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Acar MC, Türkekul B, Karahan Uysal Ö, Özkan S, Yalcin S. Effects of Partial Replacement of Soybean with Local Alternative Sources on Growth, Blood Parameters, Welfare, and Economic Indicators of Local and Commercial Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:314. [PMID: 38275775 PMCID: PMC10812567 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of the partial replacement of soybean with alternative local agri-industry by-products and black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal on broiler growth performance, blood biochemistry, welfare, and, subsequently, economic performance of these diets were evaluated. A total of 524 day-old chicks from a local and a commercial strain were fed one of the three diets from the day of hatch to the slaughter age. The diets were the following: a soybean-based control diet, a diet in which soybean was partially replaced (SPR) with agri-industrial by-products, or a diet with BSF larvae meal added to the SPR (SPR + BSF). There was no effect of the diets on the slaughter weight, total feed consumption, and feed conversion of the chickens. The SPR + BSF diet reduced the blood glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels in the local chickens and the gamma-glutamyl transferase, protein, and creatinine levels in the commercial broilers. The negative effect of the SPR diet on plumage cleanliness in the commercial broilers was alleviated by the SPR + BSF diet, whereas 100% of the local birds presented either slight or moderate soiling. The results showed that, due to the high cost of the BSF larvae meal, the SPR + BSF diet was not economically feasible. In a further study, the price trends of BSF larvae will be examined from the standpoint of economic profitability conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muazzez Cömert Acar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
| | - Berna Türkekul
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (B.T.); (Ö.K.U.)
| | - Özlem Karahan Uysal
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (B.T.); (Ö.K.U.)
| | - Sezen Özkan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
| | - Servet Yalcin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100 İzmir, Türkiye; (M.C.A.); (S.Ö.)
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Qiu K, Wang XC, Wang J, Wang H, Qi GH, Zhang HJ, Wu SG. Comparison of amino acid digestibility of soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and low-gossypol cottonseed meal between broilers and laying hens. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:619-628. [PMID: 36108696 PMCID: PMC9996273 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) fed to broiler chickens and laying hens. METHODS Three semi-purified diets containing the identical crude protein concentration at 20% were formulated to contain SBM, CSM, or LCSM as the sole source of N. A N-free diet was also formulated to estimate the basal ileal endogenous losses of AA for broilers and hens. A total of 300 male Ross 308 chicks at one-day-old and 144 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 30-week-old with initial egg production rate of 88.3%±1.0% were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments, respectively. RESULTS CSM and LCSM showed more Arg and Cys+Met while less Lys, Ile, Leu, and Thr relative to SBM. Significant interactions existed between species and experimental diets for AID (except for Arg, Asp, Glu, Gly, and Pro) and SID (except for Arg, His, and Phe) of most AA. Most AA in diets showed higher AID (except for Lys) and SID (except for Lys, Met, and Ser) in broilers relative to laying hens. The AID and SID of all AA were significantly different between the three diets. In broilers, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg in SBM and LCSM was higher than CSM. In laying hens, the AID and SID of most indispensable AA except for Arg, Met+Cys, and Phe in SBM was higher than CSM and LCSM. CONCLUSION The accurate determination of AID and SID of AA in CSM and LCSM for broilers and layers benefits the application of CSM and LCSM in chicken diets. The cottonseed by-products CSM or LCSM showed the species-specific AA digestibility values for broilers and layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Elling-Staats ML, Kies AK, Cone JW, Pellikaan WF, Kwakkel RP. An in vitro model for caecal proteolytic fermentation potential of ingredients in broilers. Animal 2023; 17:100768. [PMID: 37011455 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of protein in the caeca of chickens may lead to the production of potentially detrimental metabolites, which can reduce gut health. A poor precaecal digestion is expected to increase protein fermentation (PF), as more proteins are likely to enter the caeca. It is unknown if the undigested protein that enters the caeca differs in fermentability depending on their ingredient source. In order to predict which feed ingredients increase the risk of PF, an in vitro procedure was developed, which simulates the gastric and enteric digestion, subsequent caecal fermentation. After digestion, amino acids and peptides smaller than 3.5 kD in the soluble fraction were removed by means of dialysis. These amino acids and peptides are assumed to be hydrolysed and absorbed in the small intestine of poultry and therefore not used in the fermentation assay. The remaining soluble and fine digesta fractions were inoculated with caecal microbes. In chicken, the soluble and fine fractions enter the caeca, to be fermented, while insoluble and coarse fractions bypass them. The inoculum was made N-free to ensure bacteria would require the N from the digesta fractions for their growth and activity. The gas production (GP) from the inoculum, therefore, reflected the ability of bacteria to use N from substrates and was an indirect measure for PF. The Maximum GP rate of ingredients averaged 21.3 ± 0.9 ml/h (mean ± SEM) and was in some cases more rapid than the positive control (urea, maximum GP rate = 16.5 ml/h). Only small differences in GP kinetics were found between protein ingredients. Branched-chain fatty acids and ammonia concentrations in the fermentation fluid after 24 hours showed no differences between ingredients. Results indicate that solubilised undigested proteins larger than 3.5 kD are rapidly fermented independent of its source when an equal amount of N is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Elling-Staats
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A K Kies
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health - EMEA, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J W Cone
