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Adams JRG, Mehat J, La Ragione R, Behboudi S. Preventing bacterial disease in poultry in the post-antibiotic era: a case for innate immunity modulation as an alternative to antibiotic use. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205869. [PMID: 37469519 PMCID: PMC10352996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant health risk to humans and animals. These public health concerns, which have led to legislation limiting antibiotic use in animals, drive the need to find alternative strategies for controlling and treating bacterial infections. Modulation of the avian innate immune system using immunostimulatory compounds provides a promising solution to enhance poultry immune responses to a broad range of bacterial infections without the risk of generating antibiotic resistance. An array of immunomodulatory compounds have been investigated for their impact on poultry performance and immune responses. However, further research is required to identify compounds capable of controlling bacterial infections without detrimentally affecting bird performance. It is also crucial to determine the safety and effectiveness of these compounds in conjunction with poultry vaccines. This review provides an overview of the various immune modulators known to enhance innate immunity against avian bacterial pathogens in chickens, and describes the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. G. Adams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Avian Immunology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Jai Mehat
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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2
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El-Ghareeb WR, Kishawy ATY, Anter RGA, Aboelabbas Gouda A, Abdelaziz WS, Alhawas B, Meligy AMA, Abdel-Raheem SM, Ismail H, Ibrahim D. Novel Antioxidant Insights of Myricetin on the Performance of Broiler Chickens and Alleviating Experimental Infection with Eimeria spp.: Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051026. [PMID: 37237892 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the modern poultry industry, the application of novel phytogenic bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential aims to enhance productivity and quality and to minimize the stress of associated diseases. Herein, myricetin, a natural flavonoid, was evaluated for the first time on broiler chickens' performance, antioxidants and immune modulating functions, and tackling avian coccidiosis. A total of 500 one-day-old chicks were divided into five groups. The negative (NC) and infected control (IC) groups were fed a control diet without additives, and the latter was infected with Eimeria spp. Groups supplemented with myricetin (Myc) were fed a control diet of Myc (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg diet each). On d 14, all chicks except those in NC were challenged with oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. Significant improvements in the overall growth rate and feed conversion ratio were detected in the group that was fed 600 mg/kg, unlike the IC group. Notably, groups that were fed 400 and 600 mg/kg showed higher total meat antioxidant capacity with an inverse reduction in oxidative and lipid peroxidation biomarkers (hydrogen peroxide: H2O2; reactive oxygen species: ROS; Malondialdehyde: MDA). Of note, the upregulation of glutathione peroxidase; GSH-Px, catalase; CAT, superoxide dismutase; SOD, heme oxygenase-1; HO-1 and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 NQO1 genes in jejunum and muscle were prominently observed with increasing levels of supplemental Myc. At 21 dpi, the severity of coccoidal lesions (p < 0.05) induced by mixed Eimeria spp. and oocyst excretion were greatly reduced in the group that was fed 600 mg/kg of Myc. In the IC group, higher serum levels of C-reactive protein; CRP and nitric oxide; and NO and the upregulated expression of inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-1β; IL-1β, interleukin-6; IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α; TNF-α, chemotactic cytokines; CCL20, stromal cell-derived factor-1; CXCL13, and avian defensins; AvBD612) were subsided in higher levels in the Myc-fed groups. Taken together, these findings indicate the promising antioxidant role of Myc in modulating immune responses and reducing growth depression associated with coccidia challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa T Y Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Reham G A Anter
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Aboelabbas Gouda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Walaa S Abdelaziz
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Bassam Alhawas
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M A Meligy
- Department of Clinical Science, Central Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12511, Egypt
| | - Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hesham Ismail
