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Luise D, Correa F, Cestonaro G, Sattin E, Conte G, Mele M, Archetti I, Virdis S, Negrini C, Galasso I, Stefanelli C, Mazzoni M, Nataloni L, Trevisi P, Costanzo E. Effect of different doses of camelina cake inclusion as a substitute of dietary soyabean meal on growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1962-1974. [PMID: 38606551 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Camelina cake (CAM) is a co-product proposed as an alternative protein source; however, piglet data are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of CAM in substitution of soyabean meal on the growth, health and gut health of weaned pigs. At 14 d post-weaning (d0), sixty-four piglets were assigned either to a standard diet or to a diet with 4 %, 8 % or 12 % of CAM. Piglets were weighed weekly. At d7 and d28, faeces were collected for microbiota and polyamine and blood for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and thyroxine analysis. At d28, pigs were slaughtered, organs were weighed, pH was recorded on gut, colon was analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and jejunum was used for morphological and gene expression analysis. Data analysis was carried out using a mixed model including diet, pen and litter as factors; linear and quadratic contrasts were tested. CAM linearly reduced the average daily gain from d0-d7, d0-d14, d0-d21 and d0-d28 (P ≤ 0·01). From d0-d7 increasing CAM linearly decreased feed intake (P = 0·04) and increased linearly the feed to gain (P = 0·004). CAM increased linearly the liver weight (P < 0·0001) and affected the cadaverine (P < 0·001). The diet did not affect the ROM, thyroxine, intestinal pH, VFA and morphology. All doses of CAM increased the α diversity indices at d28 (P < 0·05). CAM at 4 % promoted the abundance of Butyricicoccaceae_UCG-008. Feeding with CAM enhanced resilience in the gut microbiome and can be evaluated as a potential alternative protein source with dose-dependent limitations on piglet growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G Fanin, Bologna40127, Italy
| | - Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G Fanin, Bologna40127, Italy
| | - Giulia Cestonaro
- Cereal Docks S.p.A - Dipartimento Ricerca & Innovazione (E. Costanzo, G. Cestonaro), Cereal Docks S.p.A (L. Nataloni) via Innovazione 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Marcello Mele
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Ivonne Archetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna Bruno Ubertini, V. Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Virdis
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G Fanin, Bologna40127, Italy
| | - Clara Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G Fanin, Bologna40127, Italy
| | - Incoronata Galasso
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, via Alfonso Corti 12, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Stefanelli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mazzoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luigi Nataloni
- Cereal Docks S.p.A - Dipartimento Ricerca & Innovazione (E. Costanzo, G. Cestonaro), Cereal Docks S.p.A (L. Nataloni) via Innovazione 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale G Fanin, Bologna40127, Italy
| | - Enrico Costanzo
- Cereal Docks S.p.A - Dipartimento Ricerca & Innovazione (E. Costanzo, G. Cestonaro), Cereal Docks S.p.A (L. Nataloni) via Innovazione 1, Camisano Vicentino, 36043, Italy
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Hajiazizi F, Sadeghi A, Ibrahim S. Camelina sativa (L. Crantz) products; an alternative feed ingredient for poultry diets with its nutritional and physiological consequences. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:59. [PMID: 38273063 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Due to increased demand for common feedstuffs such as corn, soybean and fish meals for poultry diets, the search for alternative sources of energy and protein for feed production could help to reduce production costs in the commercial poultry industry. Camelina sativa might be considered a new source of protein, energy and n-3 fatty acids (FA) in poultry diets. The oil content of camelina seeds (CS) is about 35 to 40%. Approximately 50% of this oil is composed of polyunsaturated FA. Moreover, camelina meal (CM) has 16% crude fat. The major n-3 FA of CS and CM is α-linolenic acid (about 30%) which is considered to be nutritionally important. The oil contains other bio-active compounds such as γ-tocopherol, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Camelina seeds and meal can produce 6258 and 5110 kcal/kg of gross energy, 245-292 and 315-398 g/kg crude protein and 248 and 127 g/kg crude fibre, respectively. However, CS and CM contain 21.77 and 28.08 μmol/g glucosinolates and 12.10 and 12.93 TIU /mg trypsin inhibitors, respectively as anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that can affect poultry performance adversely. Overall, dietary inclusion of camelina products will supply energy and protein for bird, enhance the antioxidant capacity and lipid stability of poultry products and provide health-promoting n-3 FA and tocopherol rich-foods to humans. However, raw CS contains some ANFs, and its maximum safe level (MSL) is 5% meal or seed, and 2% oil for all type of birds. Hence, it is necessary to establish suitable techniques for removing anti-nutritional factors from CS and increase its MSL in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Hajiazizi
- Departments of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 6617715175, Iran.
