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Sogore T, Guo M, Sun N, Jiang D, Shen M, Ding T. Microbiological and chemical hazards in cultured meat and methods for their detection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13392. [PMID: 38865212 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cultured meat, which involves growing meat in a laboratory rather than breeding animals, offers potential benefits in terms of sustainability, health, and animal welfare compared to conventional meat production. However, the cultured meat production process involves several stages, each with potential hazards requiring careful monitoring and control. Microbial contamination risks exist in the initial cell collection from source animals and the surrounding environment. During cell proliferation, hazards may include chemical residues from media components such as antibiotics and growth factors, as well as microbial issues from improper bioreactor sterilization. In the differentiation stage where cells become muscle tissue, potential hazards include residues from scaffolding materials, microcarriers, and media components. Final maturation and harvesting stages risk environmental contamination from nonsterile conditions, equipment, or worker handling if proper aseptic conditions are not maintained. This review examines the key microbiological and chemical hazards that must be monitored and controlled during the manufacturing process for cultured meats. It describes some conventional and emerging novel techniques that could be applied for the detection of microbial and chemical hazards in cultured meat. The review also outlines the current evolving regulatory landscape around cultured meat and explains how thorough detection and characterization of microbiological and chemical hazards through advanced analytical techniques can provide crucial data to help develop robust, evidence-based food safety regulations specifically tailored for the cultured meat industry. Implementing new digital food safety methods is recommended for further research on the sensitive and effective detection of microbiological and chemical hazards in cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahirou Sogore
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meimei Guo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Donglei Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Mofei Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhongyuan Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, China
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de Brito SG, Dias TS, Dos Santos Machado L, de Souza JB, da Cunha NC, de Almeida Pereira VL, Barreto ML, de Mello Figueiredo Cerqueira A, Neves FPG. Detection of Mycoplasma spp. in free-living seabirds. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01409-8. [PMID: 38833117 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the presence of Mycoplasma spp. and identify the species of mycoplasma isolates obtained from seabirds found on Brazilian coastal beaches. Tracheal and cloacal swab samples were collected from 50 seabirds rescued by three conservation and marine animal rehabilitation centers located in Brazil. The tracheal and cloacal samples were subjected to mycoplasma culture and the isolates were identified through PCR. A "Mollicutes-specific" 16S rRNA PCR reaction was employed for triage. Four species-specific PCR reactions were used to detect Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, or M. gallinarum. The Mollicutes positive and species negative samples were submitted do 16S rRNA sequencing. Eighteen (36%) of 50 seabirds tested positive for mycoplasma by culture. In the PCR for the genus, 28 (56%) of 50 seabirds were positive for Mycoplasma spp., with 13 (26%) detected in the trachea, one (2%) in the cloaca, and 14 (28%) in both sites. In the species-specific PCR, M. gallisepticum was detected in 17.8%, and M. meleagridis in 17.8%. Both species were detected in 14.3%. Of the isolates not characterized at species level, we obtained ten sequences and they were divided into three clusters. The first cluster was closely related to M. meleagridis, the second to M. synoviae, and the third grouped M. tully, M. gallisepticum, and M. imitans. Four and five of nine species of seabirds studied had mycoplasma detected by culture or PCR, respectively. Mycoplasmas were found in the majority of the animals studied, with the highest prevalence proportionally found in Sula leucogaster, and the lowest in Fregata magnificens. The phylogenetic analysis identified Mycoplasma spp. adapted to aquatic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Gomes de Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em Microbiologia E Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Thomas Salles Dias
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Machado
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jenif Braga de Souza
- Instituto de Ciência E Tecnologia Em Biomodelos (ICTB), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Costa da Cunha
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Virginia Léo de Almeida Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária E Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Barreto
- Departamento de Imunologia (GIM), Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Piedade Gonçalves Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu Em Microbiologia E Parasitologia Aplicadas (PPGMPA), da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia E Parasitologia (MIP), Instituto Biomédico (CMB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Al-Natour MQ, Rohaim MA, El Naggar RF, Abdelsabour MA, Afify AF, Madbouly YM, Munir M. Respiratory disease complex due to mixed viral infections in chicken in Jordan. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103565. [PMID: 38417340 PMCID: PMC10907842 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The global distribution of avian respiratory viruses highlights the need for effective surveillance programs and international collaboration to monitor viral circulation and implement timely control measures. In the current study, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of avian respiratory viral infections in the poultry flocks in Jordan, focusing on the major viruses involved, their epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and evolution based on viroinformatics that will be helpful to improve the diagnostic methods, and control strategies including vaccines in the region. In this research, various poultry broiler groups in Jordan experiencing respiratory symptoms were tested for respiratory viral pathogens from January 2021 to February 2022. The mortality rates observed in the examined groups varied between 6% and 40%. The identified strains were authenticated using the RT-qPCR assay. Furthermore, they underwent in-depth characterisation through the sequencing of the complete spike (S1) gene for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and the haemagglutinin (HA) gene for avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2. Co-infection of IBV and AIV H9N2 viruses was detected through molecular analysis. The IBV strains showed affiliation with the variant groups GI-16 (3 strains) and GI-23 (9 strains) and exhibited numerous mutations. Meanwhile, H9N2 avian influenza viruses displayed various changes in amino acids within the HA gene, suggesting the influence of antibody-driven selection pressure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H9N2 viruses identified in this investigation shared close genetic ties with EG3 (3 strains) and the Middle East group (ME1; 8 strains). These strains have been recently found in Jordan and nearby countries in the Middle East. Moreover, their HA genes exhibited similarities to viruses belonging to the G1-like lineage. In conclusion, avian respiratory viral infections remain a significant concern for the poultry industry, requiring constant vigilance and proactive measures to minimise their impact. Continued surveillance, robust diagnostic methods, effective vaccines, and international cooperation are essential components of a comprehensive approach to combat avian respiratory viral infections (AI, IBV, ND and ILT 'viruses) and safeguard avian health and global poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Q Al-Natour
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary Pathology & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Rohaim
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rania F El Naggar
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat 32897, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdelsabour
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Afify
- Department of Virology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Yahia M Madbouly
- Department of Poultry Viral Vaccines, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI), Agriculture Research Centre (ARC), Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt.
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Yadav JP, Singh Y, Batra K, Khurana SK, Mahajan NK, Jindal N. Molecular detection of respiratory avian mycoplasmosis associated bacterial and viral concurrent infections in the poultry flocks. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:1474-1482. [PMID: 35112639 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2032725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are of serious concern to the poultry industry. The present study was aimed to delineate the extent of respiratory avian mycoplasmosis associated bacterial and viral concurrent infections in the poultry flocks. A total of 146 poultry flocks of Haryana and Rajasthan, India, suspected for chronic respiratory disease (CRD) were screened for avian mycoplasmas, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. A total of 49.31% (72/146) flocks were found positive for Mycoplasma infection. Of the Mycoplasma-positive flocks, 80.55% (58/72) represented pathogenic avian mycoplasmas (MG and/or MS), while 19.44% (14/72) flocks were positive for commensal avian mycoplasmas (other than MG and MS). A correlation was deduced between avian mycoplasmosis and bacterial and/or viral co-infections. The results revealed that 17.24% (10/58) flocks had only avian mycoplasmosis infection. However, in the remaining flocks, the avian mycoplasmosis was associated either with APEC infection [17.24% (10/58)], IBV infection [43.10% (25/58)], or both APEC and IBV infections [22.41% (13/58)], respectively. Further epidemiological studies on respiratory avian mycoplasmosis associated concurrent infections with other pathogens are recommended to assess circulating strains, risk factors, and economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Yarvendra Singh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | | | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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Ma X, Wang L, Yang F, Li J, Guo L, Guo Y, He S. Drug sensitivity and genome-wide analysis of two strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with different biofilm intensity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196747. [PMID: 37621399 PMCID: PMC10445764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major causative agents of chronic respiratory diseases in poultry. The biofilms of MG are highly correlated to its chronic infection. However data on genes involved in biofilm formation ability are still scarse. MG strains with distinct biofilm intensity were screened by crystal violet staining morphotyped and characterized for the drug sensitivity. Two MG strains NX-01 and NX-02 showed contrasted ability to biofilm formation. The biofilm formation ability of NX-01 strain was significantly higher than that of NX-02 strain (p < 0.01). The drug sensitivity test showed that the stronger the ability of MG stain to form biofilms, the weaker its sensitivity to 17 antibiotic drugs. Moreover, putative key genes related to biofilm formation were screened by genome-wide analysis. A total of 13 genes and proteins related to biofilm formation, including ManB, oppA, oppD, PDH, eno, RelA, msbA, deoA, gapA, rpoS, Adhesin P1 precursor, S-adenosine methionine synthetase, and methionyl tRNA synthetase were identified. There were five major discrepancies between the two isolated MG strains and the five NCBI-published MG strains. These findings provide potential targets for inhibiting the formation of biofilm of MG, and lay a foundation for treating chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ma