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Kithama M, Hassan YI, Yin X, Ross K, Julien C, Kennes YM, Kiarie EG, Diarra MS. Growth performance, organ weight, and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal diet containing berry pomaces and fed without or with multienzymes supplement. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102544. [PMID: 36867921 PMCID: PMC9996434 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated effects of feeding low-bush wild blueberry (LBP) and organic American cranberry (CRP) pomaces without or with multienzyme supplement (ENZ) on growth performance, organ weight and plasma metabolites in broiler chickens. Nonenzyme-fed (no-ENZ: n = 1,575) and enzyme-fed (ENZ: n = 1,575) day-old male Cobb500 broilers were placed in floor pens (45 chicks/pen) and allocated to five corn-soybean meal-based diets: a basal diet supplemented with either bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD, 55 mg/kg), 0.5 or 1% of CRP or LBP in a 2 × 5 factorial design for 35-day experiment. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and mortality were recorded whereas BW gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Birds were sampled at days 21 and 35 for organ weights and plasma metabolites. There were no interactions between diet and ENZ on any parameter (P > 0.05) and no effect of ENZ on overall (d 0-35) growth performance and organ weights (P > 0.05). Birds fed BMD were heavier (P < 0.05) at d 35 and had better overall FCR than berry-supplemented birds. Birds fed 1% LBP had poor FCR than birds fed 0.5% CRP. Birds fed LBP exhibited heavier liver (P < 0.05) than birds fed BMD or 1% CRP. The highest plasma concentrations of aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK) at d 28 and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) at d 35 were found in ENZ-fed birds (P < 0.05). At d 28, birds fed 0.5% LBP showed higher plasma AST and CK concentrations (P < 0.05). However, CRP feeding resulted in a lower plasma CK level compared with BMD feeding (P < 0.05). The lowest cholesterol level was detected in 1% CRP-fed birds. In conclusion, this study showed no ENZ effects to potentiate berry pomaces on the overall growth performance of broilers (P < 0.05. However, plasma profiles revealed the potential of ENZ to modulate the metabolism of pomace-fed broilers. LBP increased BW during the starter phase, while CRP increased BW during the grower phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munene Kithama
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada; Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Youssef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Carl Julien
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Yan-Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Chauhan S, Saini D, Madan K. Screening of Phytoconstituents from Traditional Plants against SARSCoV-
2 using Molecular Docking Approach. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666220307163058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The emergence of COVID-19 as a fatal viral disease encourages researchers to
develop effective and efficient therapeutic agents. The intervention of in silico studies has led to revolutionary
changes in the conventional method of testing the bioactivity of plant constituents.
Objective:
The current study deals with the investigation of some traditional immunomodulators of plant
origin to combat this ailment.
Materials and Methods:
A total of 151 phytomolecules of 12 immunomodulatory plants were evaluated
for their inhibitory action against the main protease (PDB ID: 7D1M) and NSP15 endoribonuclease (PDB
ID: 6WLC) by structure-based virtual screening. In addition, the promising molecules with ligand efficiency
of more than -0.3(kcal/mol)/heavy atoms were further predicted for pharmacokinetic properties
and druggability using the SwissADME web server, and their toxicity was also evaluated using Protox-II.
Result:
Myricetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside of cranberry plant was found to be the most potential candidate
against both enzymes: main protease (–14.2 kcal/mol) and NSP15 endoribonuclease (–12.2 kcal/mol).
Conclusion:
The promising outcomes of the current study may be implemented in future drug development
against coronavirus. The findings also help in the development of lead candidates of plant origin
with a better ADMET profile in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Kumud Madan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No.-11, Knowledge Park-I1, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
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Erinle TJ, Adewole DI. Fruit pomaces-their nutrient and bioactive components, effects on growth and health of poultry species, and possible optimization techniques. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 9:357-377. [PMID: 35600557 PMCID: PMC9110891 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing human population, coupled with the exigent need to meet the increasing demand for poultry meat and egg, has put the onus on poultry nutritionists and farmers to identify alternative feed ingredients that could assure the least-cost feed formulation. In addition, the public desire for non-antibiotic-treated poultry products has also necessitated the ultimate search for potent antibiotic alternatives for use in poultry production. While some identified alternatives are promising, their cost implications and technical know-how requirements may discourage their ease of adoption in poultry. The use of plants and/or their by-products, like fruit pomaces, present a pocket-friendly advantage and as a result, are gaining much interest. This is traceable to their rich phytochemical profile, nutritional composition, ready availability, and relatively cheap cost. The fruit juice and wine pressing industries generate a plethora of fruit wastes annually. Interestingly, fruit pomaces contain appreciable dietary fibre, protein, and phenolic compounds, and thus, their adoption could serve the poultry industry in dual capacities including as substitutes to antibiotics and some conventional feedstuff. Thus, there is a possibility to reduce fruit wastes produced and feed-cost in poultry farming from environmental and economical standpoints, respectively. This review seeks to provide reinforcing evidence on the applicability and impact of fruit pomaces in poultry nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo J Erinle