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W F Pellikaan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R P Kwakkel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Cheng V, Shoveller AK, Huber LA, Kiarie EG. Comparative protein quality in black soldier fly larvae meal vs. soybean meal and fish meal using classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102255. [PMID: 36343434 PMCID: PMC9646975 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) is a relatively new ingredient that has attracted attention for application in human, farm, and companion animal nutrition. However, there is limited data on protein quality (PQ) of BSFLM. This study compared PQ in BSFLM with soybean meal (SBM) and fishmeal (FM) using the classical protein efficiency ratio (PER) chick growth assay model. A total of 240-male day-old Ross × Ross broiler chicks were allocated to 6 test diets for 10 d test. The corn starch-dextrose based diets were: 5 test diets containing 10% crude protein (CP) from casein (as a standard assay diet), SBM, FM, or BSFLM without or with (BSFLM+) additional essential amino acids (EAA) to match the levels of the SBM diet on digestible basis. A sixth diet was nitrogen-free (NFD), to enable calculation of net protein ratio (NPR). The birds had ad libitum access to feed and water, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded at the beginning and end of the experimental feeding period. Body weight gain (BWG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), crude protein intake (CPI), PER, and NPR were calculated. The analyzed CP (as fed) was 10.1, 12.8, 9.5, 11.7, and 14.9% for casein, SBM, FM, BSFLM, and BSFLM+ diets, respectively. Birds fed BSFLM+ had greater BWG (P < 0.01) than birds fed other diets. Feed intake was greater (P < 0.01) for birds fed BSFLM+ and FM diets than birds fed other diets. Birds fed BSFLM+ ate (P < 0.01) more CP than birds fed other diets. Diets had no (P > 0.05) effects on PER and NPR. In terms of ranking, the PER was 2.44, 2.38, 2.34, 2.28, and 2.10 g BWG/g CPI for BSFLM+, SBM, FM, casein, and BSLM, respectively. Corresponding values for NPR were 2.69, 2.78, 2.70, 2.74, and 2.48 g BWG/g CPI, respectively. In conclusion, the protein quality of BSFLM without or with additional EAA was comparable with FM and SBM.
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the growth performance effects of feeding diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and feed enzymes to broiler chickensRunning head:. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Liu Y, Wei Y, Jiang Q, Li P, Ban Z, Lv Z, Guo Y. Comparative study of apparent metabolizable energy and net energy values of dephenolized cottonseed proteins for laying hens. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:72-76. [PMID: 36514375 PMCID: PMC9731882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing the energy utilization of nutrients and ensuring maximum benefits are continuous goals for livestock producers. The net energy (NE) value of feed reflects its nutritional value in the precision feeding system. An experiment was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and NE values of 3 types of dephenolized cottonseed protein (DCP) for Hy Line Brown hens aged 42 to 45 weeks using the reference diet substitution method. A reference diet based on corn soybean meal was used to meet the nutritional needs of Hy Line Brown laying hens. To render the crude protein and energy values of the 3 test diets similar, 10.5%, 12%, and 16% of the gross energy yielding ingredients from the reference diet were replaced with DCP 1, DCP 2, and DCP 3, respectively. The birds were fed 4 diets during a 7-d adaptation period. After the dietary adaptation period, 2 birds per replicate from each treatment group were placed in an individual open circuit respiratory calorimetry chamber for a 3-d experimental period. Daily O2 consumption and CO2 production were recorded, and excreta samples were collected. The AME values of DCP 1, DCP 2, and DCP 3 were 3,049.05, 2,820.13, and 2,982.31 kcal/kg of dry matter (DM), respectively. The NE values of DCP 1, DCP 2, DCP 3 were 1,475.77, 1,910.31, and 1,905.37 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, and the NE:AME ratios were 48.40%, 67.74%, and 63.89%, respectively. Our data show that the AME value of DCP does not reflect the nutritional value of the feed. The NE value of DCP with a high ME value was not necessarily high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiuyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhibin Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Metabolism, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin 136100, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author.
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Ding XM, Qi YY, Zhang KY, Tian G, Bai SP, Wang JP, Peng HW, Lv L, Xuan Y, Zeng QF. Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal in Pekin duck diets based on its predicted AME and the evaluated standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101974. [PMID: 35760004 PMCID: PMC9241024 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) levels on growth performance, carcass characteristic, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids (SIDAA) in Pekin ducks aged 11 to 42 d based on the evaluation of its SIDAA. A total of 560 eleven-day-old Cherry Valley ducks were randomly allotted to 5 treatments with 7 replicate pens per treatment and 16 ducks per pen based on the average body weight. Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric experimental diets were formulated on a digestible amino acid basis to produce diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS, respectively. With increasing of dietary DDGS levels, a linear and quadratic reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the body weight (BW) at d 42, average day gain (ADG) and average day feed intake (ADFI) from d 11 to 42, breast meat yield, the moisture and protein content in the breast meat, and dietary DM and EE utilization. Moreover, a linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the b* value of the breast meat and serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Compared with the control group, the group with 10% inclusion of DDGS exhibited no adverse effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemical indexes, meat physical and chemical quality, nutrient utilization, and the SIDAA of the diets (P > 0.05). These results suggested that 10% of corn DDGS can function as an alternative ingredient to corn and soybean meal, and the optimal levels of DDGS in the diets of ducks aged from 11 to 42 d depends more on its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- X M Ding
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Y Y Qi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - K Y Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - G Tian
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - S P Bai
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - J P Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - H W Peng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - L Lv
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Y Xuan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China
| | - Q F Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affaires, Sichuan Province 611130, China.
