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Medley BJ, Low KE, Irungu JDW, Kipchumba L, Daneshgar P, Liu L, Garber JM, Klassen L, Inglis GD, Boons GJ, Zandberg WF, Abbott DW, Boraston AB. A "terminal" case of glycan catabolism: structural and enzymatic characterization of the sialidases of Clostridium perfringens. J Biol Chem 2024:107750. [PMID: 39251137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are commonly found on the terminal ends of biologically important carbohydrates, including intestinal mucin O-linked glycans. Pathogens such as Clostridium perfringens, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry and humans, have the ability to degrade host mucins and colonize the mucus layer, which involves removal of the terminal sialic acid by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Here we present the structural and biochemical characterization of the GH33 catalytic domains of the three sialidases of C. perfringens and probe their substrate specificity. The catalytically active domains, which we refer to as NanHGH33, NanJGH33, and NanIGH33, displayed differential activity on various naturally occurring forms of sialic acid. We report the X-ray crystal structures of these domains in complex with relevant sialic acid variants revealing the molecular basis of how each catalytic domain accommodates different sialic acids. NanHGH33 displays a distinct preference for α-2,3-linked sialic acid, but can process α-2,6-linked sialic acid. NanJGH33 and NanIGH33 both exhibit the ability to process α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acid without any significant apparent preference. All three enzymes were sensitive to generic and commercially available sialidase inhibitors, which impeded sialidase activity in cultures as well as the growth of C. perfringens on sialylated glycans. The knowledge gained in these studies can be applied to in vivo models for C. perfringens growth and metabolism of mucin O-glycans, with a view towards future mitigation of bacterial colonization and infection of intestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon J Medley
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Kristin E Low
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Jackline D W Irungu
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1M7 Canada
| | - Linus Kipchumba
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1M7 Canada
| | - Parandis Daneshgar
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1M7 Canada
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jolene M Garber
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1 Canada; Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1M7 Canada
| | - Leeann Klassen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1 Canada
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1M7 Canada.
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1 Canada.
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2 Canada.
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Dierick E, Callens C, Bloch Y, Savvides SN, Hark S, Pelzer S, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F, Goossens E. Clostridium perfringens chitinases, key enzymes during early stages of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012560. [PMID: 39283899 PMCID: PMC11426533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bacteria and the intestinal mucus is crucial during the early pathogenesis of many enteric diseases in mammals. A critical step in this process employed by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria focuses on the breakdown of the protective layer presented by the intestinal mucus by mucolytic enzymes. C. perfringens type G, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis in broilers, produces two glycosyl hydrolase family 18 chitinases, ChiA and ChiB, which display distinct substrate preferences. Whereas ChiB preferentially processes linear substrates such as chitin, ChiA prefers larger and more branched substrates, such as carbohydrates presented by the chicken intestinal mucus. Here, we show via crystal structures of ChiA and ChiB in the apo and ligand-bound forms that the two enzymes display structural features that explain their substrate preferences providing a structural blueprint for further interrogation of their function and inhibition. This research focusses on the roles of ChiA and ChiB in bacterial proliferation and mucosal attachment, two processes leading to colonization and invasion of the gut. ChiA and ChiB, either supplemented or produced by the bacteria, led to a significant increase in C. perfringens growth. In addition to nutrient acquisition, the importance of chitinases in bacterial attachment to the mucus layer was shown using an in vitro binding assay of C. perfringens to chicken intestinal mucus. Both an in vivo colonization trial and a necrotic enteritis trial were conducted, demonstrating that a ChiA chitinase mutant strain was less capable to colonize the intestine and was hampered in its disease-causing ability as compared to the wild-type strain. Our findings reveal that the pathogen-specific chitinases produced by C. perfringens type G strains play a fundamental role during colonization, suggesting their potential as vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Dierick
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chana Callens
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Current address: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg, c/o DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Savvas N. Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hark
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Nutrition & Care, Halle, Westfalen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pelzer
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Nutrition & Care, Halle, Westfalen, Germany
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evy Goossens
