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Anderson MG, Johnson AM, Harrison C, Jones J, Ali A. Influence of perch provision during rearing on activity and musculoskeletal health of pullets. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307114. [PMID: 39008511 PMCID: PMC11249234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Prior research suggests exercise during pullet rearing can mitigate lay-phase bone fractures by strengthening muscles, enhancing balance, and increasing bone mass. This study aimed to confirm that Hy-Line brown pullets with multi-tier perches show increased activity and improved musculoskeletal health. Pullets (n = 810) were randomly allocated to housing systems, either with multi-tier perches (P; n = 15 pens) or without (NP; n = 15 pens), spanning from 0-17 weeks of age. At 5, 11, and 17 weeks, individual birds were meticulously monitored for activity using accelerometers over three consecutive days (n = 90 randomly selected birds/week). At 11 and 17 weeks, 60 birds underwent euthanasia and computed tomography (CT) scans to ascertain tibiotarsal bone mineral density and cross-sectional area measurements. Post-CT scanning, birds were dissected for muscle size, tibiotarsal breaking strength, and tibiotarsal ash percentage measurements. Additionally, serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide were assessed as markers of bone formation (n = 90 birds/week). Pullet group P exhibited heightened vertical activity (P<0.05), with no discernible differences in overall activity (P>0.05) during weeks 5, 11, and 17 compared to group NP. Tibiotarsal bones of P pullets demonstrated superior total and cortical bone mineral density at week 11, alongside increased cortical bone cross-sectional areas and heightened total and cortical bone mineral densities at week 17 (P<0.05) compared to NP pullets. At week 11, P pullets displayed larger leg muscles, including triceps, pectoralis major and minor, and leg muscles at week 17 (P<0.05) compared to NP pullets. Notably, at both weeks, P pullets' tibiae exhibited greater breaking strengths, higher ash percentages, and elevated concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide compared to NP pullets (P<0.05). The study findings underscore the benefits of providing multi-tier perches for pullets, serving as a valuable tool for enhancing bird activity and musculoskeletal health preceding the lay phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory G. Anderson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Alexa M. Johnson
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Cerano Harrison
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- South Carolina Translational Research Improving Musculoskeletal Health Center, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Jeryl Jones
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- South Carolina Translational Research Improving Musculoskeletal Health Center, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- Animal Behavior and Management, Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Vergara-Hernandez FB, Nielsen BD, Popovich JM, Panek CL, Logan AA, Robison CI, Ehrhardt RA, Johnson TN, Chargo NJ, Welsh TH, Bradbery AN, Leatherwood JL, Colbath AC. Clodronate disodium does not produce measurable effects on bone metabolism in an exercising, juvenile, large animal model. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300360. [PMID: 38626145 PMCID: PMC11020481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat and prevent bone loss, but their effects in active, juvenile populations are unknown. This study examined the effects of intramuscular clodronate disodium (CLO) on bone turnover, serum bone biomarkers (SBB), bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure, biomechanical testing (BT), and cartilage glycosaminoglycan content (GAG) over 165 days. Forty juvenile sheep (253 ± 6 days of age) were divided into four groups: Control (saline), T0 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on day 0), T84 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on day 84), and T0+84 (0.6 mg/kg CLO on days 0 and 84). Sheep were exercised 4 days/week and underwent physical and lameness examinations every 14 days. Blood samples were collected for SBB every 28 days. Microstructure and BMD were calculated from tuber coxae (TC) biopsies (days 84 and 165) and bone healing was assessed by examining the prior biopsy site. BT and GAG were evaluated postmortem. Data, except lameness data, were analyzed using a mixed-effects model; lameness data were analyzed as ordinal data using a cumulative logistic model. CLO did not have any measurable effects on the skeleton of sheep. SBB showed changes over time (p ≤ 0.03), with increases in bone formation and decreases in some bone resorption markers. TC biopsies showed increasing bone volume fraction, trabecular spacing and thickness, and reduced trabecular number on day 165 versus day 84 (p ≤ 0.04). These changes may be attributed to exercise or growth. The absence of a treatment effect may be explained by the lower CLO dose used in large animals compared to humans. Further research is needed to examine whether low doses of bisphosphonates may be used in active juvenile populations for analgesia without evidence of bone changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando B. Vergara-Hernandez
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Natural Resources and Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Santo Tomas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John M. Popovich
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Clinical Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Char L. Panek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Alyssa A. Logan
- School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cara I. Robison
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Ehrhardt
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Tyler N. Johnson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Chargo