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Kim E, Barta JR, Lambert W, Kiarie EG. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in broiler chickens fed single or mixture of feed ingredients-based diets with or without Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101839. [PMID: 35421815 PMCID: PMC9018447 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Eimeria challenge on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in major poultry feed ingredients fed to broiler chickens was determined. A total of 840 male 9-day-old Ross 708 chicks were placed in 84 cages (10 birds/cage) and allocated to either a nitrogen-free diet (NFD) or one of the 6 test diets based on a single or mixture of feed ingredients as the sole source of AA (n = 12). Test diets were: 1) corn, 2) wheat, 3) soybean meal (SBM), 4) pork meal (PM), 5) corn, SBM, and PM (CSP), and 6) wheat, SBM, and PM (WSP). On d 10, birds in 6 cages/diet were orally gavaged with 1 mL of E. acervulina and E. maxima mixture and the other 6 cages with sham. On d 15, birds were bled for plasma AA and necropsied for intestinal lesion scores and ileal digesta samples. Challenge decreased (P < 0.05) plasma concentration of Arg, His, Thr, Asp, Gln, and Tyr and increased concentration of Lys, Ile, Leu, and Val. There was a diet by challenge interaction (P < 0.05) on intestinal lesion scores with birds fed mixed diets exhibiting more severe lesions than birds fed single ingredient diets. Diet by challenge interacted (P < 0.05) on ileal total endogenous flow (ITEF) of AA except for Arg, Met, Ala, Asp, and Cys, such that challenged birds fed the mixed, particularly WSP, had higher ITEF of AA compared to single ingredients birds. Diet and challenge interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for SID of Arg, Thr, Val, Glu, and Gly. Challenge decreased (P < 0.05) SID of most AA except for Met, Asp, and Cys with the largest impact seen on Lys, His, Ser, and Thr. With exception of Arg, Thr, Asp, and Cys, birds fed mixed diets had higher (P < 0.05) SID values compared to birds fed single ingredients. In conclusion, Eimeria reduced plasma availability and ileal digestibility of most AA. However, challenge interaction with diet composition on SID of some AA warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kim
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Bowen K, Jackson M, Ayres V, Boltz T, Lynch E, Moritz J. Performance, Carcass Quality, Tibia ash, and Mineral Digestibility Responses of Ross 708 Broilers to Increasing Dose of Two Commercially Available Mixer-added Phytases. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Smit MN, Ketelaar RF, He L, Beltranena E. Ileal digestibility of energy and amino acids in three faba bean cultivars (Vicia faba L.) planted and harvested early or late in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101332. [PMID: 34284179 PMCID: PMC8313592 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A concern of both pulse growers and poultry producers is how the timing of planting and harvesting affect the nutritional quality of faba bean for broiler chickens. To investigate, half of the seed of 2 zero-tannin cultivars (Snowbird and Snowdrop) and 1 low vicine and convicine cultivar (Fabelle) were planted at a single site either in early May and harvested in late September (EARLY) or planted in late May and harvested in late October (LATE). Diets of the 3 EARLY or LATE cultivars (95% inclusion) were fed to 756 broiler chickens (Ross 708) from d 15. Chickens were housed in 56 floor pens (13-14 birds/pen) in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (7 pens/diet). A nitrogen-free diet to correct for endogenous amino acid (AA) losses was fed to broilers in 14 pens from d 20. Ileal digesta was collected after euthanizing birds on day 23 or 24. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased the proportion of immature beans from 5 to 64% for Snowbird, 7 to 79% for Snowdrop, and 22 to 80% for Fabelle. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased the proportion of frost-damaged beans from 20 to 83% for Snowbird, 36 to 88% for Snowdrop, and 5 to 29% for Fabelle. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased (P < 0.001) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of gross energy (GE) by 45% and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP by 13%. Planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased (P < 0.001) SID of AA by 11% except Cys. Snowbird and Snowdrop had greater (P < 0.05) SID of AA by 4.5% except Thr and Trp compared with Fabelle. Fabelle had 13% greater (P < 0.001) SID of Trp compared with Snowbird or Snowdrop. Results indicate that planting and harvesting LATE vs. EARLY increased GE, CP, and AA digestibility possibly by frost interrupting bean ripening on the field. Hull tannin content may have reduced the AA digestibility of Fabelle compared with Snowbird or Snowdrop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda N Smit
- Livestock and Crops Research Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6
| | - Robin F Ketelaar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Liangfei He
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Livestock and Crops Research Division, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6H 5T6; Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Xie K, He X, Hou DX, Zhang B, Song Z. Evaluation of Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Different Sources of Rice and Rice Milling Byproducts in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071894. [PMID: 34202124 PMCID: PMC8300392 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rice is the major cereal plant worldwide; the rice processing procedure has produced several rice byproducts that are not for human consumption but are usually used as a feed ingredient for broilers. However, due to the variation of geographic and processing methods, the quality of rice and rice byproducts is merely coincident. Thus, analysis of the chemical composition and evaluation of nutrition digestibility of rice and its byproducts in broilers and establishing the regression equation is vitally important in diet formulation and resource efficiency. Based on the above information, this study examined the differences in the chemical composition of rice, broken rice, and full-fat rice bran from the different major production areas of China, evaluated