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
| | - Deborah I Adewole
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
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Das Q, Shay J, Gauthier M, Yin X, Hasted TL, Ross K, Julien C, Yacini H, Kennes YM, Warriner K, Marcone MF, Diarra MS. Effects of Vaccination Against Coccidiosis on Gut Microbiota and Immunity in Broiler Fed Bacitracin and Berry Pomace. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621803. [PMID: 34149685 PMCID: PMC8213364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding practices have been found to influence gut microbiota which play a major role in immunity of poultry. In the present study, changes in cecal microbiota and humoral responses resulting in the 55 ppm bacitracin (BACI), 1% each of cranberry (CP1) and wild blueberry (BP1) pomace alone or in combination (CP+BP) feeding in broiler Cobb 500 vaccinated or not against coccidiosis were investigated. In the non-vaccinated group, no significant treatment effects were observed on performance parameters. Vaccination significantly affected bird's performance parameters particularly during the growing phase from 10 to 20 days of age. In general, the prevalence of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) was reduced by vaccination (P < 0.05). BACI-treated birds showed low intestinal lesion scores, and both CP1 and BP1 feed supplementations reduced Eimeria acervulina and Clostridium perfringens incidences similar to BACI. Vaccination induced change in serum enzymes, minerals, and lipid levels in 21-day old birds while, levels of triglyceride (TRIG) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher (P < 0.05) in CP1 treated non-vaccinated group than in the control. The levels of NEFA were lower in BACI- and CP1-fed birds than in the control in non-vaccinated day 28 old birds. The highest levels of all estimated three immunoglobulins (IgY, IgM, and IgA) were found in the vaccinated birds. Metagenomics analysis of the cecal bacterial community in 21-day old birds showed the presence of Firmicutes (90%), Proteobacteria (5%), Actinobacteria (2%), and Bacteroidetes (2%). In the vaccinated group, an effect of BACI was noted on Proteobacteria (P = 0.03). Vaccination and/or dietary treatments influenced the population of Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Streptococcaceae which were among the most abundant families. Overall, this study revealed that besides their beneficial effects on performance, alike bacitracin, berry pomaces in poultry feed have profound impacts on the chicken cecal microbiota and blood metabolites that could be influenced by vaccination against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quail Das
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Shay
- Ottawa Laboratory (Carling) - Research and Development, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Gauthier
- Biological Informatics Centre of Excellence, AAFC, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Teri-Lyn Hasted
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Carl Julien
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Hassina Yacini
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de recherche en sciences animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Massimo F Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON, Canada
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Effect of supplementation with dried fruit pomace on the performance, egg quality, white blood cells, and lymphatic organs in laying hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101278. [PMID: 34273650 PMCID: PMC8313833 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of raspberry (RA), black currant (BC), and black chokeberry (CA) dried pomace, at 30 g per kg of feed, on performance, egg quality, white blood cells, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and lymphatic organs in Hy-Line laying hens. Hens fed a basal diet comprised the control group (CO). A total of 480, 42-week-old Hy-Line commercial hybrid laying hens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups differing in the diet: in control group (CO), the birds received a standard diet, in groups CH, BC and RA, the birds were fed with a standard diet enriched with 30 g/kg of dried fruit pomace: Black chokeberry, black currant, and raspberry, respectively. Differences in yolk color were observed between the CO and groups BC and RA, as well as between groups CA and BC (P < 0.001). The eggs of group RA were characterized by a lower weight (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002) and shell density (P = 0.025 and P = 0.002) in comparison to eggs from the control group CO. The lightest yolk color was observed in the eggs of group BC in comparison with the other groups (P = 0.006). The greatest yolk weight was observed for group CH, while the smallest was for group CO (P = 0.017). Laying hens in the groups BC and RA were characterized at wk 62 of age by a higher percentage of spleen in comparison with the control group CO (P = 0.018). In conclusion, the BC and RA diet resulted in a paler yolk color and was associated with slightly poorer shell quality parameters. On the other hand, the CH and BC diet had a positive impact on the immune system of the laying hens, as confirmed by the changes in the white blood cell smear and the higher spleen percentage. Therefore, the use of these by-products in the diets of poultry, i.e., dried pomace of black chokeberry and black currant may have a positive impact by improving the immunological status of laying hens.