| | - Amirali Sadeghi
- Departments of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 6617715175, Iran
| | - Salam Ibrahim
- Food Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, 173 Carver Hall, North Carolina Agriculture and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
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Low-protein diets for broilers: Current knowledge and potential strategies to improve performance and health, and to reduce environmental impact. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Use of Camelina sativa and By-Products in Diets for Dairy Cows: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091082. [PMID: 35565509 PMCID: PMC9101957 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina sativa, belonging to the Brassicaceae family, has been grown since 4000 B.C. as an oilseed crop that is more drought- and cold-resistant. Increased demand for its oil, meal, and other derivatives has increased researchers’ interest in this crop. Its anti-nutritional factors can be reduced by solvent, enzyme and heat treatments, and genetic engineering. Inclusion of camelina by-products increases branched-chain volatile fatty acids, decreases neutral detergent fiber digestibility, has no effect on acid detergent fiber digestibility, and lowers acetate levels in dairy cows. Feeding camelina meal reduces ruminal methane, an environmental benefit of using camelina by-products in ruminant diets. The addition of camelina to dairy cow diets decreases ruminal cellulolytic bacteria and bio-hydrogenation. This reduced bio-hydrogenation results in an increase in desirable fatty acids and a decrease in saturated fatty acids in milk obtained from cows fed diets with camelina seeds or its by-products. Studies suggest that by-products of C. sativa can be used safely in dairy cows at appropriate inclusion levels. However, suppression in fat milk percentage and an increase in trans fatty acid isomers should be considered when increasing the inclusion rate of camelina by-products, due to health concerns.
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Neupane D, Lohaus RH, Solomon JKQ, Cushman JC. Realizing the Potential of Camelina sativa as a Bioenergy Crop for a Changing Global Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060772. [PMID: 35336654 PMCID: PMC8951600 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz. is an annual oilseed crop within the Brassicaceae family. C. sativa has been grown since as early as 4000 BCE. In recent years, C. sativa received increased attention as a climate-resilient oilseed, seed meal, and biofuel (biodiesel and renewable or green diesel) crop. This renewed interest is reflected in the rapid rise in the number of peer-reviewed publications (>2300) containing “camelina” from 1997 to 2021. An overview of the origins of this ancient crop and its genetic diversity and its yield potential under hot and dry growing conditions is provided. The major biotic barriers that limit C. sativa production are summarized, including weed control, insect pests, and fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens. Ecosystem services provided by C. sativa are also discussed. The profiles of seed oil and fatty acid composition and the many uses of seed meal and oil are discussed, including food, fodder, fuel, industrial, and medical benefits. Lastly, we outline strategies for improving this important and versatile crop to enhance its production globally in the face of a rapidly changing climate using molecular breeding, rhizosphere microbiota, genetic engineering, and genome editing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurba Neupane
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
| | - Richard H. Lohaus
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
| | - Juan K. Q. Solomon
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
| | - John C. Cushman
- MS330/Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (D.N.); (R.H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-775-784-1918
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Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) as Feedstuffs in Meat Type Poultry Diet: A Source of Protein and n-3 Fatty Acids. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030295. [PMID: 35158619 PMCID: PMC8833380 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the main problems in poultry production is to find more sustainable feed protein sources, other than the most widely used soya bean meal. An alternative protein source could be the underexploited oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), which is mostly grown for biodiesel production, but is also characterized by disease and pest resistance, tolerance to cold weather, drought and low fertility soil. This review presents the nutritive value of camelina seeds, oil and cake (a by-product of biodiesel production), and their effect on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of muscles and liver in meat type poultry. The research results indicated that supplementation of poultry diets with camelina feedstuffs beneficially modified the fatty acid composition of meat and liver. The ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased, whereas the content of α-linolenic and long-chain n-3 PUFA increased in poultry tissues. Abstract Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.