the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers by nitrogen-free diet method, established a regression equation based on partial correlation assay, and provided novel information in the diet formulation of rice, broken rice, and full-fat rice bran in broilers. Abstract Rice, broken rice (BR), and full-fat rice bran (FFRB) from six different origins were analyzed for their chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolized energy (AMEn), and standardized amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in 14-day-old and 28-day-old Arbor Acres broilers. Results showed broilers fed with rice and BR had a similar AMEn regardless of the rice and BR having different CP, EE, NDF, ADF, and ash content. FFRB containing significantly different CP, EE, NDF, ADFm and starch presented variable AMEn (p < 0.05), suggesting that starch content in rice and its byproducts contributed most to the AMEn of broilers. The regression equation of AMEn = 14.312 − (0.198 × NDF) and AMEn = 6.491 + (0.103 × Starch) were feasible to integrally predict AMEn of broilers fed to rice and its byproducts. Moreover, 28-day-old broilers had higher SIAAD than 14-day-old ones. The SIAAD of rice were higher than BR and FFRB except for Met, Cys, Thr, and Tyr in 14-day-old broilers (p < 0.05), and the SIAAD of His, Asp, and Ser in BR were higher than FFRB (p < 0.05). In 28-day-old broilers, the SIAAD of Leu, Trp, Asp, Gly, and Pro of rice were still higher than BR and FFRB (p < 0.05), but BR and FFRB had no significant differences (p > 0.05). The regression equations to estimate the SIAAD of Thr, Lys, and Met were: Met = 81.46 + (0.578 × CP), Thr = 0.863 + (6.311 × CP), and Trp = 102.883 − (1.77 × CP), indicating that CP content in rice and its byproducts was likely a major factor for prediction of SIAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan;
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan;
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Poultry Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (K.X.); (X.H.)
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
- Correspondence:
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Metabolizable and Net Energy Values of Expanded Cottonseed Meal for Laying Hens and Broiler Chickens. J Poult Sci 2021; 59:143-151. [PMID: 35528383 PMCID: PMC9039141 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles with or without enzymes supplementation in broiler diets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Inorganic feed phosphate type determines mineral digestibility, broiler performance, and bone mineralization. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Leung H, Kiarie EG. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and apparent metabolizable energy in corn and soybean meal for organic broiler chicken production in Ontario. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) in samples of organic corn and soybean meal (SBM) were determined. Conventional corn (CC) and SBM (CSBM) samples were tested for comparison. A total of 560, fourteen-day-old male broiler chickens (Cobb 500) were weighed, placed in cages (10 birds per cage), and allocated to seven (n = 8) semi-purified wheat-starch-based diets. Diets were (1) CC, (2) imported organic corn, (3) local organic corn, (4) CSBM, (5) imported organic SBM (OSBMI), (6) local organic SBM (OSBML), and (7) nitrogen-free wheat starch. Only few differences were observed on SID of AA; SID of lysine was lower (P = 0.002) in organic corn samples relative to CC, and SID of methionine was lower (P = 0.002) in OSBML sample relative to CSBM and OSBMI samples. The AMEn of CC was higher (P < 0.01) than that of organic corn samples. The AMEn of OSBML was higher (P < 0.001) than for CSBM and OSBMI; however, the value for OSBMI was higher (P < 0.001) than for CSBM. In conclusion, utilization of AA in conventional and organic feedstuffs was comparable; however, differences in energy utilization warrant considerations in organic broiler feed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Leung
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G. Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Wang H, Yan F, Guo F, Liu X, Yang X, Yang X. Determination and prediction of standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with soubles in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4990-4997. [PMID: 32988535 PMCID: PMC7598326 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to evaluate ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in 8 corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to broilers and to establish prediction equations for standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA for broilers based on the physicochemical properties. A total of 1,152 1-day-old male broilers were divided into 2 test stages (from day 9 to 14 and from day 23 to 28). In each stage, 576 broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 9 diets (8 replicates, 8 birds per replicate) including a nitrogen-free diet and 8 corn DDGS test diets. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was included in all diets as an external marker. In 8 corn DDGS samples, the contents of aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and zein were from 1.54 to 15.50 ppb, 0.44 to 5.12 ppm, 127.10 to 1062.46 ppb, and 3.10 to 26.89%, respectively; the content of lysine and methionine (Met) ranged from 0.36 to 0.67% (CV 21.51%) and from 0.16 to 0.74% (CV 58.04%), respectively. The SID of AA, except for valine and alanine, were significantly different (P < 0.05) at day 28. A positive correlation was observed (P < 0.05) between degree of lightness and SID of CP, Met, and total amino acid (TAA) at day 14. A negative correlation was observed (P < 0.05) between mycotoxins and SID of CP, lysine, Met, and TAA at day 28. The R2 value of stepwise regression equations for predicting the SID of AA at day 14 and day 28 was best for glutamic acid (R2 = 1.000 using ether extract, crude fiber, CP, aflatoxin B1, and neutral detergent fiber) and TAA (R2 = 0.904 using ether extract), respectively. In conclusion, this experiment suggested mycotoxin can be used to predict the SID of AA in corn DDGS with reasonable accuracy, and the results of SID and prediction equations could be used to evaluate the digestibility of corn DDGS in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fangshen Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China.