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Hasted TL, Sharif S, Boerlin P, Diarra MS. Immunostimulatory Potential of Fruits and Their Extracts in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:641696. [PMID: 34079540 PMCID: PMC8165432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.641696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of antibiotic use for growth promotion in livestock and poultry production on the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria led to the ban of this practice in the European Union in 2006 and a restriction of antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal agriculture in Canada and the United States of America. There is a high risk of infectious diseases such as necrotic enteritis due to Clostridium perfringens, and colibacillosis due to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in antimicrobial-free broiler chickens. Thus, efficient and cost-effective methods for reducing AMU, maintaining good poultry health and reducing public health risks (food safety) are urgently needed for poultry production. Several alternative agents, including plant-derived polyphenolic compounds, have been investigated for their potential to prevent and control diseases through increasing poultry immunity. Many studies in humans reported that plant flavonoids could modulate the immune system by decreasing production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, and proliferation. Fruits, especially berries, are excellent sources of flavonoids while being rich in nutrients and other functionally important molecules (vitamins and minerals). Thus, fruit byproducts or wastes could be important resources for value-added applications in poultry production. In the context of the circular economy and waste reduction, this review summarizes observed effects of fruit wastes/extracts on the general health and the immunity of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri-Lyn Hasted
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Moussa Sory Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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9
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Kithama M, Hassan YI, Guo K, Kiarie E, Diarra MS. The Enzymatic Digestion of Pomaces From Some Fruits for Value-Added Feed Applications in Animal Production. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.611259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the noticed steady increase of global demand for animal proteins coupled with the current farming practices falling short in fulfilling the requested quantities, more attention is being paid for means and methods intended to maximize every available agricultural-resource in a highly sustainable fashion to address the above growing gap between production and consumers' demand. Within this regard, considerable efforts are being invested either in identifying new animal feed ingredients or maximizing the utilization of already established ones. The public preference and awareness of the importance of using waste products generated by fruit-dependent industries (juice, jams, spirits, etc.) has improved substantially in recent years where a genuine interest of using the above waste(s) in meaningful applications is solidifying and optimization-efforts are being pursued diligently. While many of the earlier reported usages of fruit pomaces as feedstuffs suggested the possibility of using minimally processed raw materials alone, the availability of exogenous digestive and bio-conversion enzymes is promising to take such applications to new un-matched levels. This review will discuss some efforts and practices using exogenous enzymes to enhance fruit pomaces quality as feed components as well as their nutrients' accessibility for poultry and swine production purposes. The review will also highlight efforts deployed to adopt numerous naturally derived and environmentally friendly catalytic agents for sustainable future feed applications and animal farming-practices.
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Ahmad S, Zahiruddin S, Parveen B, Basist P, Parveen A, Gaurav, Parveen R, Ahmad M. Indian Medicinal Plants and Formulations and Their Potential Against COVID-19-Preclinical and Clinical Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:578970. [PMID: 33737875 PMCID: PMC7962606 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.578970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cases of COVID-19 are still increasing day-by-day worldwide, even after a year of its first occurrence in Wuhan city of China. The spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection is very fast and different from other SARS-CoV infections possibly due to structural differences in S proteins. The patients with severe diseases may die due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by systemic inflammatory reactions due to the excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the immune effector cells. In India too, it is spreading very rapidly, although the case fatality rate is below 1.50% (https://www.statista.com), which is markedly less than in other countries, despite the dense population and minimal health infrastructure in rural areas. This may be due to the routine use of many immunomodulator medicinal plants and traditional AYUSH formulations by the Indian people. This communication reviews the AYUSH recommended formulations and their ingredients, routinely used medicinal plants and formulations by Indian population as well as other promising Indian medicinal plants, which can be tested against COVID-19. Special emphasis is placed on Indian medicinal plants reported for antiviral, immunomodulatory and anti-allergic/anti-inflammatory activities and they are categorized for prioritization in research on the basis of earlier reports. The traditional AYUSH medicines currently under clinical trials against COVID-19 are also discussed as well as furtherance of pre-clinical and clinical testing of the potential traditional medicines against COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2. The results of the clinical studies on AYUSH drugs will guide the policymakers from the AYUSH systems of medicines to maneuver their policies for public health, provide information to the global scientific community and could form a platform for collaborative studies at national and global levels. It is thereby suggested that promising AYUSH formulations and Indian medicinal plants must be investigated on a priority basis to solve the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Sultan Zahiruddin