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jidong Li
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Ningxia Xiaoming Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Yinchuan, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shenghu He
- Clinical Veterinary Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
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6
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Bashashati M, Shojaei M, Sabouri F. Pathogenic bacteria associated with outbreaks of respiratory disease in Iranian broiler farms. Vet Med Sci 2023. [PMID: 37210710 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-causal respiratory infections are more commonly observed than uncomplicated cases with single agents in the commercial poultry industry. Recently, increased mortality rates associated with respiratory clinical signs have been reported in Iranian broiler farms. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine the spectra of avian mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, MG and Mycoplasma synoviae, MS) and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) in the broiler farms with the multi-causal respiratory disease (MCRD) from 2017 to 2020. METHODS Trachea and lung tissue samples were collected from 70 broiler flocks presenting increased mortality and acute respiratory disease. MG, MS, and ORT were detected by performing polymerase chain reaction with primers complementary to the 16S rRNA, vlhA, and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. RESULTS Genetic materials of MG, MS, and ORT were detected in five, three, and five of the 70 flocks. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the complete mgc2 coding sequences, all MG strains formed a distinct cluster along with other Iranian MG isolates. According to the phylogenetic analysis of the partial vlhA gene of MS strains, two isolates were located along with Australian and European strains. In addition, one of them displayed an out-group association with MS isolates from Jordan. Phylogenetic analysis of Iranian ORT strains using a partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene showed a distinct group among the other ORT strains. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that MG, MS, and ORT are not predominantly responsible for the MCRD. However, continuous monitoring of poultry flocks could be significant for obtaining valuable information related to different MG, MS, and ORT strains and designing effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bashashati
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shojaei
- Department of Aerobic Bacterial Research and Vaccine Production, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Sabouri
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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7
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Luo R, Fan C, Jiang G, Hu F, Wang L, Guo Q, Zou M, Wang Y, Wang T, Sun Y, Peng X. Andrographolide restored production performances and serum biochemical indexes and attenuated organs damage in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected broilers. Br Poult Sci 2022; 64:164-175. [PMID: 36222587 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2128987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study aimed to study the preventive and therapeutic effects of andrographolide (Andro) during Mycoplasma gallisepticum HS strain (MG) infection in ArborAcres (AA) broilers.2. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Andro against MG was measured. Broiler body weight, feed efficiency, morbidity, cure rate and mortality were recorded during the experiment. Air sac lesion scores and immune organ index were calculated. Expression of pMGA1.2 in lung tissue and serum biochemical indices were examined. Histopathological examinations of immune organs, liver, trachea and lung tissue were conducted by Haematoxylin and Eosin stain.3. MIC was 3.75 μg/mL and Andro significantly inhibited the expression of pMGA1.2 (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with control MG-infected group, Andro low-dose and high-dose prevention reduced the morbidity of chronic respiratory disease in 40.00% and 50.00%, respectively. Mortality of C, D and E group was 16.67%, 10.00% and 6.67%, respectively. Cure rate of E, F, G and H group was 92.00%, 92.86%, 93.33% and 100.0%, respectively. Compared with control MG-infected group, Andro treatment significantly increased average weight gain (AWG), relative weight gain rate (RWG) and feed conversion rate (FCR) at 18 to 24 days (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with control group, Andro alone treatment significantly increased AWG in broilers (P ≤ 0.05).4. Compared with control MG-infected group, Andro significantly attenuated MG-induced air sac lesion, immune organs, liver, trachea and lung damage in broilers. Andro alone treatment did not induce abnormal morphological changes in these organs in healthy broilers. Serum biochemical analysis results showed, comparing with control MG-infected group, Andro significantly decreased the content of total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, and increased the albumin/globulin ratio and content of alkaline phosphatase, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A-I in a dose-dependent manner (P ≤ 0.05).5. Andro could act as a potential agent against MG infection in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - C Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - G Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - F Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - L Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Q Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - M Zou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - T Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education; College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Sui C, Cui H, Ji J, Xu X, Kan Y, Yao L, Bi Y, Zhang X, Xie Q. Epidemiological investigations and locally determined genotype diversity of Mycoplasma synoviae in Central China from 2017 to 2019. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101522. [PMID: 34818613 PMCID: PMC8626675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) has been identified worldwide to cause respiratory diseases, infectious synovitis, airsacculitis, and eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) in commercial chickens, which results in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry. Therefore, in this study, 258 flocks were investigated between 2017 and 2019 for M. synoviae by screening samples from Central China. Subsequently, 129 M. synoviae strains were isolated, with a positive rate of 50%. Moreover, a higher incidence of M. Synoviae infections was in layers (74.1%) than in broilers (20%) in this study. The 5′-end conserved segment of the variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene of these isolates was then cloned and sequenced because it is a common genomic target identified so far for M. synoviae genotyping. Genotyping of all isolates was based on the phylogenetic analysis and length analysis of the proline-rich-repeat (PRR) regions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 5′-end conserved segment of the vlhA gene (76–421 nt) assigned the majority of the occurring strains as being from group 6, and others from groups 2 and 3. Results identified that these isolates were of 6 types: A (38aa), D (23aa), E (19aa), I (28aa), J (20aa), and L (35aa), based on the size of the PRR region analysis. Furthermore, most of the isolates (81.4% were identified as type L. Additionally, the epidemic types included only I and L in 2017; however, the types rose to 5 (A, D, E, I, L) in 2018 and rose to 6 (A, D, E, I, J, L) in 2019. These data showed the genotype diversity of M. synoviae in Central China. The high rate of positive flocks suggests the urgent need to take real-time supervisory controls of this Mycoplasma species in avian flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoge Sui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Hao Cui
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Khantour AE, Houadfi ME, Nassik S, Tligui NS, Mellouli FE, Sikht FZ, Ducatez MF, Soulaymani A, Fellahi S. Protective Efficacy Evaluation of Four Inactivated Commercial Vaccines Against Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Virus Under Experimental Conditions in Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:351-357. [PMID: 34427407 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza vaccines are commonly used in the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to compare, under experimental conditions, the protective efficacy of four imported commercial inactivated H9N2 vaccines (A, B, C, and D) in broiler chickens. A total of 150 one-day-old chicks were divided into six groups: four experimental groups, each containing 30 chicks, received one of the vaccines (A, B, C, or D) delivered in a 0.3-ml dose subcutaneously at 1 day of age, whereas the control, Group T, was not vaccinated but challenged and Group E was kept unvaccinated and unchallenged. At 21 days postvaccination, Groups A, B, C, D, and T were challenged with 107 embryo infective dose 50% of A/Chicken/Morocco/01/2016 (H9N2). All chicks were observed daily for clinical signs during the 12 days postchallenge (dpc). At 5 and 12 dpc, chicks were euthanatized for necropsy examination. Blood samples were collected weekly for serologic analysis and oropharyngeal swabs were collected for virus detection by real-time RT-PCR. Respiratory signs started at 48 hr pc and maximum severity was observed on 9 dpc. Chiefly, the birds vaccinated with vaccine B showed significantly more respiratory signs than did their counterparts. Serologic analysis revealed that the sera of Groups A and D birds showed a decrease in antibody (Ab) levels up to day 26; then a slight increase of Ab level was observed until day 31, while Group B and C birds showed a stabilization of the titers from day 21 until the end of the experiment. The viral shedding rate was significantly lower in Groups C and A (40%-50% of the birds shed virus for <7 days) compared with other challenged groups (60%-75% of the birds shed virus for ≥9 days). This experiment illustrated that vaccination applied on the first day in the hatchery with the four vaccines tested did not provide an acceptable protection against H9N2 in comparison with the controls that did not receive any vaccine. However, at first glance, we might favor vaccines A and C for their ability to reduce and shorten viral shedding as compared with vaccines B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrazak El Khantour
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000).,Division de la pharmacie et des Intrants vétérinaires; Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires(ONSSA). Rue Ikhlas Cym BP 4509 Akkari. Rabat, Morocco (10050)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Saadia Nassik
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Nour Said Tligui
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Fatiha El Mellouli
- Laboratoire régional d'analyses et de recherches de Casablanca (lRARC); ONSSA, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima-Zohra Sikht
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000)
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- Unité mixte de recherche, Institut National de Recherche Agricole/Ecole Vétérinaire de Toulouse 1225, Université de Toulouse, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Abdelmajid Soulaymani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé. Faculté des Sciences de Kénitra Université Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco (14000)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Unité de Pathologie Aviaire, Département de Pathologie et Santé Publique Vétérinaire, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco (10000), ,
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10