- Department of Physiology, College of Natural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda N. Bradbery
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, College of Agriculture, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Leatherwood
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aimee C. Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Colbath AC, Fortin JS, Burglass CM, Panek C, Vergara-Hernandez FB, Johnson TN, Robison CA, Logan AA, Nelson NA, Nielsen BD, Schott HC. Lumbar vertebral bone density is decreased in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:368-376. [PMID: 38151767 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological fractures have been reported in equids with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) but their prevalence and pathogenesis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To compare: (1) bone mineral density (BMD) in weight bearing and nonweight bearing bones in PPID+ equids and aged and young PPID- controls; and (2) biomechanical properties of the fourth lumbar vertebral body in PPID+ equids and aged PPID- equids. STUDY DESIGN Case-control study: five PPID+ equids and six aged and four young PPID- control horses. METHODS PPID status was based on clinical signs and necropsy examination of the pituitary gland (PG). The lumbar vertebral column, right front third metacarpus (MC3), left hind third metatarsus (MT3), and PG were removed after euthanasia. BMD was determined by quantitative computed tomography of regions of interest (ROI) in each bone and biomechanical testing was performed on the fourth lumbar vertebral body. Serum concentrations of parathormone (PTH), ionised Ca++ , 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin (OC) were also measured. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and correlation analyses. RESULTS BMD of trabecular and cortical regions of interest (ROI) of the third, fourth (L4), and fifth lumbar vertebrae were significantly lower in PPID+ equids as compared with aged (p < 0. 001) and young (p < 0.01) PPID- controls. In contrast, no differences were found in BMD of trabecular or cortical ROIs of MC3 and MT3 between groups. No differences were detected in force at fracture, displacement at fracture, Young's modulus or strain of L4 between PPID+ and aged PPID- horses. No differences were found in serum PTH, ionised Ca++ , 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or OC concentrations between groups. MAIN LIMITATIONS Limited number of equids studied and variation in test results. CONCLUSIONS BMD of nonweight bearing bones can be decreased with PPID and could increase risk of developing pathological fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee C Colbath
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jessica S Fortin
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Caroline M Burglass
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Char Panek
- Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Fernando B Vergara-Hernandez
- Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler N Johnson
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Cara A Robison
- Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alyssa A Logan
- Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan A Nelson
- Molecular Biologic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Harold C Schott
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Abraham ME, Robison CI, Kim WK, Regmi P, Karcher DM. n-3 essential fatty acid and vitamin D supplementation improve skeletal health in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103089. [PMID: 37852049 PMCID: PMC10591011 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Keel bone fractures and osteoporosis are prevalent and damaging skeletal issues in the laying hen industry. There is a large interest in improving bone quality parameters to reduce or eliminate these conditions, thus improving bird welfare. Both essential fatty acids (EFA) and vitamin D can play a role in bone metabolism. The hypothesis of this study was that birds supplemented with lower n-6:n-3 EFA ratio or vitamin D would have improved bone properties compared to a control diet. A total of 3,520 Lohmann Brown-Lite pullets were used in this study. Pullets were housed on the floor from 0 to 17 wk of age and then moved to an aviary (17-52 wk of age). Starting at 12 wk of age, birds were split into diet treatments-control, flax, fish, or vitamin D diets with n-6:n-3 ratios of 6.750, 0.534, 0.534, and 6.750, respectively. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Basal vitamin D3 levels were formulated to be 2,760 IU/kg across all diets; for the vitamin D diet, the vitamin D3 level was increased to 5,520 IU/kg. Hens on fish and vitamin D diets had greater bone density, keel bone volume, digital bone mineral content, and keel condition compared to flax and control hens. Additionally, birds fed the vitamin D diet had the heaviest body weights compared to birds fed fish or control diets. Birds fed the flax and vitamin D diets had improved feather coverage across multiple body regions. Feeding an n-3 EFA- or vitamin D-enriched diet decreased mortality by 1.6 to 3.3% compared to the control. The fish and vitamin D diets generated mixed production performance. Compared to the other treatments, the vitamin D diet generated higher case weights but lower hen day percentage throughout the study. When compared to the other treatments, the fish diet had the lowest case weights but had a greater hen day percentage after 36 wk of age. Results indicate that a fish-based EFA and vitamin D supplementation show promise in improving skeletal health but require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan E Abraham
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA
| | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-2604, USA
| | - Woo K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Prafulla Regmi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2050, USA.