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Wickramasuriya SS, Macelline SP, Cho HM, Hong JS, Patterson R, Heo JM. Multi-carbohydrase application into energy and amino acid deficient broiler diets: A strategy to enhance performance of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1328-1343. [PMID: 34957447 PMCID: PMC8672263 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Multi-Carbohydrase (MC) supplementation on growth performance,
visceral organ weights, blood metabolites, jejunum morphology, nutrient
digestibility, and carcass parameters of broiler chickens fed nutrient-deficient
corn soybean-meal based diets containing high levels of non-starch
polysaccharides from wheat and wheat by-products was investigated. A total of
378 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of seven
dietary treatments to give six replicates per treatment (nine birds per pen).
Dietary treatments were as follows: (1) positive control (PC; commercial
standard diet); (2) negative control 1 (NC-1; PC-120 kcal/kg metabolizable
energy); (3) NC-2 (PC-3% standardized ileal digestibility [SID] amino acids).
The remaining four dietary treatments were formulated with the addition of MC
(MC; Superzyme-CS™) into two negative controls along with two
supplementation levels of MC (i.e., 0.025% and 0.05%, respectively). Improved
body weight, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio (p
< 0.05) were observed in broiler chickens fed a reduced energy diet
supplemented with MC compared to birds fed NC-1 diet from days 1-35.
Additionally, birds fed a reduced energy diet with 0.05% MC showed comparable
(p > 0.05) growth performance with birds fed PC for
35-day post-hatch. Furthermore, the addition of MC into reduced amino acid diets
improved (p < 0.05) growth performance. Broiler chickens
fed MC supplemented nutrient-deficient diets showed a greater
(p < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio than
birds fed diets without MC on days 21 and 35. Similarly, improved
(p < 0.05) nutrient digestibility was observed in
birds fed reduced energy diets supplemented with MC compared to birds fed NC-1
on days 21 and 35. Our results suggest that MC supplementation into reduced
energy or reduced amino acid diets containing wheat and wheat by-products has
the potential to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility while
maintaining healthier gut morphology in broiler chickens from 1 to 35 days of
age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shemil Priyan Macelline
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jun Seon Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | | | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Influence of variety and weather conditions on fatty acid composition of winter and spring Camelina sativa varieties in Poland. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03639-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of weather conditions over the course of 4 years (2016–2019) on the fatty acid profile of Camelina sativa. It was assumed that varieties and functional forms of plants (spring and winter genotypes) were characterized by a different fatty acid composition and that weather conditions affected the profile of fatty acids in camelina seeds. Statistical analyses were performed based on the results of chemical tests. Differences were found in the mean concentrations of C18:3n3, C18:3n6, C20:2 and C22:1 acids in all genotypes based on the Kruskal test. Two winter genotypes (Maczuga and 15/2/3) and the spring genotype UP2017/02 had the significantly highest content of C18:3n6. Genotypes CSS-CAM31, CSS-CAM30, BRSCHW 28347, CSS-CAM36 and Kirgzkij showed the highest content of C18:3n3. The lowest C18:3n3 content was found in winter genotypes: K9/1, 15/2/3, Przybrodzka (winter form) and C5. It was found that weather conditions deviating from the long-term average, both in terms of temperature and precipitation, did not affect the quantitative profile of fatty acids. Over the 4 years, no differences were observed in the fatty acid profile between the spring and winter forms. Observations made in this study allow to state that spring and winter forms of Camelina sativa retain a constant fatty acid composition regardless of changing weather conditions.