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Parakh Basist
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Abida Parveen
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Minhaj Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, School of Unani Medical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Deemed University), New Delhi, India
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Das Q, Tang J, Yin X, Ross K, Warriner K, Marcone MF, Diarra MS. Organic cranberry pomace and its ethanolic extractives as feed supplement in broiler: impacts on serum Ig titers, liver and bursal immunity. Poult Sci 2020; 100:517-526. [PMID: 33518104 PMCID: PMC7858021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the pressure to reduce antibiotics use in poultry production, cost-effective alternative products need to be developed to enhance the bird's immunity. The present study evaluated the efficacy of cranberry fruit by-products to modulate immunity in broiler chickens. Broiler Cobb 500 chicks were fed a control basal diet, basal diet supplemented with bacitracin (BACI, 55 ppm), cranberry pomace at 1% and 2% (CP2), or cranberry pomace ethanolic extract at 150 and 300 ppm (COH300) for 30 d. Blood sera were analyzed at days 21 and 28 of age for Ig levels by ELISA. The innate and adaptive immune-related gene expression levels in the liver and bursa of Fabricius were investigated at 21 d of age by quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays. At day 21, the highest IgY level was found in the blood serum of the CP2-fed birds. In the liver, 13 of the 22 differentially expressed genes were downregulated across all treatments compared with the control. Expression of genes belonging to innate immunity such as caspase 1 apoptosis–related cysteine peptidase, chemokine receptor 5, interferon gamma, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and Toll-like receptor 3 were significantly downregulated mainly in BACI- and COH300-fed birds. In the bursa, 5 of 9 genes associated with the innate immunity were differentially expressed. The expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 gene was upregulated in all treatment groups in bursa compared with the control. The expression of transferrin gene was significantly upregulated in livers of birds fed COH300 and in bursa of birds fed BACI, indicating feeding practices and organ-dependant modulation of this gene in broiler. Overall results of this study showed that cranberry product feed supplementation modulated the innate immune and suppressed proinflammatory cytokines in broilers, providing a platform for future investigations to develop berry products in poultry feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quail Das
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1; Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Joshua Tang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada V0H 1Z0
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Massimo F Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 5C9.
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12
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Das Q, Islam MR, Lepp D, Tang J, Yin X, Mats L, Liu H, Ross K, Kennes YM, Yacini H, Warriner K, Marcone MF, Diarra MS. Gut Microbiota, Blood Metabolites, and Spleen Immunity in Broiler Chickens Fed Berry Pomaces and Phenolic-Enriched Extractives. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:150. [PMID: 33134328 PMCID: PMC7188780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the performance, gut microbiota, and blood metabolites in broiler chickens fed cranberry and blueberry products for 30 days. A total of 2,800 male day-old broiler Cobb-500 chicks were randomly distributed between 10 diets: control basal diet; basal diet with bacitracin (BACI); four basal diets with 1 and 2% of cranberry (CP1, CP2) and blueberry (BP1, BP2) pomaces; and four basal diets supplemented with ethanolic extracts of cranberry (COH150, COH300) or blueberry (BOH150, BOH300) pomaces. All groups were composed of seven replicates (40 birds per replicate). Cecal and cloacal samples were collected for bacterial counts and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Blood samples and spleens were analyzed for blood metabolites and gene expressions, respectively. The supplementation of COH300 and BOH300 significantly increased the body weight (BW) during the starting and growing phases, respectively, while COH150 improved (P < 0.05) the overall cumulated feed efficiency (FE) compared to control. The lowest prevalence (P = 0.01) of necrotic enteritis was observed with CP1 and BP1 compared to BACI and control. Cranberry pomace significantly increased the quinic acid level in blood plasma compared to other treatments. At days 21 and 28 of age, the lowest (P < 0.05) levels of triglyceride and alanine aminotransferase were observed in cranberry pomace and blueberry product-fed birds, respectively suggesting that berry feeding influenced the lipid metabolism and serum enzyme levels. The highest relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae was found in ceca of birds fed CP2 (P < 0.05). In the cloaca, BOH300 significantly (P < 0.005) increased the abundances of Acidobacteria and Lactobacillaceae. Actinobacteria showed a significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation with feed intake (FI) and FE in COH300-treated birds, whereas Proteobacteria positively correlated with the BW but negatively correlated with FI and FE, during the growing phase. In the spleen, cranberry products did not induce the release of any pro-inflammatory cytokines but upregulated the expression of several genes (IL4, IL5, CSF2, and HMBS) involved in adaptive immune responses in broilers. This study demonstrated that feed supplementation with berry products could promote the intestinal health by modulating the dynamics of the gut microbiota while influencing the metabolism in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quail Das
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Tang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xianhua Yin