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De Cloet CA, Maina AN, Schulze H, Bédécarrats GY, Kiarie EG. Egg production, egg quality, organ weight, bone ash, and plasma metabolites in 30-week-old Lohmann LSL lite hens fed corn and soybean meal-based diets supplemented with enzymatically treated yeast. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102527. [PMID: 36796245 PMCID: PMC9958482 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly prolific modern hens are susceptible to metabolic disorders that could be modulated by functional feedstuffs such as enzymatically treated yeast (ETY). Therefore, we assessed the dose-response of ETY on hen-day egg production (HDEP), egg quality attributes, organ weight, bone ash, and plasma metabolites in laying hens. A total of 160 thirty-week-old Lohmann LSL lite hens were placed in 40 enriched cages (4 birds/cage) based on body weight (BW) and allocated to 5 diets in a completely randomized design for a 12-wk trial. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous corn and soybean meal based supplemented with 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2% ETY. Feed and water were provided ad libitum; HDEP and feed intake (FI) were monitored weekly, whereas egg components, eggshell breaking strength (ESBS), and thickness (EST) were monitored biweekly, and albumen IgA concentration was measured on wk 12. At the end of the trial, 2 birds/cage were bled for plasma and necropsied for liver, spleen, and bursa weight, ceca digesta for short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and tibia and femur for ash content. Supplemental ETY reduced HDEP quadratically (P = 0.03); the HDEP was 98, 98, 96, 95, and 94% for 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% ETY, respectively. However, ETY linearly and quadratically (P = 0.01) increased egg weight (EW) and egg mass (EM). Specifically, EM was 57.9, 60.9, 59.9, 58.9, and 59.2 g/b for 0.0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% ETY, respectively. Egg albumen increased linearly (P = 0.01), and egg yolk decreased linearly (P = 0.03) in response to ETY. In response to ETY, the ESBS and plasma Ca increased linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.03). Plasma concentration of total protein and albumin increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.05) with ETY. Diets had no (P > 0.05) effects on FI, FCR, bone ash, SCFA, and IgA. In conclusion, 0.1% or higher ETY reduced egg production rate; however, linear improvement in EW and shell quality linked to larger albumen and higher plasma protein and Ca suggested modulation in protein and calcium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A. De Cloet
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, USA
| | - Anderson N. Maina
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, USA
| | | | | | - Elijah G. Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, USA,Corresponding author:
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Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Hiney KM, Robison CI, Manfredi JM, Buskirk DD, Popovich JM. The Impact of Circular Exercise Diameter on Bone and Joint Health of Juvenile Animals. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111379. [PMID: 35681842 PMCID: PMC9179390 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular exercise is used in many equestrian disciplines and this study aimed to determine if circle diameter impacts juvenile animal forelimb bone and joint health. On day 0, 24 calves at 9 weeks of age were assigned the following exercise treatments: small circle (12 m clockwise), large circle (18-m clockwise), treadmill, or non-exercised control. Exercise was initiated at 1.1−1.5 m/s for 5 min/d and increased 5 min weekly until reaching 30 min/d. On day 49, synovial fluid was collected from multiple joints, cartilage was collected from the proximal surface of fused third and fourth metacarpi (MC III and IV), and forelimbs underwent computed tomography scans. A statistical analysis (PROC mixed) was performed in SAS 9.4. The inside leg of the small circle treatment had a larger MC III and IV dorsopalmar external diameter than the outside (p = 0.05). The medial proximal phalanx had a greater mediolateral diameter than the lateral proximal phalanx of the small circle treatment (p = 0.01). Fetlock nitric oxide was greater in the large circle and treadmill treatments (p < 0.0001). Cartilage glycosaminoglycan concentration was greater in the outside leg of the small circle exercise treatment than the inside leg (p = 0.03). Even at slow speeds, circular exercise diameter can impact joint and bone health, but faster speeds may have greater alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Logan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Kristina M. Hiney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 201J Animal Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA;
| | - Cara I. Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Jane M. Manfredi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Daniel D. Buskirk
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Ln., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.D.N.); (C.I.R.); (D.D.B.)