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Xu B, Chen X, Lu F, Sun Y, Sun H, Zhang J, Shen L, Pan Q, Liu C, Zhang X. Comparative Genomics of Mycoplasma synoviae and New Targets for Molecular Diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:640067. [PMID: 33681335 PMCID: PMC7933220 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.640067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae is an important pathogen of poultry, causing significant economic losses in this industry. Analysis of the unique genes and shared genes among different M. synoviae strains and among related species is helpful for studying the molecular pathogenesis of M. synoviae and provides valuable molecular diagnostic targets to facilitate the identification of M. synoviae species. We selected a total of 46 strains, including six M. synoviae strains, from 25 major animal (including avian) Mycoplasma species/subspecies that had complete genome sequences and annotation information published in GenBank, and used them for comparative genomic analysis. After analysis, 16 common genes were found in the 46 strains. Thirteen single-copy core genes and the 16s rRNA genes were used for genetic evolutionary analysis. M. synoviae was found to have a distant evolutionary relationship not only with other arthritis-causing mycoplasmas, but also with another major avian pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, that shares the major virulence factor vlhA with M. synoviae. Subsequently, six unique coding genes were identified as shared among these M. synoviae strains that are absent in other species with published genome sequences. Two of the genes were found to be located in the genetically stable regions of the genomes of M. synoviae and were determined to be present in all M. synoviae isolated strains (n = 20) and M. synoviae-positive clinical samples (n = 48) preserved in our laboratory. These two genes were used as molecular diagnostic targets for which SYBR green quantitative PCR detection methods were designed. The two quantitative PCR methods exhibited good reproducibility and high specificity when tested on positive plasmid controls and genomic DNA extracted from different M. synoviae strains, other major avian pathogenic bacteria/mycoplasmas, and low pathogenic Mycoplasma species. The detection limit for the two genes was 10 copies or less per reaction. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the quantitative PCR methods were both 100% based on testing chicken hock joint samples with positive or negative M. synoviae infection. This research provides a foundation for the study of species-specific differences and molecular diagnosis of M. synoviae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Shen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qunxing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanmin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Ishfaq M, Chen C, Bao J, Zhang W, Wu Z, Wang J, Liu Y, Tian E, Hamid S, Li R, Ding L, Li J. Baicalin ameliorates oxidative stress and apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial dynamics in the spleen of chickens via the opposite modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway during Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6296-6310. [PMID: 31376349 PMCID: PMC8913776 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection produces a profound inflammatory response in the respiratory tract and evade birds' immune recognition to establish a chronic infection. Previous reports documented that the flavonoid baicalin possess potent anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, whether baicalin prevent immune dysfunction is largely unknown. In the present study, the preventive effects of baicalin were determined on oxidative stress generation and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens infected with MG. Histopathological examination showed abnormal morphological changes including cell hyperplasia, lymphocytes depletion, and the red and white pulp of spleen were not clearly visible in the model group. Oxidative stress-related parameters were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the model group. However, baicalin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated oxidative stress and partially alleviated the abnormal morphological changes in the chicken spleen compared to model group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick endlabeling assay results, mRNA, and protein expression levels of mitochondrial apoptosis-related genes showed that baicalin significantly attenuated apoptosis. Moreover, baicalin restored the mRNA expression of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes and maintain the balance between mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. Intriguingly, the protective effects of baicalin were associated with the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway and suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the spleen of chicken. In summary, these findings indicated that baicalin promoted mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and effectively prevents oxidative stress and apoptosis in the splenocytes of chickens infected with MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishfaq
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Bao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Erjie Tian
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Sattar Hamid
- Department of Animal health, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Rui Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Liangjun Ding
- College of life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, P. R. China
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12