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Sadighi Sheikhhasan B, Moravej H, Ghaziani F, Esteve-Garcia E, Kim WK. Relationship between chemical composition and standardized ileal digestible amino acid contents of corn grain in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4496-4504. [PMID: 32867993 PMCID: PMC7598107 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of corn grain and to use these data to develop prediction equations for estimating total amino acids (TAAs) and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SIDAAs) for broiler chickens. Four types of corn grains were obtained from different origins (Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, and Iran). Eighty-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were fed a standard diet until day 18, and experimental diets were fed from 19 to 24 D of age. Five dietary treatments consisted of 4 semi-purified diets containing corn from each origin as the only source of amino acid (AA) and a N-free diet for determination of basal endogenous AA losses. Assay diets contained 939 g of test corn/kg. The concentration of crude protein and gross energy ranged from 7.58 to 8.39% (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.72%) and 4,121 to 4,621 kcal/kg (CV = 5.09%), respectively. There was significant variation among the 4 corn grains in standardized ileal digestibility (SID) for CP, Phe, Leu, Asp, Glu, Ser, Gly, Ala, and Tyr (P ≤ 0.05). The results of linear regression showed that linear prediction equations based on protein content can be used to predict the TAA and SIDAA contents (e.g., TLys = 0.041 × CP, adj R2 = 95.9, standard error of prediction [SEP] = 0.05; SIDLys = 0.0356 × CP, adj R2 = 96, SEP = 0.051). Inclusion of other proximate components of test samples into the regression equation increased the R2 value and decreased the SEP value (e.g., TLys = 0.329 × crude fiber [CF] ‒ 0.209 × Ash, adj R2 = 99.9, SEP = 0.005; SIDLys = ‒1.1591 + 0.836 × CF ‒ 0.055 × Ash, adj R2 = 99.9, SEP = 0.001). The concentration of TAA and SIDAA was highly correlated (adj R2 > 89%) for most AA and showed that the amount of SIDAA could be predicted from its total concentration with a high degree of accuracy (e.g., SIDLys = 0.0023 + 0.861 × TLys, adj R2 = 99.9, SEP = 0.0001). In conclusion, this in vitro assays and equations accurately predicted TAA and SIDAA corn grain samples for broiler chickens and can serve as a reference analysis to develop calibration equations for rapid feed quality evaluation methods such as near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Sadighi Sheikhhasan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Moravej
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fateme Ghaziani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Enric Esteve-Garcia
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology, Centre Mas Bové, Reus 43280, Spain
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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An BK, An SH, Jeong HS, Kim KE, Kim EJ, Lee SR, Kong C. Evaluation of energy and amino acids of brown rice and its effects on laying performance and egg quality of layers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:374-384. [PMID: 32568264 PMCID: PMC7288238 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.3.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME),
nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of
brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR
on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line
Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely
randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and
six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole
source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal
endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation
to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed
experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11
and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME
and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The
apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for
Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between
79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers
(44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine
birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%,
10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal
in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No
significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and
blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary
treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer
feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its
energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Ki An
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Su Hyun An
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Han-Seul Jeong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Eun Jip Kim
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Yonam College, Cheonan 31005, Korea