| | - John M. Popovich
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Clinical Research, Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, Michigan State University, 965 Wilson Rd., B439, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Reis TL, Dilelis F, Lima LDS, Silva PHFD, Soares PLDS, Calixto LFL. Correlation and path analysis of assessment methodologies of bone quality from brown egg layers at final of the production cycle. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v44i1.54800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate direct and indirect correlations of methodologies of bone quality analysis from brown egg layers, at final of the production cycle. Twelve femurs of Dekalb Brown laying hens, euthanized at 85-week-old, were assessed to evaluate breaking strength (BS), Seedor index (SI), mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) contents, besides cortical (CorD), medullar (MedD) and epiphysis (EpiD) diameters. Correlations and path analysis were obtained with the aid of SAS® University (p ≤ 0.05). The BS directly represented the bone quality and was compared to other methodologies. Greater linear correlations occurred between BS and MM (r = 0.82), MM and Ca (r = 0.72), and BS and Ca (r = 0.70). The MM content displayed the greatest direct effect on the BS (r = 0.53). The Ca content showed a reduced direct effect on the BS (r = 0.18), with indirect effects through MM content (r = 0.44) and EpiD (r = 0.15), however, presented a great total correlation (r = 0.78). Determination of mineral matter content is the main methodology associated with femur breaking strength from brown egg layers at final of the productive cycle. Because of that, this methodology is more reliable to determine bone quality.
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Chen J, Cen J, Ma T, Du Y, Liang T, Liao S, Yu C, Sun X, Li J, Jiang J, Chen T, Li H, Chen W, Ye Z, Yao Y, Guo H, Zhan X, Liu C. Feasibility of 3.5mm C2 pedicle screws in children: Part II, a computerized tomography analysis. Clin Anat 2022; 35:347-353. [PMID: 35088448 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been no studies with large sample sizes on growth of the pedicle of C2 in children. In the present study we measured the pedicle of C2 through computed tomography (CT) imaging in children aged less than 14 years and evaluated the suitability of the 3.5-mm screw for the pedicle in such children. METHODS The study was conducted on CT morphometric images of 420 children in our hospital between June 2018 and June 2020. The width (D1), length (D2), height (D3), inclination angle (α), and tail angle (β) of the C2 pedicle were measured. One-way analysis of variance and Student's t test were used for statistical analyses. The least-square method was used to analyze the curve fitting the trend of anatomical change in the pedicle. The largest degree of goodness of fit determined the best-fitting curve. RESULTS The size of the pedicle of C2 increased with age. The median ranges of D1, D2, D3, α, and β were 3.312-5.431 mm, 11.732-23.645 mm, 3.597-8.038 mm, 32.583°-36.640°, and 24.867°-31.567°, respectively. The curves fitting the trends of D1 and D3 were power functions, whereas D2 was fitted by a logarithmic curve. However, no curve fitted α or β. CONCLUSION A 3.5-mm screw can be placed in the pedicle of C2 in children aged more than one year. The growth and development trend of this pedicle can provide an anatomical reference for deciding on posterior cervical surgery and for selecting and designing pedicle screws for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiemei Cen
- Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Ma
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwang Du
- First Clinical Medical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Liang
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shian Liao
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojie Yu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhua Sun
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Spine Ward, Yulin Orthopedic Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine
| | - Jie Jiang
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhua Chen
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Ye
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Yao
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Guo
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Liu
- Spine and Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Frongia GN, Naitana S, Farina V, Gadau SD, Stefano MD, Muzzeddu M, Leoni G, Zedda M. Correlation between wing bone microstructure and different flight styles: The case of the griffon vulture (gyps fulvus) and greater flamingo (phoenicopterus roseus). J Anat 2021; 239:59-69. [PMID: 33650143 PMCID: PMC8197951 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flying is the main means of locomotion for most avian species, and it requires a series of adaptations of the skeleton and of feather distribution on the wing. Flight type is directly associated with the mechanical constraints during flight, which condition both the morphology and microscopic structure of the bones. Three primary flight styles are adopted by avian species: flapping, gliding, and soaring, with different loads among the main wing bones. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional microstructure of the most important skeletal wing bones, humerus, radius, ulna, and carpometacarpus, in griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) and greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus). These two species show a flapping and soaring flight style, respectively. Densitometry, morphology, and laminarity index were assessed from the main bones of the wing of 10 griffon vultures and 10 flamingos. Regarding bone mineral content, griffon vultures generally displayed a higher mineral density than flamingos. Regarding the morphology of the crucial wing bones involved in flight, while a very slightly longer humerus was observed in the radius and ulna of flamingos, the ulna in griffons was clearly longer than other bones. The laminarity index was significantly higher in griffons. The results of the present study highlight how the mechanics of different types of flight may affect the biomechanical properties of the wing bones most engaged during flight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco D. Stefano