- Livestock Gut Health Team (LiGHT) Ghent, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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Shan X, Rathore S, Kniffen D, Gao L, Nitin, Letef CL, Shi H, Ghosh S, Zandberg W, Xia L, Bergstrom KS. Ablation of Intestinal Epithelial Sialylation Predisposes to Acute and Chronic Intestinal Inflammation in Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024:101378. [PMID: 38992465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.101378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Addition of sialic acids (sialylation) to glycoconjugates is a common capping step of glycosylation. Our study aims to determine the roles of the overall sialylation in intestinal mucosal homeostasis. METHODS Mice with constitutive deletion of intestinal epithelial sialylation (IEC Slc35a1-/- mice) and mice with inducible deletion of sialylation in intestinal epithelium (TM-IEC Slc35a1-/- mice) were generated, which were used to determine the roles of overall sialylation in intestinal mucosal homeostasis by ex vivo and mutiomics studies. RESULTS IEC Slc35a1-/- mice developed mild spontaneous microbiota-dependent colitis. Additionally, 30% of IEC Slc35a1-/- mice had spontaneous tumors in the rectum greater than the age of 12 months. TM-IEC Slc35a1-/- mice were highly susceptible to acute inflammation induced by 1% dextran sulfate sodium versus control animals. Loss of total sialylation was associated with reduced mucus thickness on fecal sections and within colon tissues. TM-IEC Slc35a1-/- mice showed altered microbiota with an increase in Clostridia disporicum, which is associated a global reduction in the abundance of at least 20 unique taxa; however, metabolomic analysis did not show any significant differences in short-chain fatty acid levels. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil led to more severe small intestine mucositis in the IEC Slc35a1-/- mice versus wild-type littermates, which was associated with reduced Lgr5+ cell representation in small intestinal crypts in IEC Slc35a1-/-;Lgr5-GFP mice. CONCLUSIONS Loss of overall sialylation impairs mucus stability and the stem cell niche leading to microbiota-dependent spontaneous colitis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Shan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Shipra Rathore
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Darrek Kniffen
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liang Gao
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Nitin
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Clara L Letef
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Huiping Shi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wesley Zandberg
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Kirk S Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.
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Fancy N, Nitin, Kniffen D, Melvin M, Kazemian N, Sadeghi J, Letef CA, D'Aloisio L, Copp AG, Inaba R, Hans G, Jafaripour S, Haskey N, Raman M, Daneshgar P, Chadee K, Ghosh S, Gibson DL, Pakpour S, Zandberg W, Bergstrom KSB. Fecal-adherent mucus is a non-invasive source of primary human MUC2 for structural and functional characterization in health and disease. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105675. [PMID: 38272223 PMCID: PMC10891339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The O-glycoprotein Mucin-2 (MUC2) forms the protective colon mucus layer. While animal models have demonstrated the importance of Muc2, few studies have explored human MUC2 in similar depth. Recent studies have revealed that secreted MUC2 is bound to human feces. We hypothesized human fecal MUC2 (HF-MUC2) was accessible for purification and downstream structural and functional characterization. We tested this via histologic and quantitative imaging on human fecal sections; extraction from feces for proteomic and O-glycomic characterization; and functional studies via growth and metabolic assays in vitro. Quantitative imaging of solid fecal sections showed a continuous mucus layer of varying thickness along human fecal sections with barrier functions intact. Lectin profiling showed HF-MUC2 bound several lectins but was weak to absent for Ulex europaeus 1 (α1,2 fucose-binding) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (α2,6 sialic acid-binding), and did not have obvious b1/b2 barrier layers. HF-MUC2 separated by electrophoresis showed high molecular weight glycoprotein bands (∼1-2 MDa). Proteomics and Western analysis confirmed the enrichment of MUC2 and potential MUC2-associated proteins in HF-MUC2 extracts. MUC2 O-glycomics revealed diverse fucosylation, moderate sialylation, and little sulfation versus porcine colonic MUC2 and murine fecal Muc2. O-glycans were functional and supported the growth of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in vitro. MUC2 could be similarly analyzed from inflammatory bowel disease stools, which displayed an altered glycomic profile and differential growth and SCFA production by B. theta versus healthy samples. These studies describe a new non-invasive platform for human MUC2 characterization in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fancy
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Nitin
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Darrek Kniffen
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Melvin
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Negin Kazemian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Javad Sadeghi
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Clara A Letef
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Leah D'Aloisio
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Amanda G Copp
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Rain Inaba
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Geetkamal Hans
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Simin Jafaripour
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Natasha Haskey
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Maitreyi Raman
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Biology, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Wesley Zandberg
- Chemistry, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
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5