| | - Sang-Rak Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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An SH, Sung JY, Kang HK, Kong C. Additivity of Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility in Diets Containing Corn, Soybean Meal, and Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles for Male Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060933. [PMID: 32481569 PMCID: PMC7341220 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to test additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) in mixed diets for Ross 308 broiler chickens. Two hundred and eighty-eight, 20-d-old male broiler chickens were assigned to one of six diets, with six birds per cage using a randomized complete block design. The diets consisted of a nitrogen-free diet, three diets containing corn, soybean meal (SBM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) as the sole source of nitrogen, respectively, and two mixed diets containing corn, SBM or CDDGS. Chromic oxide was added to the diets as an indigestible index. On day 24, birds were euthanized for ileal digesta collection. Relative proportion of the basal endogenous loss of AAs to total ileal outflow of AAs in corn was greater (p < 0.05) than that of SBM and CDDGS. For the corn-SBM and corn-SBM-CDDGS mixed diets, the AID of AAs differed (p < 0.05) from the predicted values. No difference was observed between the measured and predicted SID of AA. In conclusion, the SID of AAs is more additive in mixed diets containing corn, SBM, or CDDGS compared to AID values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hyun An
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
| | - Jung Yeol Sung
- Monogastric Animal Feed Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Hwan-Ku Kang
- Institute of Poultry Science, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25340, Korea;
| | - Changsu Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-530-1225
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Parenteau IA, Stevenson M, Kiarie EG. Egg production and quality responses to increasing isoleucine supplementation in Shaver white hens fed a low crude protein corn-soybean meal diet fortified with synthetic amino acids between 20 and 46 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1444-1453. [PMID: 32111315 PMCID: PMC7587870 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated production performance responses to Ile supplementation in laying hens fed low crude protein (LCP), amino acid (AA) balanced diets. A total of 179 Shaver white pullets were distributed into 30 battery cages (6 birds/cage, n = 6) and observed over the course of 27 wk in a 2-phase (20 to 27 and 28 to 46 wk of age) feeding program. Five isocaloric diets were formulated for standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys intake of 750 and 710 mg/D in phase 1 and 2, respectively, and included a positive control with standard levels of crude protein (CP) (CON; 18 and 16% CP for phases 1 and 2), and 4 LCP diets (16 and 14% CP for phase 1 and 2, respectively) with graded levels of Ile to satisfy SID Ile:Lys ratios of 70 (Ile70), 80 (Ile80), 90 (Ile90), and 100% (Ile100). Based on analyzed dietary AA, the calculated SID Ile:Lys of LCP diets were 75, 84, 88, 99% and 66, 72, 82, 95% for phase 1 and 2, respectively. Dietary treatments significantly (P < 0.05) affected feed intake, hen-day egg production (HDEP), egg weight (EW), feed conversion ratio, and egg quality (Haugh unit) and composition (yolk to albumen). Lowering dietary CP negatively affected HDEP with a 3.3 and 1.5% reduction in phase 1 and 2, respectively, and this was restored with the addition of Ile (P < 0.001) suggesting that Ile was limiting in the LCP basal diet. Average EW was reduced in Ile100 only; however, the Ile:Lys appeared to influence egg size uniformity, with Ile90 producing a greater proportion of large (56 g ≤ EW > 63 g) eggs, suggesting that Ile may be used to manipulate EW at the expense of HDEP. Overall, the results indicated that CP in laying hen diets can be reduced by 2% units if fortified with synthetic AA (Met, Lys, Thr, Trp) + Ile, with optimal responses observed between 82 and 88% SID Ile:Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona A Parenteau
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Standardized ileal digestible amino acid and metabolizable energy content of wheat from different origins and the effect of exogenous xylanase on their determination in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 99:992-1000. [PMID: 32036991 PMCID: PMC7587688 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SID AA) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) contents of 6 wheats from different origins in China and incidentally to investigate the effects of exogenous xylanase addition on SID AA and AMEn determination in broiler chicks. A total of 480 chicks were divided into 48 cages of 10 birds each balanced for body weight and fed 8 types of diets in a completely randomized design (6 replicated cages per diet) from 21 to 26 d of age. The individual wheat constituted the only source of crude protein in a semi-purified experimental diet. A nitrogen-free diet was designed to estimate basal endogenous AA loss and determine the SID AA. Titanium oxide (0.3%) was used as an indigestibility marker, and nutrient digestibility and retention were determined by the substitution method. From day 24 to 26, excreta samples were collected for AMEn determination. On day 26, the birds were euthanized, and ileum contents were obtained for AA digestibility determination. Wheat from Gansu had greater (P < 0.05) SID AA contents except Lys, Thr, Phe, and Cys, with a higher (P < 0.001) AMEn (11.83 MJ/kg) than the other wheats. The SID content of mean indispensable amino acids and dispensable amino acids were 87.35% and 88.17%, respectively, and the average AMEn value of 6 wheats was 11.14 MJ/kg. Compared with the diet without xylanase, the added xylanase resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SID contents of Met, Lys, Trp, Arg, Ile, Leu, Val, Gly, Asp, Glu, Pro, and Ala; the SID AA values were raised by 1.96% (mean of all AA); and the AMEn content was significantly increased (+0.87 MJ/kg) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, origins of wheats have significant effects on SID AA and AMEn values which were positively correlated with crude protein content of wheat; exogenous xylanase addition to a wheat-based poultry diet could significantly improve SID AA and AMEn contents for broilers.