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Disease SectionMolinette HospitalUniversity of TurinItaly
| | - Marco Muzzeddu
- Bonassai Breeding and Wildlife Recovery CenterRegional Forest Agency FoReSTASCagliariItaly
| | - Giovanni Leoni
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariItaly
| | - Marco Zedda
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariItaly
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10
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Lee WD, Kothari D, Niu KM, Lim JM, Park DH, Ko J, Eom K, Kim SK. Superiority of coarse eggshell as a calcium source over limestone, cockle shell, oyster shell, and fine eggshell in old laying hens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13225. [PMID: 34168210 PMCID: PMC8225885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken eggshell (ES) waste is a rich source of calcium carbonate (CaCO3); however, the potential of ES as dietary calcium (Ca) in old laying hens has not been explored. This study compared the effects of feeding limestone, cockle shell, oyster shell, fine ES, and coarse ES as the sole Ca source on production performance, egg quality, blood biochemical constituents, and tibia characteristics in old laying hens. A total of 450 ISA-Brown laying hens at 73 wk of age with similar egg production rate (EPR) were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups (90 hens/group, 9 hens/replicate) for 7 wk. Dietary treatment groups comprised a corn-soybean meal based diet containing different Ca sources: (i) limestone (LS; < 2 mm and 2-4 mm mixed in the ratio of 3:7) as control, (ii) cockle shell (CS; 1-4 mm), (iii) oyster shell (OS; 3-16 mm), (iv) ES fine particles (ESF; < 1 mm), and (v) ES coarse particles (ESC; 3-5 mm). Results indicated that dietary inclusion of coarse ES particles significantly increased average egg weight (P < 0.001) and daily egg mass (P < 0.05), and decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001) as compared with the other treatments. However, no significant differences in EPR, feed intake, cracked egg proportion, and mortality were observed among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Notably, the use of ESF led to a lower proportion of cracked eggs than ESC (P < 0.05). ESC fed hens produced the heaviest eggs whereas CS fed hens produced the lightest (P < 0.001); the particle size of ES also affected the egg weight (P < 0.05). The eggs from OS and ESC fed hens showed a greater albumen height in comparison to eggs from CS group (P < 0.05); but no significant difference was observed among the LS, OS, ESF, and ESC groups (P > 0.05). The yolk color was darker in the eggs of group ESF as compared with other dietary groups (P < 0.01). However, no significant effects on Haugh units and shell properties were observed among the treatments (P > 0.05). The blood biochemistry results were not affected by the dietary Ca (P > 0.05) except for lower levels of high-density lipoprotein percentage (HDL %) in OS and ESC fed hens (P < 0.05). The tibia characteristics including weight, length, width, and breaking strength did not differ among the dietary groups (P > 0.05). However, the ESC and OS fed hens showed higher tibia bone mineral density (BMD) than the other groups (P < 0.001). In conclusion, coarse ES as a sole Ca source had beneficial effects on the production performance, egg quality, and tibia BMD in old laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Do Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biological Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Jeong-Min Lim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Ko
- Department of Veterinary Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Eom
- Department of Veterinary Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Campbell DLM. Skeletal health of layers across all housing systems and future research directions for Australia. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an19578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modern laying hens have been selected for an astounding rate of egg production, but the physiological calcium demand takes a significant toll on their skeletal health. Bones can be assessed both in vivo and ex vivo, using a combination of different structural and mechanical analysis methods. Typically, the properties of leg, wing and keel bones are measured. Conventional caged layers are restricted in movement, which imbalances structural bone resorption and new bone formation, resulting in osteoporosis. Hens within alternative housing systems have opportunities to exercise for strengthening bones, but they can also suffer from higher rates of keel fractures and/or deviations that are likely to have resulted from collisions or pressure force. Limited research has been conducted within Australian commercial housing systems to assess hen skeletal health, including prevalence of keel damage across different system types. Research conducted on both brown and white hen strains approximately within the past decade internationally (2009 onward) has shown that skeletal health is impaired across all housing systems. Keel-bone damage is of specific concern as it occurs at high rates, particularly in multi-tiered systems, is painful, can alter hen behaviour, and reduce both production and egg quality. Management strategies such as the provision of ramps to access perches and tiers can reduce the incidence of keel-bone damage to a degree. Bone strength can be improved through exercise opportunities, particularly when available during pullet rearing. Genetic selection for high bone strength may be necessary for hens to adequately adapt to loose-housed systems, but the best strategy for improving skeletal health is likely to be multifactorial.