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Low KE, Tingley JP, Klassen L, King ML, Xing X, Watt C, Hoover SER, Gorzelak M, Abbott DW. Carbohydrate flow through agricultural ecosystems: Implications for synthesis and microbial conversion of carbohydrates. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108245. [PMID: 37652144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are chemically and structurally diverse biomolecules, serving numerous and varied roles in agricultural ecosystems. Crops and horticulture products are inherent sources of carbohydrates that are consumed by humans and non-human animals alike; however carbohydrates are also present in other agricultural materials, such as soil and compost, human and animal tissues, milk and dairy products, and honey. The biosynthesis, modification, and flow of carbohydrates within and between agricultural ecosystems is intimately related with microbial communities that colonize and thrive within these environments. Recent advances in -omics techniques have ushered in a new era for microbial ecology by illuminating the functional potential for carbohydrate metabolism encoded within microbial genomes, while agricultural glycomics is providing fresh perspective on carbohydrate-microbe interactions and how they influence the flow of functionalized carbon. Indeed, carbohydrates and carbohydrate-active enzymes are interventions with unrealized potential for improving carbon sequestration, soil fertility and stability, developing alternatives to antimicrobials, and circular production systems. In this manner, glycomics represents a new frontier for carbohydrate-based biotechnological solutions for agricultural systems facing escalating challenges, such as the changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Leeann Klassen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Marissa L King
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Caitlin Watt
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shelley E R Hoover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Monika Gorzelak
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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6
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Zaytsoff SJM, Montina T, Boras VF, Brassard J, Moote PE, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Microbiota Transplantation in Day-Old Broiler Chickens Ameliorates Necrotic Enteritis via Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota and Host Immune Responses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11090972. [PMID: 36145404 PMCID: PMC9503007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11090972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A microbiota transplant (MT) originating from mature adult chicken ceca and propagated in bioreactors was administered to day-old broiler chicks to ascertain the degree to which, and how, the MT affects Clostridium perfringens (Cp)-incited necrotic enteritis (NE). Using a stress predisposition model of NE, birds administered the MT and challenged with Cp showed fewer necrotic lesions, and exhibited a substantially higher α- and β-diversity of bacteria in their jejunum and ceca. Birds challenged with Cp and not administered the MT showed decreased Lactobacillus and increased Clostridium sensu strico 1 in the jejunum. In ceca, Megamonas, a genus containing butyrate-producing bacteria, was only present in birds administered the MT, and densities of this genus were increased in birds challenged with Cp. Metabolite profiles in cecal digesta were altered in birds administered the MT and challenged with the pathogen; 59 metabolites were differentially abundant following MT treatment, and the relative levels of short chain fatty acids, butyrate, valerate, and propionate, were decreased in birds with NE. Birds administered the MT and challenged with Cp showed evidence of enhanced restoration of intestinal barrier functions, including elevated mRNA of MUC2B, MUC13, and TJP1. Likewise, birds administered the MT exhibited higher mRNA of IL2, IL17A, and IL22 at 2-days post-inoculation with Cp, indicating that these birds were better immunologically equipped to respond to pathogen challenge. Collectively, study findings demonstrated that administering a MT containing a diverse mixture of microorganisms to day-old birds ameliorated NE in broilers by increasing bacterial diversity and promoting positive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tony Montina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Valerie F. Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB T1J 1W5, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Paul E. Moote
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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7
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Jennings MP, Day CJ, Atack JM. How bacteria utilize sialic acid during interactions with the host: snip, snatch, dispatch, match and attach. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2022; 168:001157. [PMID: 35316172 PMCID: PMC9558349 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
N -glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and its precursor N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), commonly referred to as sialic acids, are two of the most common glycans found in mammals. Humans carry a mutation in the enzyme that converts Neu5Ac into Neu5Gc, and as such, expression of Neu5Ac can be thought of as a 'human specific' trait. Bacteria can utilize sialic acids as a carbon and energy source and have evolved multiple ways to take up sialic acids. In order to generate free sialic acid, many bacteria produce sialidases that cleave sialic acid residues from complex glycan structures. In addition, sialidases allow escape from innate immune mechanisms, and can synergize with other virulence factors such as toxins. Human-adapted pathogens have evolved a preference for Neu5Ac, with many bacterial adhesins, and major classes of toxin, specifically recognizing Neu5Ac containing glycans as receptors. The preference of human-adapted pathogens for Neu5Ac also occurs during biosynthesis of surface structures such as lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS), lipo-polysaccharide (LPS) and polysaccharide capsules, subverting the human host immune system by mimicking the host. This review aims to provide an update on the advances made in understanding the role of sialic acid in bacteria-host interactions made in the last 5-10 years, and put these findings into context by highlighting key historical discoveries. We provide a particular focus on 'molecular mimicry' and incorporation of sialic acid onto the bacterial outer-surface, and the role of sialic acid as a receptor for bacterial adhesins and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Atack
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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8
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NanI sialidase contributes to toxin expression and host cell binding of Clostridium perfringens type G strain CP56 in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 22:147-162. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625232100013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.