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Fries-Craft K, Bobeck EA. Evaluation of a high-protein DDGS product in broiler chickens: performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy, and standardised ileal amino acid digestibility. Br Poult Sci 2019; 60:749-756. [PMID: 31468998 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1652884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. New production processes and additional uses for corn co-products have increased the availability of distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with varying energy and amino acid digestibility, for use in poultry feed. The objective of this study was to determine the performance, N-corrected metabolisable energy (AMEn), and amino acid (AA) digestibility of a 34% CP (as fed) high-protein DDGS (HP-DDGS) included in poultry diets for Cobb 500 broiler chickens.2. A total of 832 Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 5% conventional DDGS (CV-DDGS) as a control or 10%, 15% and 20% HP-DDGS and fed for 42 d. After the performance trial, 240 birds from the original 832 were selected for a concurrent AMEn and AA digestibility experiment consisting of two AMEn diets and two AA diets.3. Birds fed diets containing 15% and 20% HP DDGS gained less weight than birds fed the CV-DDGS (P < 0.05) but did not differ in feed intake (FI), and therefore had a less efficient FCR than the control (P < 0.05). The AMEn of HP-DDGS was determined to be 11.4 MJ/kg. The standardised ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of the essential amino acids Lys and Met were determined to be 80.9% and 88.6%, respectively.4. HP-DDGS can be included in broiler diets up to 10% without any negative impact on performance or requiring supplemental Lys and Arg. The results from the AA digestibility study indicated that HP-DDGS could be a good source of digestible Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
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Bryan DDSL, Abbott DA, Van Kessel AG, Classen HL. In vivo digestion characteristics of protein sources fed to broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3313-3325. [PMID: 30805640 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate and extent of protein digestion are relevant to broiler performance and health, but information is lacking on the rate of digestion and the characteristics of the undigested fraction for common protein feed ingredients. Therefore, this study evaluated the digestion kinetics and the distal ileum (DI) digesta protein characteristics of protein meals fed to broiler chickens. Using a completely randomized design, 360 male broilers at 14 D of age were assigned to 60 battery cages and fed semi-purified diets composed of wheat starch (N-free) or wheat starch with either corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS), corn gluten meal, meat and bone meal, soybean meal, fish meal (FM), porcine meal (PCM), canola meal, blood meal (BM), or feather meal. At day 21, the protein digestion kinetics and total and soluble protein of the DI content were determined. Differences were considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. Protein source affected the extent of amino acid (AA) and CP digestibility at the DI. The results demonstrated differences in digesta mean retention time (MRT) and the rate of digestion of AA and CP among protein sources. FM had the shortest MRT of 46 min, whereas CDDGS had the longest at 142 min. Both FM and PCM had the highest digestion rates for most of the AA evaluated among the protein sources, whereas CDDGS had the lowest. In turn, the total and soluble CP in the distal ileal contents ranged from 54 to 1466 mg and 6 to 347 mg, respectively. In conclusion, dietary protein source influences the amount and solubility of the undigested protein in the DI and the digestion kinetics of AA and CP along the small intestine of broilers. These parameters may contribute to the effects of protein source on muscle deposition and could influence the impact protein sources may have on gut health through protein fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D S L Bryan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - D A Abbott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - A G Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
| | - H L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5A8, Canada
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Bryan DD, Abbott DA, Classen HL. Digestion kinetics of protein sources determined using an in vitro chicken model. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zhu JL, Zeng ZK, Shurson GC, Urriola PE. A meta-analysis to predict the concentration of standardized ileal digestible amino acids in distillers dried grains with solubles for poultry. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4359-4366. [PMID: 30085277 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High variability in amino acid (AA) content and digestibility among sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) create challenges for nutritionists when using it in precision nutrition feeding programs. The objective of this meta-analysis was to develop prediction equations for standardized ileal digestible content (SIDC) of AA in DDGS for poultry. A meta-analysis based on 86 observations from 19 publications was conducted to develop equations for predicting SIDC of AA based on chemical composition in DDGS. A mixed model was used to develop prediction equations for SIDC of AA, and a backward selection of variables was conducted based on chemical composition of DDGS. Each total AA content was the best predictor of SIDC for all indispensable AA. The prediction equations for SIDC of Met and Lys were y = -0.12 + 1.05 × Met (R2 = 0.899) and y = -0.22 + 0.91 × Lys (R2 = 0.870), respectively. The prediction equations for SIDC of Met and Lys using data from broiler chick assays were y = -0.16 + 1.12 × Met (R2 = 0.809) and y = -0.24 + 0.90 × Lys (R2 = 0.731), respectively, and equations derived from rooster assay data for Met and Lys were y = -0.05 + 0.97 × Met (R2 = 0.996) and y = -0.20 + 0.97 × Lys (R2 = 0.982), respectively. For all the prediction equations, the intercept (=0) and slope (=1) were not different (P > 0.10) between predicted and observed SID AA values, indicating high accuracy of the models. In conclusion, equations for predicting SIDC of AA in DDGS were developed and showed that total concentration of each AA was the best predictor of SDIC. These prediction equations can be used by animal nutritionists to more accurately estimate SIDC of AA among DDGS sources in diet formulations for precision poultry nutrition feeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z K Zeng
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - G C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Bergeron A, Boney J, Moritz J. The Effects of Diet Formulation and Thermal Processes Associated With Pelleting on 18-day Broiler Performance and Digestible Amino Acid Concentration. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a coproduct of corn-based ethanol production that can be a valuable source of energy, digestible amino acids, and available phosphorus in poultry feeds. Dietary incorporation of DDGS reduces the amount of primary ingredients such as corn and soybean meal needed to formulate poultry diets, improving the sustainability of both biofuel and poultry production. The nutritional value of DDGS has been extensively evaluated since it became increasingly available to feed producers in the early 2000s, but evolving methods of ethanol production and coproduct fractionation necessitate its continued characterization. Attempts to relate nutrient utilization of DDGS to its chemical composition have revealed that fiber content is a primary determinant of dietary energy value of DDGS for poultry. Distillers corn oil, which is extracted from thin stillage during production of distillers grains, can also be supplemented into poultry diets as an energy-dense lipid source in place of animal fats or other vegetable-based oils. Poultry feeding practices in the United States are also evolving, including increased adoption of all vegetable-based diets and reduced use of in-feed antimicrobials. Therefore, further characterization of both the nutritional value of DDGS and its impact on gastrointestinal health will support its continued use in poultry diets.