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Castro SDF, Bertechini AG, Lima EMC, Clemente AHS, Ferreira VGG, Carvalho JCCD. Effect of different levels of supplementary alpha-amylase in finishing broilers. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.47546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha-amylase supplementation on performance and carcass and cuts yield in broilers during finishing phase (21 to 42 days). A completely randomized experimental design with six treatments and eight replications was used: Positive Control (PC): no enzyme; Negative control (NC): without enzyme formulated with 6.34% less energy (- 6.34% ME); NC1: with 250 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC2: with 500 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC3: with 750 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase; NC4: with 1000 g ton-1 of alpha-amylase. Significant differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were reported with the inclusion of alpha-amylase. The NC treatment with inclusion of amylase provided improvement values of weight gain, feed conversion and feed intake, but do not was similarly in comparison to those obtained in broilers fed a diet that completely met the requirements during this phase. There was no dietary influence on carcass parameters. The use of alpha-amylase was effective in improving performance in broilers fed a diet of 200 kcal kg-1 of reduced metabolizable energy.
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Woyengo T, Wilson J. Enhancing nutrient utilization in maize for broiler chickens by superdosing phytase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Toghyani M, Wu SB, Pérez-Maldonado RA, Iji PA, Swick RA. Performance, nutrient utilization, and energy partitioning in broiler chickens offered high canola meal diets supplemented with multicomponent carbohydrase and mono-component protease. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3960-3972. [PMID: 29050421 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two broiler chicken experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of canola meal (CM) replacing soybean meal (SBM) in diets supplemented with carbohydrase and protease on performance and partitioning of energy. First, a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was employed to evaluate: protein meals (CM vs. SBM), carbohydrase (none or 300 mg/kg), protease (none or 200 mg/kg), and their interactions. Each treatment was fed to 6 replicated pens of 16 male broilers (Ross 308) from d 10 to 35. In the second experiment, 32 broiler chicks were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to investigate CM and carbohydrase effects on energy partitioning. Birds were transferred into 16 closed-circuit calorimeter chambers (4 chambers/diet; 2 birds/chamber) to measure heat production (HP), metabolizable and net energy (NE) by gaseous exchange, and total excreta collection from d 25 to 28. There were no 3-way interactions among experimental factors for any of the performance parameters measured. Birds given CM diets consumed less feed, had lower BW, and exhibited higher FCR compared to the control birds (P < 0.01). Both enzymes, alone or in combination, improved final BW and FCR (P < 0.05). There was an interaction between carbohydrase and protease for FCR over the grower period (P < 0.01), in which the combination of the enzymes resulted in further improvement of FCR. Energy, DM, and crude protein digestibility values were higher in control birds (P < 0.05). There was an interaction of protein meal and carbohydrase for HP, respiratory quotient (P < 0.05), and NE:ME ratio of the diets (P = 0.06). Inclusion of CM without carbohydrase increased HP and decreased NE and NE:ME ratio of the diets (P < 0.05). Carbohydrase decreased HP and increased retained energy (P = 0.06) and NE and NE:ME ratio (P < 0.05). In conclusion, high CM in the diet negatively affects growth performance through reduction in feed consumption, nutrient digestibility, and NE of the diet, which could partly be restored by enzyme supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S B Wu
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R A Pérez-Maldonado
- DSM Nutritional Products, Asia Pacific Pty Ltd. Mapletree Business City, 117440, Singapore
| | - P A Iji
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - R A Swick