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10
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Zaytsoff SJM, Boras VF, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. A stress-induced model of acute necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens using dietary corticosterone administration. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101726. [PMID: 35202894 PMCID: PMC8866091 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that stress can predispose chickens to disease. The objective of the current study was to develop a method that utilized physiological stress to predispose Ross 308 broiler chickens to acute necrotic enteritis (NE). Stress was mediated through the administration of the stress hormone, corticosterone. At 11 d posthatch (p.h.), corticosterone (20 mg kg−1) administration commenced. At 12 and 13 d p.h., birds were orally inoculated with a virulent strain of Clostridium perfringens, and at 14 d p.h., birds were euthanized. Birds administered corticosterone exhibited decreased weight gain, and birds co-challenged with C. perfringens and corticosterone were affected to a higher degree. Necrotic lesions were present in birds inoculated with C. perfringens (33%), but a substantially higher prevalence of birds treated with C. perfringens and corticosterone in combination exhibited lesions (100%). Clostridium perfringens densities were correlated with necrotic lesion and histopathologic scores. Both C. perfringens and corticosterone challenge altered mRNA immune responses in the small intestine. In this regard, birds infected with the pathogen showed higher relative mRNA concentrations of toll-like receptor 2A (TLR2A), transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS). Birds co-challenged with C. perfringens and corticosterone showed hindered TLR2A mRNA expression. A reduction in TLR2A responses mediated by corticosterone administration suggests that the glucocorticoid suppresses immune stimulation in jejunal mucosa, which may be the underlying cause for the increased prevalence and intensity of disease observed in corticosterone treated birds. Overall, the corticosterone stress model resulted in levels of NE comparable to other models of NE that currently exist without the use of a co-infection agent. This model may facilitate the exploration of mechanisms of stress-induced NE, and the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Zaytsoff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valerie F Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Shehata AM, Paswan VK, Attia YA, Abdel-Moneim AME, Abougabal MS, Sharaf M, Elmazoudy R, Alghafari WT, Osman MA, Farag MR, Alagawany M. Managing Gut Microbiota through In Ovo Nutrition Influences Early-Life Programming in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3491. [PMID: 34944266 PMCID: PMC8698130 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken gut is the habitat to trillions of microorganisms that affect physiological functions and immune status through metabolic activities and host interaction. Gut microbiota research previously focused on inflammation; however, it is now clear that these microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining normal homeostatic conditions by regulating the immune system. In addition, the microbiota helps reduce and prevent pathogen colonization of the gut via the mechanism of competitive exclusion and the synthesis of bactericidal molecules. Under commercial conditions, newly hatched chicks have access to feed after 36-72 h of hatching due to the hatch window and routine hatchery practices. This delay adversely affects the potential inoculation of the healthy microbiota and impairs the development and maturation of muscle, the immune system, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Modulating the gut microbiota has been proposed as a potential strategy for improving host health and productivity and avoiding undesirable effects on gut health and the immune system. Using early-life programming via in ovo stimulation with probiotics and prebiotics, it may be possible to avoid selected metabolic disorders, poor immunity, and pathogen resistance, which the broiler industry now faces due to commercial hatching and selection pressures imposed by an increasingly demanding market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrazeq M. Shehata
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Vinod K. Paswan
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Nuclear Research Center, Biological Applications Department, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed Sh. Abougabal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Sharaf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Reda Elmazoudy
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (R.E.); (M.A.O.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan T. Alghafari
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed A. Osman
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (R.E.); (M.A.O.)