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Adedokun SA, Pescatore AJ, Ford MJ, Ao T, Jacob JP. Investigating the effect of dietary calcium levels on ileal endogenous amino acid losses and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers and laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:131-139. [PMID: 29077891 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary Ca levels (low, 1% and high, 3%) on ileal endogenous amino acid losses (IEAAL) and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) in broilers (BR) and laying hens (LH) fed nitrogen-free diets (NFD) and distiller's dried grain with solubles (DDGS)-based diets. A total of 384 male Cobb 500 BR and 288 LH were used in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 16 (BR) or 12 (LH) replicate cages with 6 birds/replicate. IEAAL and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS appropriate for a CRD while SIAAD values were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS appropriate for a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. For BR, IEAAL and N losses (mg/kg of dry matter intake, DMI) were higher (P < 0.05) when NFD with high Ca level was fed (total AA was 39%, N was 35% higher). For most of the AA, AID was higher (P < 0.05) in BR fed DDGS-based diet with high Ca level. High dietary Ca resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SIAAD for all the AA except for Arg, Lys, Met, Cys, and Tyr. For LH, AID of AA was higher (P < 0.05) for the DDGS diet with high Ca level in 13 of the 18 AA evaluated. There was interaction (P < 0.05) between diet Ca level and correction method on LH SIAAD values for Thr, Asp, Gly, and Ser. The SIAAD values for 8 AA were higher (P < 0.05) in birds on high Ca DDGS diet. Correction with low Ca NFD resulted in higher (P < 0.05) SIAAD values for all the AA. Result from this study showed that high Ca increased total IEAAL in BR by 39% but decreased same by 27% in LH. Finally, SIAAD values were increased in BR fed high Ca DDGS-based diet while SIAAD value in LH was lower when correction was done using values from high Ca-NFD fed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Adedokun
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - A J Pescatore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - M J Ford
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
| | - T Ao
- Alltech Inc., Catnip Pike, Nicholasville KY, USA
| | - J P Jacob
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY, USA
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Bryan DDSL, Abbott DA, Classen HL. Development of an in vitro protein digestibility assay mimicking the chicken digestive tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:401-409. [PMID: 30564760 PMCID: PMC6286628 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to obtain in vivo digestion kinetics data of high protein ingredients using chickens. Collecting kinetics data requires repeated sampling of digesta from the small intestine during the digestion process, which is not easily accomplished due to the anatomical structure of chicken digestive tract. An in vitro technique is proposed for measuring the digestion kinetics of protein sources fed to chickens. The method has a 30 min gastric and 3 h intestinal phase. Five hundred milligram crude protein (CP) equivalent of each meal sample (CP = % N × 6.25) was digested with pepsin (28,260 units) in 50 mL polyethylene centrifuge tubes for 30 min in a shaking water bath (150 strokes/min; 30 mm stroke length) at 41 °C. The 6.5 mL pancreatin was selected as the enzyme concentration for the intestinal phase, during which time 500 μL aliquots were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min. Samples were diluted 1:820 with HCl and sodium acetate buffer, and then mixed with ninhydrin reagent (2:1) at 100 ± 2 °C for 15 min and spectrometric readings taken at 568 nm. To validate the assay, 5 replications of soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), corn distillers dried grains with solubles (CDDGS), porcine meal (PCM), fish meal (FM) and casein (CA) were digested. The digestion data were modeled with PROC NLIN procedure, and the intra coefficient of variation (CV) assessed using PROC MEANS of SAS 9.4. The digestion values at 180 min were SBM 95 ± 4, FM 93 ± 3, PCM 68 ± 4, CGM 82 ± 3 and CDDGS 70 ± 2. Intra CV for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, PCM and FM were 5%, 5%, 12%, 10% and 2%, respectively. The estimated fractional digestion rates for SBM, CGM, CDDGS, FM and PCM were 0.023, 0.013, 0.009, 0.024 and 0.013, respectively. In conclusion, the proposed in vitro technique estimated the rate and extent of the digestion of CP for the meals with low intra CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervan D S L Bryan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Dawn A Abbott
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Henry L Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5A8, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Zuber T, Rodehutscord M. Variability in amino acid digestibility and metabolizable energy of corn studied in cecectomized laying hens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1696-1706. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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