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Abd El-Hamid MI, Awad NFS, Hashem YM, Abdel-Rahman MA, Abdelaziz AM, Mohammed IAA, Abo-Shama UH. In vitro evaluation of various antimicrobials against field mycoplasma gallisepticum and mycoplasma synoviae isolates in Egypt. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6281-6288. [PMID: 31579902 PMCID: PMC8913763 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Among many avian mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) are recognized as the main etiological agents of respiratory diseases and infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys causing tremendous economic losses worldwide. Therefore, proper treatment is promoted for the control of these diseases. This study was the first in Egypt to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of various antimicrobials against field MG and MS isolates recovered from chicken and turkey flocks using both conventional broth microdilution and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Totally, 47 mycoplasma isolates were recovered from 160 collected tracheal samples (29.4%). Of these, 44 MG (27.5%) and 3 MS (1.9%) were identified using conventional and molecular assays. The in vitro susceptibilities of 4 representative mycoplasma field isolates (3 MG and one MS) to 8 antibiotics and 4 essential oils were investigated. The tested isolates showed various susceptibilities to tested antimicrobials. Toldin CRD, followed by clove, cumin, and cinnamon oils were effective against both MG and MS clinical isolates with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.49 to 15.63 µg/mL. Similarly, tylvalosin was the most active antibiotic against MG and MS isolates with the lowest MIC values (0.015 to 0.03 µg/mL). DNA loads of both MG mgc2 and MS vlhA genes were markedly decreased upon treatment with majority of the tested antimicrobials confirming their effectiveness as was also evaluated by conventional MIC results. In conclusion, Toldin CRD and tylvalosin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials in this study. This finding highlights the importance of using these antimicrobials in controlling mycoplasma infections in chickens and turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Naglaa F S Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Yousreya M Hashem
- Department of Mycoplasma Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura branch 35511, Egypt
| | - Adel M Abdelaziz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab. Ministry of Environment, Water &Agriculture, KSA; Veterinary Education Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Imad A A Mohammed
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Usama H Abo-Shama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
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13
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Bao J, Wu Z, Ishfaq M, Miao Y, Li R, Clifton AC, Ding L, Li J. Comparison of Experimental Infection of Normal and Immunosuppressed Chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:5-12. [PMID: 32138843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Four different models of infection of chickens with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) were evaluated. Normal or immunosuppressed chicks (10 days old) were infected with the MG Rlow strain via eye and nasal drops or by direct air sac injection. Bacterial load in the lungs was quantified and air sac and tracheal lesion scores, tracheal mucosal thickness and humoral immune responses were assessed. Serum antibody responses were assessed by use of a serum plate agglutination test. Three days post infection (dpi), all immunosuppressed chicks had developed significant respiratory signs. Chicks infected via air sac injection had significant differences in serum antibody and gross lesion scores at 5 dpi. All chicks had developed pathological changes by 7 dpi. Air sac inoculation of immunosuppressed chicks produced more significant (P ≤0.05) lesions, and these birds had the highest bacterial load in the lungs compared with other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Z Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - M Ishfaq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - Y Miao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | - R Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China
| | | | - L Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - J Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China.
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14
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Abdelaziz AM, Mohamed MHA, Fayez MM, Al-Marri T, Qasim I, Al-Amer AA. Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective). Vet World 2019; 12:1975-1986. [PMID: 32095050 PMCID: PMC6989313 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1975-1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. Materials and Methods: A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR. Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses. Conclusion: Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Abdelaziz
- Veterinary Educational Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.,Department of Avian Diseases, Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud H A Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Fayez
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia.,Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Theeb Al-Marri
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Qasim
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Al-Amer
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
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15
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Mycoplasmosis in poultry: update on diagnosis and preventive measures. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Samy A, Naguib MM. Avian Respiratory Coinfection and Impact on Avian Influenza Pathogenicity in Domestic Poultry: Field and Experimental Findings. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E23. [PMID: 29495276 PMCID: PMC5876583 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian respiratory system hosts a wide range of commensal and potential pathogenic bacteria and/or viruses that interact with each other. Such interactions could be either synergistic or antagonistic, which subsequently determines the severity of the disease complex. The intensive rearing methods of poultry are responsible for the marked increase in avian respiratory diseases worldwide. The interaction between avian influenza with other pathogens can guarantee the continuous existence of other avian pathogens, which represents a global concern. A better understanding of the impact of the interaction between avian influenza virus and other avian respiratory pathogens provides a better insight into the respiratory disease complex in poultry and can lead to improved intervention strategies aimed at controlling virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt.