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayada R. Farag
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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12
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Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Development and Functional Properties of Intestinal Mucus Layer in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745849. [PMID: 34671361 PMCID: PMC8521165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus plays important roles in protecting the epithelial surfaces against pathogens, supporting the colonization with commensal bacteria, maintaining an appropriate environment for digestion, as well as facilitating nutrient transport from the lumen to the underlying epithelium. The mucus layer in the poultry gut is produced and preserved by mucin-secreting goblet cells that rapidly develop and mature after hatch as a response to external stimuli including environmental factors, intestinal microbiota as well as dietary factors. The ontogenetic development of goblet cells affects the mucin composition and secretion, causing an alteration in the physicochemical properties of the mucus layer. The intestinal mucus prevents the invasion of pathogens to the epithelium by its antibacterial properties (e.g. β-defensin, lysozyme, avidin and IgA) and creates a physical barrier with the ability to protect the epithelium from pathogens. Mucosal barrier is the first line of innate defense in the gastrointestinal tract. This barrier has a selective permeability that allows small particles and nutrients passing through. The structural components and functional properties of mucins have been reviewed extensively in humans and rodents, but it seems to be neglected in poultry. This review discusses the impact of age on development of goblet cells and their mucus production with relevance for the functional characteristics of mucus layer and its protective mechanism in the chicken’s intestine. Dietary factors directly and indirectly (through modification of the gut bacteria and their metabolic activities) affect goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and can be used to manipulate mucosal integrity and dynamic. However, the mode of action and mechanisms behind these effects need to be studied further. As mucins resist to digestion processes, the sloughed mucins can be utilized by bacteria in the lower part of the gut and are considered as endogenous loss of protein and energy to animal. Hydrothermal processing of poultry feed may reduce this loss by reduction in mucus shedding into the lumen. Given the significance of this loss and the lack of precise data, this matter needs to be carefully investigated in the future and the nutritional strategies reducing this loss have to be defined better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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The effects of diet and gut microbiota on the regulation of intestinal mucin glycosylation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Desantis S, Galosi L, Santamaria N, Roncarati A, Biagini L, Rossi G. Modulation of Morphology and Glycan Composition of Mucins in Farmed Guinea Fowl ( Numida meleagris) Intestine by the Multi-Strain Probiotic Slab51 ®. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:495. [PMID: 33668637 PMCID: PMC7918860 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have become highly recognized as supplements for poultry.Since gut health can be considered synonymous withanimal health, the effects of probiotic Slab51® on the morphology and the glycan composition of guineafowlintestine were examined. The probiotics were added in drinking water (2 × 1011 UFC/L) throughout the grow-out cycle.Birds were individually weighed andslaughtered after four months. Samples from the duodenum, ileum and caecum were collected and processed for morphological, morphometric, conventional and lectin glycohistochemical studies.The results were analyzed for statistical significance by Student's t test. Compared with control samples, probiotic group revealed (1) significant increase in villus height (p < 0.001 in duodenum and ileum; p < 0.05 in caecum), crypt depth (p < 0.001 in duodenum and caecum; p < 0.05 in ileum) and goblet cells (GCs) per villus (p < 0.001) in all investigated tracts; (2) increase in galactoseβl,3N-acetylgalacyosamine(Galβl,3GalNAc)terminating O-glycans and αl,2-fucosylated glycans secretory GCs in the duodenum; (3) increase in α2,6-sialoglycans and high-mannose N-linked glycans secretory GCs but reduction in GCs-secreting sulfoglycans in the ileum; (4) increase in Galβl,3GalNAc and high-mannose N-linked glycans secretory GCs and decrease in GCs-producing sulfomucins in the caecum; (5) increase in the numbers of crypt cells containing sulfate and non-sulfated acidic glycans. Overall, dietary Slab51® induces morphological and region-specific changes in glycoprotein composition of guinea fowl intestine, promoting gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Desantis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. 62 per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy;
| | - Livio Galosi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (M.C.), Italy; (A.R.); (L.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Nicoletta Santamaria
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. 62 per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy;
| | - Alessandra Roncarati
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (M.C.), Italy; (A.R.); (L.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Lucia Biagini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (M.C.), Italy; (A.R.); (L.B.); (G.R.)