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lili Mats
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
| | - Yan Martel Kennes
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Hassina Yacini
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales de Deschambault, Deschambault, QC, Canada
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Massimo F Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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13
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Coleman CM, Ferreira D. Oligosaccharides and Complex Carbohydrates: A New Paradigm for Cranberry Bioactivity. Molecules 2020; 25:E881. [PMID: 32079271 PMCID: PMC7070526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranberry is a well-known functional food, but the compounds directly responsible for many of its reported health benefits remain unidentified. Complex carbohydrates, specifically xyloglucan and pectic oligosaccharides, are the newest recognized class of biologically active compounds identified in cranberry materials. Cranberry oligosaccharides have shown similar biological properties as other dietary oligosaccharides, including effects on bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and microbial growth. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity has also been observed. Oligosaccharides may therefore be significant contributors to many of the health benefits associated with cranberry products. Soluble oligosaccharides are present at relatively high concentrations (~20% w/w or greater) in many cranberry materials, and yet their possible contributions to biological activity have remained unrecognized. This is partly due to the inherent difficulty of detecting these compounds without intentionally seeking them. Inconsistencies in product descriptions and terminology have led to additional confusion regarding cranberry product composition and the possible presence of oligosaccharides. This review will present our current understanding of cranberry oligosaccharides and will discuss their occurrence, structures, ADME, biological properties, and possible prebiotic effects for both gut and urinary tract microbiota. Our hope is that future investigators will consider these compounds as possible significant contributors to the observed biological effects of cranberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Coleman
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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14
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Islam MR, Lepp D, Godfrey DV, Orban S, Ross K, Delaquis P, Diarra MS. Effects of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) pomace feeding on gut microbiota and blood metabolites in free-range pastured broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3739-3755. [PMID: 30918964 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop cost-effective approaches to modulate gut microbiota, promote bird health, and prevent infections in pasture-raised broiler chickens. The present study evaluated the efficacy of organic wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) also called low-bush blueberry pomace (LBBP)-supplemented feed to modulate the chicken gut microbiota, and blood metabolites in order to improve bird health and productivity. Slow-growing broiler chickens were reared on pasture up to 64 D for sampling after 2 wk of treatment during brooding with 0, 1, and 2% LBBP in feed. Intestinal samples were collected at different time-points throughout the trial for bacterial culture and microbial community analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq. Blood sera were also analyzed for metabolites at each sampling time. Of the 14 bacterial phyla, the predominant taxa across all sampling time-points were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Tenericutes, representing >97% of all sequences. Bacteroidetes seemed to be replacing Firmicutes by LBBP supplementation, with the most noticeable effect at day 64 with 1% LBBP. LBBP inclusion enriched Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium, while Escherichia coli, Clostridium_Clostridiaceae, Helicobacter, and Enterococcus showed higher abundances in control birds at the end of trial. Principal co-ordinate analysis showed a clear clustering of the intestinal samples from control and LBBP-treated groups at day 29. Application of LBBP resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in cholesterol at day 21, and an increase (P < 0.05) in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 14-day-old broilers. Higher (P < 0.05) levels of phosphorus, magnesium, and globulin at day 21 as well as iron and albumin at day 36 were also observed in 1% LBBP-fed birds. Despite limitations consisting essentially of low sampled birds for measurements, this study indicated that dietary supplementation of LBBP could positively influence gut microbiota and blood metabolites that may contribute to the overall health of pasture-raised broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashedul Islam
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - David V Godfrey
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Steve Orban
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Kelly Ross
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, AAFC, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
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15
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16
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McAllister TA, Wang Y, Diarra MS, Alexander T, Stanford K. Challenges of a one-health approach to the development of alternatives to antibiotics. Anim Front 2018; 8:10-20. [PMID: 32002214 PMCID: PMC6952028 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfy002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge Alberta, Canada
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge Alberta, Canada
| | - Moussa S Diarra
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, West Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor Alexander
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge Alberta, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbrisdge, Alberta, Canada
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