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12
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Pritchard A, Robison C, Nguyen T, Nielsen BD. Silicon supplementation affects mineral metabolism but not bone density or strength in male broilers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243007. [PMID: 33284796 PMCID: PMC7721172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Because leg injuries produce welfare concerns and impact production for broilers, numerous interventions have been suggested as potential solutions. One mineral which may affect bone quality is silicon. The objective of this study was to determine if supplementing bioavailable silicon could affect bone morphology, mineralization, and strength without negatively influencing welfare and meat quality. Male broilers were raised from d 1 after hatching until 42 d of age and randomly assigned to treatment groups for silicon supplementation in water: Control (no supplement, C; n = 125), Normal (0.011 ml supplement/kg bodyweight, N; n = 125) and High (0.063 ml supplement/kg bodyweight, H; n = 125). Toe damage, footpad dermatitis, hock burn, and keel blisters were assessed on d 42. Blood samples were collected from wing veins for serum osteocalcin, pyridinoline cross-links, and mineral analysis. Clinical QCT scans and analysis were conducted immediately before four-point bending tests of tibias. Texture analysis was performed on cooked fillets. Silicon supplementation tended to increase daily water consumption in N and H as compared to C (P = 0.07). Footpad dermatitis and hock burn scores were higher in H than in N or C (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Supplementation altered serum minerals (P < 0.001), but bone density, morphology, and strength measures were similar among groups. The highest level of supplementation in the current study on a kg bodyweight basis was above recommended intakes but below previous amounts demonstrating silicon’s positive influence on bone, indicating that previously suggested minimum thresholds need to be reevaluated. Factors such as growth rate and mechanical loading likely play a greater role in developing bone quality than trying to supplement on top of good basic nutrition alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Pritchard
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cara Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tristin Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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13
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Yan FF, Wang WC, Cheng HW. Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic promotes bone growth by inhibition of inflammation in broilers subjected to cyclic heating episodes. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5252-5260. [PMID: 33142440 PMCID: PMC7647906 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress as an environmental stressor causes abnormal bone remodeling and microarchitectural deterioration. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a Bacillus subtilis–based probiotic on bone mass of broilers subjected to cycling high ambient temperature. One hundred and twenty 1-day-old Ross 708 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (12 pens per treatment): control diet and the control diet plus 250-ppm probiotic consisting of 3 strains of Bacillus subtilis. Room temperature was gradually decreased from 35°C on day 1 by 0.5°C/d until day 15, when ambient temperature was increased from 28°C to 32°C for 10 h (07:00 h–17:00 h) daily until day 44. Samples of blood, leg bones (tibia and femur), and brains (raphe nuclei and hypothalamus) were collected at day 43, while latency to lie test was conducted at day 44. Compared with controls, probiotic supplementation increased bone mineral content, weight, size, weight to length index, and reduced robusticity index in the tibia and femur (P < 0.05) of broilers subjected to heat stress. Serum concentrations of c-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) were reduced (P = 0.02) by the probiotic supplementation, while ionized calcium, phosphate, and osteocalcin were not affected (P > 0.05). Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in probiotic fed broilers was decreased (P = 0.003) without changes of plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon-γ, and corticosterone concentrations. There were no treatment effects on the concentrations of peripheral serotonin and central serotonin and catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine) as well as their metabolites. These results may indicate that dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis–based probiotic increases bone growth in broilers under a cyclic heating episode probably via inhibition of bone resorption, resulting from downregulation of the circulating TNF-α and CTX. Dietary probiotic supplementation may be a management strategy for increasing skeletal health of broilers under hot weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Wei-Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heng-Wei Cheng
- USDA-ARS, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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14