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (M.C.), Italy; (A.R.); (L.B.); (G.R.)
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15
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Klassen L, Reintjes G, Tingley JP, Jones DR, Hehemann JH, Smith AD, Schwinghamer TD, Arnosti C, Jin L, Alexander TW, Amundsen C, Thomas D, Amann R, McAllister TA, Abbott DW. Quantifying fluorescent glycan uptake to elucidate strain-level variability in foraging behaviors of rumen bacteria. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:23. [PMID: 33482928 PMCID: PMC7825182 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiomes, such as the microbial community that colonizes the rumen, have vast catabolic potential and play a vital role in host health and nutrition. By expanding our understanding of metabolic pathways in these ecosystems, we will garner foundational information for manipulating microbiome structure and function to influence host physiology. Currently, our knowledge of metabolic pathways relies heavily on inferences derived from metagenomics or culturing bacteria in vitro. However, novel approaches targeting specific cell physiologies can illuminate the functional potential encoded within microbial (meta)genomes to provide accurate assessments of metabolic abilities. Using fluorescently labeled polysaccharides, we visualized carbohydrate metabolism performed by single bacterial cells in a complex rumen sample, enabling a rapid assessment of their metabolic phenotype. Specifically, we identified bovine-adapted strains of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron that metabolized yeast mannan in the rumen microbiome ex vivo and discerned the mechanistic differences between two distinct carbohydrate foraging behaviors, referred to as "medium grower" and "high grower." Using comparative whole-genome sequencing, RNA-seq, and carbohydrate-active enzyme fingerprinting, we could elucidate the strain-level variability in carbohydrate utilization systems of the two foraging behaviors to help predict individual strategies of nutrient acquisition. Here, we present a multi-faceted study using complimentary next-generation physiology and "omics" approaches to characterize microbial adaptation to a prebiotic in the rumen ecosystem. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeann Klassen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greta Reintjes
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Darryl R Jones
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen (MARUM), 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Adam D Smith
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Timothy D Schwinghamer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Carol Arnosti
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-3300, NC, USA
| | - Long Jin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Trevor W Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Carolyn Amundsen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Dallas Thomas
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Rudolf Amann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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16
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Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101518. [PMID: 33019786 PMCID: PMC7650536 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A model of physiological stress mediated by the administration of corticosterone (CORT) was used to investigate the impact of stress on the intestinal microbiota of chickens. Birds were administered CORT in their drinking water at 0, 10 (low dose CORT; LDC), and 30 (high dose CORT; HDC) mg/L. Digesta from the small intestine and ceca were examined after 1, 5, and 12 days post-initiation of CORT administration by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A decrease in phylogenetic diversity and altered composition of bacteria were observed for HDC in the small intestine. Analysis by ANOVA-Like Differential Expression 2 (ALDEx2) showed that densities of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 bacteria were increased in the small intestine for LDC and HDC. Quantitative PCR confirmed that CORT administration increased densities of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestine, but only HDC was associated with increased densities of the bacterium in ceca. Predictive functional analysis by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2) showed pathways of carbohydrate metabolism to be enriched with CORT, and amino acid synthesis to be enriched in control birds in the small intestine. In conclusion, physiological stress mediated by CORT modulated bacterial communities in the small intestine and increased densities of C. perfringens. This implicates stress as an important mediator of this important enteric pathogen in poultry.
