A conventional hatchery vs "on-farm" hatching of broiler chickens in terms of microbiological and microclimatic conditions

"On-farm hatching" is one of the proposed alternatives to conventional hatchery-hatching. This solution reduces distress and improves the welfare of the chicks around the hatching period. Therefore, it seemed interesting to compare conventional hatchery and "on-farm" hatching in terms of microbiological and microclimatic conditions. Hatching eggs (Ross 308) were incubated in a commercial hatchery. The control group (HH, 683 eggs) hatched in a conventional hatcher, while the other eggs were transported into the experimental chicken-hall for on-farm hatching, and set in pens directly on litter (OL, 667 eggs) or plastic trays (OT, 678 eggs). One-day-old chicks were also placed in the experimental hall. Microclimatic parameters were controlled every 12 h. The microbiological status of the surface of the eggshells and the litter was assessed based on the total number of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms and also the selected individual genus/species of bacteria. The hatchability of HH was 96.4% in comparison to 93.9% and 95.8% for OL and OT, respectively (P > 0.05). On the other hand, 2.1% of the HH chicks were found injured/dead, while only 0.2-0.3% of the on-farm groups were. The total number of aerobic mesophilic microflora on the surface of as-hatched shells was 4.93 ± 0.629 log CFU/g in HH, while only 1.14 ± 0.995 and 1.93 ± 1.709 log CFU/g in OL and OT, respectively (P < 0.001). Similarly, the total count of bacteria in the litter in the on-farm hatched pens was 1.9-fold lower than in pens set with HH chicks (P < 0.001). In summary, on-farm hatching results in hatchability that is no worse than in a conventional hatcher, while the microbiological status of as-hatched eggshells and litter is significantly better. Therefore, on-farm hatching seems to provide appropriate environmental conditions for newly hatched chicks and poses no epizootic risk.

Effects of hatching on-farm on performance and welfare of organic broilers

As an alternative to traditional hatching in the hatchery, fertilized incubated eggs can be placed in the rearing barn on embryonic d 18 for hatching to occur on-farm, omitting several hatchery procedures, and transport of day-old chicks. In addition, this practice further allows newly hatched chicks access to feed and water immediately post-hatch. The aim of the present study was to examine welfare implications of hatching slower-growing organic broilers on-farm (OF) using the One2Born system (One2Born, Uden, the Netherlands). Hatchery-hatched chicks (HC) transported to the farm were used as control. Six flocks of both treatments, each comprising approximately 3,600 mixed-sex Hubbard JA57 ColorYield broilers, housed with veranda and outdoor access were included in the study. Compared to HC, the hatchability was higher in OF chicks (95.3% vs. 94.8%; P = 0.0097), whereas the number of second grade chicks was lower (11.6% vs. 16.1%; P < 0.0001). The chick quality was lower for OF than HC (odds ratio: 1.79; P = 0.0009), but this was not reflected in the first week mortality (OF: 0.41%, HC: 0.99%; P < 0.0001) or total mortality (OF: 1.51%, HC: 2.20%; P < 0.0001). No difference was found between treatments for the live body weight at slaughter age (P = 0.73). Breast blisters were more common in HC males than in OF males and in females from both treatments (P = 0.038), whereas OF males and females from the 2 treatments did not differ (P = 0.91). There was no effect of treatment on litter quality, footpad dermatitis, gait, skin injuries, and rejection rates at slaughter (P ≥ 0.35). In conclusion, OF hatching appears to be a viable concept, resulting in reduced mortality and increased hatchability, though knowledge on the topic is sparse. Therefore, more research should be addressed to the welfare implications of hatching OF, specifically to impacts on litter quality, footpad dermatitis, and how chick quality impacts other animal welfare indicators.

The behaviour of commercial broilers in response to a mobile robot

1. Modern broiler production in large sheds holding upwards of 50 000 birds uses indoor climate control based on a handful of fixed-location sensors, often well above the bird-occupied zone. Significant deviations from optimal climate conditions for the birds are common, but installing a higher-density grid of fixed sensors is not cost effective. A robotic platform, moving through the flock of birds and collecting detailed spacial information on a wide range of climate parameters at bird level, enables accurate decisions to be made to optimise the climate in large sheds being made in real time. 2. A preliminary study investigated the feasibility of running a mobile robotic platform among a flock of broiler chickens for an entire 6-week cycle. Bird behaviour in response to the robot was studied. 3. In total, 1597 Ross 308 broiler chicks were housed in a room that was set up to replicate a commercial environment. The robot was driven along a fixed route three times a day (Monday-Friday) for the whole cycle under manual control. Behaviour was studied using camera footage. 4. The birds showed very little 'startled' behaviour in response to the robot and were quick to fill the area behind the robot as it moved past. Activity levels increased during robot runs but to a lesser extent than during walk-through by a human stockman. The challenges of operating the robot changed as the birds grew, with many individuals coming into physical contact with the front of the robot later in the cycle. Despite this, very few birds refused to move out of the way completely, and mortality and production parameters remained acceptable throughout. 5. This study has shown that running a mobile robot among a flock of broiler chickens is possible between 3 and 37 d in a cycle and causes limited disruption to bird behaviour. Future work needs to repeat this trial on multiple flocks to see whether running a mobile robot among the broilers can be achieved in a commercial setting, with limited disruption to bird behaviour.

Comparison of Chinese Broiler Production Systems in Economic Performance and Animal Welfare

Simple Summary

There are three main rearing systems for white-feathered broilers in China. They are the net floor system (NFS), the normal cage system (NCS), and the high standard cage system (HCS). This study compared the relationship between economic benefit and animal welfare between these systems. The high economic input, high output, and high profit in these three different rearing systems. The welfare scores were 778.24 ± 29.45, 691.09 ± 32.97, and 669.82 ± 22.79, respectively. As white-feathered broiler production in China has developed, from the conventional system to the latest system, both cost and economic profit have increased while the welfare score has decreased. This study explains why the level of animal welfare in China’s white-feathered broiler production is not high at present, and why breeders do not wish to improve the level of animal welfare production.

Abstract

Both proper animal welfare and economic benefit are important to the broiler industry, so it is better to consider these two factors together. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between economic benefit and animal welfare in different production systems of white-feathered broilers in China. Based on the Welfare Quality Assessment (WQA) protocol for poultry, the authors compared and evaluated the results of the Welfare Quality model (WQM) and the deterministic model. The present study conducted welfare evaluations and investigations on 66 broiler chicken flocks on 52 farms in China. These flocks included three types: the net floor system (NFS), the normal cage system (NCS), and the high standard cage system (HCS). In terms of economy, the results were in line with high economic input, high output, and high profit. In terms of animal welfare assessment, the authors calculated the welfare scores per measure and the attributional WQ scores and WQ index scores of each production systems. The results showed that nine welfare measures from four welfare criteria presented different trends in the three production systems. WQ index scores were 778.24 ± 29.45, 691.09 ± 32.97, and 669.82 ± 22.79, respectively. According to Chow test results, significant differences were found between WQ index scores and total cost and profit (all p < 0.01). In conclusion, with the development of white-feathered broiler production in China, from the conventional system to the latest system, both cost and economic profit have been increased, but the welfare score has been decreased.