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Pritchard A, Robison C, Nielsen BD. Research Note: Bone ash from immature broilers correlates to bone mineral content calculated from quantitative computed tomography scans. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4162-4165. [PMID: 32867959 PMCID: PMC7597983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to selection for rapid growth and heavy muscle, bone deformities and injuries in broiler chickens are common and present a welfare concern. Recently, clinical quantitative computed tomography scans (QCTs) have been used for laying hens with significant, strong correlations between QCT-generated bone mineral content (BMC), bone ash, and analytical calcium. The objectives of this study were to determine if QCT-generated bone mineral density of tibias and femurs correlated to fat-free ash and if analytical Ca could be correlated to bone ash and digitally calculated density in immature broilers. Male broilers (Ross 708, n = 125) were raised from day 1 after hatching, and at 42 D, right leg quarters were collected from 50 randomly selected birds and frozen at −20°C until analysis. Leg quarters were scanned with muscle and feathers intact and arranged in rows on plexiglass, and each QCT included a solid Ca hydroxyapatite phantom. Tibias and femurs were removed from leg quarters after autoclaving, ashed, and weighed. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to understand the association between analytical bone ash and QCT BMC while paired t tests determined the amount of difference between QCT BMC and ash. Ash weight was strongly correlated to QCT BMC in both the femur (R = 0.86, P < 0.001) and the tibia (R = 0.91, P < 0.001). The average difference between the amount of actual ash weighed and BMC calculated from the QCT was 0.03 ± 0.22 g (P = 0.3) for the femur and 0.04 ± 0.22 g (P = 0.2) for the tibia. This study confirms that this technique can supply invaluable skeletal health information without sacrificing birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Pritchard
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Cara Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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15
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Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Robison CI, Manfredi JM, Buskirk DD, Schott HC, Hiney KM. Calves, as a model for juvenile horses, need only one sprint per week to experience increased bone strength. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:3300-3312. [PMID: 31231753 PMCID: PMC6667263 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has determined that maintaining young animals in stalls is detrimental to their bone health, while the addition of 50 to 82-m sprints 5 d/week aids in counteracting the reduction of bone strength from confinement. The current research aims to determine if 1 or 3 d/week of sprinting affords the same benefits to bone as 5 d/week of sprinting compared to animals confined with no sprinting. Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were obtained from the Michigan State University Dairy Cattle Teaching and Research Center. At 9 wk of age, calves were randomly assigned to treatments of 1, 3, or 5 d/week of sprint exercise, or to the confined control group sprinted 0 d/week. Each treatment had 6 calves. Individual sprinting bouts included a single sprint down a 71-m concrete aisle. For the duration of the 6-wk study, calves were housed at the MSU Beef Cattle Teaching and Research Center in stalls which afforded calves room to stand, lay down, and turn around. Serum was collected weekly via jugular venipuncture to obtain concentrations of osteocalcin (OC) and C-telopeptide crosslaps of type I collagen (CTX-1)—markers of bone formation and degradation, respectively. Sprints were videotaped weekly to determine stride frequency and sprint velocity. On day 42, calves were humanely euthanized at the Michigan State University Meat Lab and both front limbs were immediately harvested. Computed tomography scans and mechanical testing were performed on the left fused third and fourth metacarpal bones. Serum OC concentration was greatest for calves sprinted 5 d/week (P < 0.001). Calves sprinted 5 d/week had both greater stride frequency (P < 0.05) and lower sprint velocity (P < 0.05). All exercise treatments experienced greater dorsal cortical widths compared to control animals (P < 0.01). Through mechanical testing, fracture forces of all sprinting treatments were determined to be greater than the control treatment (P < 0.02). Results from this study support that sprinting 1, 3, or 5 d/week during growth can increase bone health and cause favorable alterations in bone markers. While all exercise treatments had over a 20% increase to fracture force, calves sprinted 1 d/week sprinted only 426 m over the 6-wk study and still experienced over a 20% increase in bone strength compared to confined calves. This study demonstrates the remarkably few strides at speed needed to enhance bone strength and emphasizes the danger to skeletal strength if sprinting opportunities are not afforded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Logan
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Brian D Nielsen
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Cara I Robison
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Jane M Manfredi
- Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Daniel D Buskirk
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Harold C Schott
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Kristina M Hiney
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
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