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17
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Low KE, Smith SP, Abbott DW, Boraston AB. The glycoconjugate-degrading enzymes of Clostridium perfringens: Tailored catalysts for breaching the intestinal mucus barrier. Glycobiology 2020; 31:681-690. [PMID: 32472136 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and animals is lined with mucus that serves as a barrier between the gut microbiota and the epithelial layer of the intestine. As the proteins present in mucus are typically heavily glycosylated, such as the mucins, several enteric commensal and pathogenic bacterial species are well-adapted to this rich carbon source and their genomes are replete with carbohydrate-active enzymes targeted toward dismantling the glycans and proteins present in mucus. One such species is Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen indigenous to the gut of humans and animals. The genome of C. perfringens encodes numerous carbohydrate-active enzymes that are predicted or known to target glycosidic linkages within or on the termini of mucus glycans. Through this enzymatic activity, the degradation of the mucosal layer by C. perfringens has been implicated in a number of GI diseases, the most severe of which is necrotic enteritis. In this review, we describe the wide array of extracellular glycoside hydrolases, and their accessory modules, that is possessed by C. perfringens, and examine the unique multimodularity of these proteins in the context of degrading the glycoconjugates in mucus as a potential component of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Low
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Steven P Smith
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 99 University Ave, Kingston K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 1 Ave S, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Alisdair B Boraston
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria V8P 5C2, Canada
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18
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Zaytsoff SJM, Lyons SM, Garner AM, Uwiera RRE, Zandberg WF, Abbott DW, Inglis GD. Host responses to Clostridium perfringens challenge in a chicken model of chronic stress. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:24. [PMID: 32391086 PMCID: PMC7203818 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study utilized a chicken model of chronic physiological stress mediated by corticosterone (CORT) administration to ascertain how various host metrics are altered upon challenge with Clostridium perfringens. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease of the small intestine of chickens incited by C. perfringens, which can result in elevated morbidity and mortality. The objective of the current study was to investigate how physiological stress alters host responses and predisposes birds to subclinical NE. Results Birds administered CORT exhibited higher densities of C. perfringens in their intestine, and this corresponded to altered production of intestinal mucus. Characterization of mucus showed that C. perfringens treatment altered the relative abundance of five glycans. Birds inoculated with C. perfringens did not exhibit evidence of acute morbidity. However, histopathologic changes were observed in the small intestine of infected birds. Birds administered CORT showed altered gene expression of tight junction proteins (i.e. CLDN3 and CLDN5) and toll-like receptors (i.e. TLR2 and TLR15) in the small intestine. Moreover, birds administered CORT exhibited increased expression of IL2 and G-CSF in the spleen, and IL1β, IL2, IL18, IFNγ, and IL6 in the thymus. Body weight gain was impaired only in birds that were administered CORT and challenged with C. perfringens. Conclusion CORT administration modulated a number of host functions, which corresponded to increased densities of C. perfringens in the small intestine and weight gain impairment in chickens. Importantly, results implicate physiological stress as an important predisposing factor to NE, which emphasizes the importance of managing stress to optimize chicken health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Zaytsoff
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada.,2Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Sarah M Lyons
- 3Department of Biology, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Alexander M Garner
- 4Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- 2Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- 3Department of Biology, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada.,5Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia (Okanagan Campus), 3247 Research Road, Kelowna, BC Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - G Douglas Inglis
- 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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19
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Massacci FR, Lovito C, Tofani S, Tentellini M, Genovese DA, De Leo AAP, Papa P, Magistrali CF, Manuali E, Trabalza-Marinucci M, Moscati L, Forte C. Dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 Positively Affects Performance and Intestinal Ecosystem in Broilers during a Campylobacter jejuni Infection. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E596. [PMID: 31766507 PMCID: PMC6956328 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In poultry production, probiotics have shown promise to limit campylobacteriosis at the farm level, the most commonly reported zoonosis in Europe. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces supplementation in Campylobacter jejuni challenged chickens on performance and intestinal ecosystem. A total of 156 day old male Ross 308 chicks were assigned to a basal control diet (C) or to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplemented diet (S). All the birds were orally challenged with C. jejuni on day (d) 21. Live weight and growth performance were evaluated on days 1, 21, 28 and 40. The histology of intestinal mucosa was analyzed and the gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA. Performance throughout the trial as well as villi length and crypt depth were positively influenced by yeast supplementation. A higher abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) annotated as Lactobacillus reuteri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and a lower abundance of Campylobacter in fecal samples from S compared to the C group were reported. Supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii can effectively modulate the intestinal ecosystem, leading to a higher abundance of beneficial microorganisms and modifying the intestinal mucosa architecture, with a subsequent improvement of the broilers' growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romana Massacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carmela Lovito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Silvia Tofani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Tentellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Domenica Anna Genovese
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessia Arcangela Pia De Leo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Paola Papa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Chiara Francesca Magistrali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | | | - Livia Moscati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Claudio Forte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche ‘Togo Rosati’, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (F.R.M.); (C.L.); (S.T.); (M.T.); (D.A.G.); (A.A.P.D.L.); (P.P.); (C.F.M.); (E.M.); (L.M.)
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