- Zoonosis Science Centre, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Box 582, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Infectious Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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A brief summary of the epidemiology and genetic relatedness of avian influenza H9N2 virus in birds and mammals in the Middle East and North Africa. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3320-3333. [PMID: 29168447 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 is the most widespread avian influenza virus subtype in poultry worldwide. It infects a broad spectrum of host species including birds and mammals. Infections in poultry and humans vary from silent to fatal. Importantly, all AIV, which are fatal in humans (e.g. H5N1, H7N9) acquired their 'internal' gene segments from H9N2 viruses. Although H9N2 is endemic in the Middle East (ME) and North Africa since the late 1990s, little is known about its epidemiology and genetics on a regional level. In this review, we summarised the epidemiological situation of H9N2 in poultry and mammals in Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. The virus has been isolated from humans in Egypt and serosurveys indicated widespread infection particularly among poultry workers and pigs in some countries. Some isolates replicated well in experimentally inoculated dogs, mice, hamsters and ferrets. Insufficient protection of immunised poultry was frequently reported most likely due to concurrent viral or bacterial infections and antigenic drift of the field viruses from outdated vaccine strains. Genetic analysis indicated several distinct phylogroups including a panzootic genotype in the Asian and African parts of the ME, which may be useful for the development of vaccines. The extensive circulation of H9N2 for about 20 years in this region where the H5N1 virus is also endemic in some countries, poses a serious public health threat. Regional surveillance and control strategy are highly recommended.
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Umar S, Tanweer M, Iqbal M, Shahzad A, Hassan F, Usman M, Sarwar F, Qadir H, Asif S, Un-Nisa Q, Younus M, Ali A, Akbar M, Towakal F, Shah MA. RETRACTED: Mycoplasma synoviae vaccine modifies virus shedding and immune responses of avian influenza (H9N2) infection in commercial layers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3086-3095. [PMID: 28854756 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The authors retract the above paper due to: 1) conflict of interest among the authors; and 2) addition of co-author Dr. Muhammad Younus without his knowledge or permission. The authors apologize for these two grave mistakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Umar
- Department of Pathobiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Mudassar Iqbal
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Asad Shahzad
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Hassan
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Fozia Sarwar
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Hajra Qadir
- Veterinary Officer, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Asif
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Un-Nisa
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan
| | - Asif Ali
- Veterinary Officer, Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Akbar
- Poultry Research Institute (PRI), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Pathobiology, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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19
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Sun SK, Lin X, Chen F, Wang DA, Lu JP, Qin JP, Luo TR. Epidemiological investigation of Mycoplasma Synoviae in native chicken breeds in China. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:115. [PMID: 28441945 PMCID: PMC5405555 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Mycoplasma synoviae (M. synoviae) is widely distributed around the world, and leads to serious economic losses in the world every year. Nevertheless, the incidence and epidemiology of M. synoviae infection in China have remained unclear. Results In this study we demonstrate that over 9773 broiler chicken flocks in 16 Chinese provinces were affected by M. synoviae between 2010 and 2015. Our epidemiological study revealed that M. synoviae was widely prevalent in multi-aged Chinese native breeder chickens, and the prevalence of M. synoviae in embryos of breeders reached up to 16.29%. In addition, our data showed that chickens aged 14 days or younger carried simultaneously high levels of maternal antibody against M. synoviae and high M. synoviae infection (10%), and low M. synoviae antibody levels in breeders and high proportion of M. synoviae infection in embryos could increase the chances of incidence in the offspring. Finally, our results also indicated that 3- to 7-week-old chickens might be most the susceptible to M. synoviae and, therefore, might play a key role in the horizontal transmission of M. synoviae. Conclusion Our findings suggest that M. synoviae is widely circulating in Chinese native chickens, accordingly, effective control measures are urgently needed to control the spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.,Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527439, China
| | - Xin Lin
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527439, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Ding-Ai Wang
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527439, China
| | - Jun-Peng Lu
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527439, China
| | - Jian-Ping Qin
- Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory for Animal Health and Environmental Control, WENS Group Academy, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527439, China.
| | - Ting-Rong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China.