- Department of Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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Woyengo TA, Patterson R, Levesque CL. Nutritive value of multienzyme supplemented cold-pressed camelina cake for pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:1119-1129. [PMID: 29385458 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold-pressed camelina cake (CPCC) is a fibrous co-product of camelina seed pressing and available for livestock feeding. However, information is lacking on the effect of supplementing fiber-degrading enzymes to CPCC-based diets on nutrient utilization by pigs. Experiment 1 determined the effect of multienzyme supplementation on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acid (AA) and net energy (NE) value of CPCC for pigs. Six ileal-cannulated barrows (average initial body weight [BW] = 36 kg) were fed five diets in 5 × 5 Latin square design with 1 added column to give six replicates per diet. The diets were a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-soybean oil-based diet and the basal diet with corn, SBM, and soybean oil replaced by 25% CPCC with or without multienzyme (600 U of xylanase, 75 U of glucanase, 250 U of cellulose, 30 U of mannanase, 350 U of invertase, 2,500 U of protease, and 6,000 U of amylase/kg of diet; Superzyme-CS, 0.5 g/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The fifth diet was a low-casein cornstarch-based diet. The ratio of corn to SBM and soybean oil in the basal diet was identical to the CCPC-containing diets to allow calculation of nutrient digestibility of CPCC by the difference method. On a dry matter (DM) basis, CPCC contained 42% crude protein, 10.5% ether extract, 25.4% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 2.07% Lys, 0.73% Met, 1.64% Thr, 0.51% Trp, and 22.1 trypsin inhibitor units per milligram, respectively. The SID of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp for CPCC were 43.5%, 70.7%, 44.8%, and 55.3%, respectively. The digestible energy (DE) and NE values for CPCC were 3,663 and 2,209 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. Multienzyme supplementation did not affect the SID of AA, and DE and NE values for the corn-SBM-CPCC-based diet, and for the CPCC. In experiment 2, the effects of multienzyme dosage (0.5 or 50 g/kg of treated feedstuff) on porcine in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM) of CPCC was determined. The IVDDM of CPCC was increased (P < 0.001) with an increase in multienzyme dosage. Multienzyme at 0.5 g/kg did not affect IVDDM of CPCC. However, multienzyme at 50 g/kg increased (P < 0.01) IVDDM for CPCC by at least 16%. In conclusion, multienzyme at 0.5 g/kg did not affect SID of AA and NE values, and IVDDM for CPCC. However, multienzyme at 50 g/kg improved IVDDM of CPCC, implying that the efficacy of the multienzyme with regard to improving nutrient digestibility of CPCC in pigs is dosage dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - R Patterson
- Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
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Kim JW, Koo B, Nyachoti CM. Digestible, metabolizable, and net energy of camelina cake fed to growing pigs and additivity of energy in mixed diets1,2. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Woyengo TA, Patterson R, Levesque CL. Nutritive value of extruded or multi-enzyme supplemented cold-pressed soybean cake for pigs. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5230-5238. [PMID: 28046184 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA and NE value of cold-pressed soybean cake (CP-SBC), and the effect of extrusion or adding multi-enzyme to CP-SBC diet for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated pigs (initial BW = 79.7 ± 3.97 kg) were fed 4 diets in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give 8 replicates per diet. Diets included a cornstarch-based diet with CP-SBC, extruded CP-SBC, and SBC plus multi-enzyme (1,200 U of xylanase, 150 U of glucanase, 500 U of cellulase, 60 U of mannanase, 700 U of invertase, 5,000 U of protease, and 12,000 U of amylase/kilogram of diet; Superzyme-CS, 0.5 g/kg); and a N-free diet. The CP-SBC was the sole source of protein in the CP-SBC-containing diets. The ratio of cornstarch to sugar and soybean oil in CP-SBC-containing diets was identical to the N-free diet to allow calculation of energy digestibility of CP-SBC by the difference method. The evaluated CP-SBC had been produced by heating the soybean seed at 105°C for 60 min followed by pressing of the heated soybean seeds at less than 42°C (barrel temperature). On a DM basis, CP-SBC and extruded CP-SBC contained 47.8 and 47.1% CP, 15.6 and 10.5% ADF, 7.23 and 8.85% ether extract, 3.11 and 3.08% Lys, and 2.25 and 3.70 trypsin inhibitor units per mg, respectively. Extrusion increased ( < 0.001) the SID of AA for the CP-SBC by an average of 12%. Also, extrusion increased ( < 0.001) the NE value of the CP-SBC from 2,743 to 2,853 kcal/kg of DM. Supplementation of CP-SBC diet with the multi-enzyme increased ( < 0.05) the SID of Arg and Pro, and tended to increase ( < 0.1) the SID of Ile and Tyr. However, the multi-enzyme supplementation did not affect the NE value of CP-SBC. In conclusion, the CP-SBC evaluated in the present study could be an alternative source of AA and energy in swine diets, and its nutritive value can be increased by extrusion following cold-pressing. The multi-enzyme used in this study improved the digestibility of some AA, but had limited effect on energy digestibility and hence NE value of the CP-SBC.
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