeds used. The impact of different feed additives is also of interest with some microbiome-based studies having examined the effect of feeding these additives to birds grown under pasture flock conditions. In the future, microbiome research approaches offer unique opportunities to develop better live bird management strategies and design optimal feed additive approaches for pasture flock poultry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Kurukulsuriya S, Ahmed KA, Ojkic D, Gunawardana T, Gupta A, Goonewardene K, Karunaratne R, Popowich S, Willson P, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. Circulating strains of variant infectious bursal disease virus may pose a challenge for antibiotic-free chicken farming in Canada. Res Vet Sci 2016; 108:54-9. [PMID: 27663370 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic-free and safe animal products are most desirable among consumers. However, ensuring safe poultry products is a challenging task when the chicken immune system is compromised. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression and predisposes chickens to secondary infections. Breeder vaccination against IBDV is routinely practiced for producing chicks with maternally-derived antibody (MAb) to prevent infection in newly hatched chicks. The majority of IBDV circulating in Canadian farms are variant strains (vIBDV). Whether circulating vIBDV strains are immunosuppressive in chicks or are amenable to current vaccine regimens has not previously been tested through challenge studies. In this study, one-day-old broiler chicks (n=240) carrying MAb were obtained from broiler breeders vaccinated with commercial IBDV vaccines. In the first set of experiments (n=40/group), at six days post-hatch, one group was challenged with a Canadian field isolate, vIBDV (strain-SK09) (3×10(3) EID50). The second and the third groups (controls) were inoculated with non-immunosuppressive IBDV D-78 (10×10(3) TCID50) and saline, respectively. Histopathological examination on days 14 and 30 post-challenge revealed that despite the high level of MAb, vIBDV (SK09) caused severe bursal damage in chicks. Another set of experiments with treatment groups as above, demonstrated that pre-exposure of chicks with vIBDV (SK09) caused immunosuppression resulting in significantly higher mortality and disease severity in chicks challenged with a virulent strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli). Our data provide evidence that IBDV strains circulating in Canada are immunosuppressive, not amenable to current anti-IBDV vaccination strategy, and a potential threat to antibiotic-free chicken farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanika Kurukulsuriya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, P.O. Box 3612, Guelph, ON N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Thushari Gunawardana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Ruwani Karunaratne
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada
| | - Philip Willson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E5, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutic Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, SK, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E3, SK, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5B4, SK, Canada.
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Thanissery R, Kathariou S, Siletzky R, Smith D. Microbiology of prechill carcasses from medium- and fast-growing pastured broiler chicken strains. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Farnsworth ML, Miller RS, Pedersen K, Lutman MW, Swafford SR, Riggs PD, Webb CT. Environmental and demographic determinants of avian influenza viruses in waterfowl across the contiguous United States. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32729. [PMID: 22427870 PMCID: PMC3299682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza in North American poultry have been linked to wild waterfowl. A first step towards understanding where and when avian influenza viruses might emerge from North American waterfowl is to identify environmental and demographic determinants of infection in their populations. Laboratory studies indicate water temperature as one determinant of environmental viral persistence and we explored this hypothesis at the landscape scale. We also hypothesized that the interval apparent prevalence in ducks within a local watershed during the overwintering season would influence infection probabilities during the following breeding season within the same local watershed. Using avian influenza virus surveillance data collected from 19,965 wild waterfowl across the contiguous United States between October 2006 and September 2009 We fit Logistic regression models relating the infection status of individual birds sampled on their breeding grounds to demographic characteristics, temperature, and interval apparent prevalence during the preceding overwintering season at the local watershed scale. We found strong support for sex, age, and species differences in the probability an individual duck tested positive for avian influenza virus. In addition, we found that for every seven days the local minimum temperature fell below zero, the chance an individual would test positive for avian influenza virus increased by 5.9 percent. We also found a twelve percent increase in the chance an individual would test positive during the breeding season for every ten percent increase in the interval apparent prevalence during the prior overwintering season. These results suggest that viral deposition in water and sub-freezing temperatures during the overwintering season may act as determinants of individual level infection risk during the subsequent breeding season. Our findings have implications for future surveillance activities in waterfowl and domestic poultry populations. Further study is needed to identify how these drivers might interact with other host-specific infection determinants, such as species phylogeny, immunological status, and behavioral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Farnsworth
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Service, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
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Alali WQ, Thakur S, Berghaus RD, Martin MP, Gebreyes WA. Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Poultry Farms. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1363-71. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Q. Alali
- Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Roy D. Berghaus
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Michael P. Martin
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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