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Molecular Survey of Respiratory and Immunosuppressive Pathogens Associated with Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype and Virulent Newcastle Disease Viruses in Commercial Chicken Flocks. J Poult Sci 2017; 54:179-184. [PMID: 32908424 PMCID: PMC7477123 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was carried out in 48 poultry flocks to elucidate the roles of various complicating pathogens involved along with Newcastle disease (ND)/ low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks. Necropsy was conducted and samples were collected for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Influenza A virus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), pathogenic bacteria; molecular detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), fowl adeno virus (FAV), chicken anaemia virus (CAV), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The isolation results confirmed that 18/48 flocks (37%) were positive for the presence of hemagglutinating agents. Out of 18 hemagglutination (HA) positive flocks, 11 flocks (61%) were positive for both avian influenza virus (AIV) and NDV; 4 flocks (22%) were positive for NDV; and 3 flocks (17%) were positive for AIV. Sequence analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of AIV revealed that all were belonging to LPAI-H9N2 subtype. Sequence analysis of F gene of NDV revealed that they belong to virulent type. The PCR results confirmed the presence of three to seven etiological agents (CAV, FAV, ILTV, MG, MS and avian pathogenic E. coli along with LPAI/NDV from all the 18 HA-positive flocks. The detection rate of triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple and sevenfold infections was 17% (3 flocks), 28% (5 flocks), 11%, (2 flocks) 28% (5 flocks) and 17% (3 flocks), respectively. In conclusion, the disease complex involved more than one pathogen, primarily resulting from the interplay between LPAI-H9N2 and NDV; subsequently this could be exacerbated by co-infection with other agents which may cause exacerbated outbreaks that may otherwise go undetected in field.
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21
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Kuo HC, Lo DY, Chen CL, Tsai YL, Ping JF, Lee CH, Lee PYA, Chang HFG. Rapid and sensitive detection of Mycoplasma synoviae by an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction-based assay on a field-deployable device. Poult Sci 2016; 96:35-41. [PMID: 27389062 PMCID: PMC5161023 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), causing respiratory diseases, arthritis, and eggshell apex abnormalities in avian species, is an important pathogen in the poultry industry. Implementation of a biosecurity plan is important in MS infection management. Working on a field-deployable POCKIT™ device, an insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR) assay has a potential for timely MS detection on the farm. The MS iiPCR assay had limit of detection 95% of about 9 genome equivalents by testing serial dilutions of a standard DNA. The detection endpoint of the assay for detection of MS genomic DNA was comparable to a reference real-time PCR. The assay did not crossreact with other important avian pathogens, including avian reovirus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, and Salmonella Pullorum. When 92 synovial fluid and respiratory tract swab samples collected from chickens, turkeys, and geese suspected of MS infection were tested, the clinical performance of the MS iiPCR had 97.8% agreement (Cohen's kappa value, 0.95) with that of the reference real-time PCR. In conclusion, the MS iiPCR/POCKIT™ system, working with field-deployable manual or automatic nucleic acid extraction methods, has potential to serve as a rapid and sensitive on-site tool to facilitate timely detection of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chih Kuo
- Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan of Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Dan-Yuan Lo
- Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan of Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Lin Chen
- Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan of Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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22
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Peebles ED, Jacob R, Branton SL, Evans JD, Leigh SA, Gerard PD. Effects of different vaccine combinations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of commercial egg-laying hens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2898-904. [PMID: 26467015 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a major and economically significant pathogen of avian species. When administered before lay, F-strain MG (FMG) can reduce egg production during lay, but the ts-11 strain of MG (ts11MG) does not exert this effect. Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of pre-lay vaccinations of ts11MG, MG-Bacterin (MGBac), or their combination, in conjunction with an FMG vaccination overlay after peak production on the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of Hy-Line W-36 layers housed in biological isolation units (4 units per treatment, 10 birds per unit). The following vaccination treatments were administered at 10 wk of age (woa): 1) Control (no vaccinations); 2) MGBac; 3) ts11MG; and 4) ts11MG and MGBac combination (ts11MG+MGBac). At 45 woa, half of the birds were vaccinated with a laboratory stock of high passage FMG. In both trials, parameters determined in 4 birds per unit at 55 woa included: BW; fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome incidence; mean number of mature ovarian follicles; ovarian, oviduct, and small intestine weights; and the weights and lengths of the various portions of the oviduct and small intestine. Treatment effects were observed for the weights of the entire small intestine and the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as percentages of BW; and for vagina weight as a percentage of total oviduct weight. In general, the weights of the small intestine and its 3 components were increased in response to the FMG vaccine that was administered at 45 woa. An FMG vaccination at 45 woa may increase relative intestine weight in layers; however, use of a prelay MGBac vaccine alone or in combination with ts11MG, with or without an FMG overlay, does not affect the gross characteristics of their digestive and reproductive organs, and may be used without having an adverse effect on their performance, as was observed in a previous companion study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University
| | - R Jacob
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University
| | - S L Branton
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - J D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - S A Leigh
- USDA-ARS, Poultry Research Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - P D Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
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