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Muñoz-Gómez V, Ma T, Li Y, Rasmussen P, Torgerson PR. Global and regional prediction of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis prevalence in extensive backyard chickens in low-income and middle-income countries. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110268. [PMID: 39047535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Backyard chickens usually have open housing and scavenge for food, facilitating contact with infective forms of parasites present in the environment and increasing the risk of parasitic infections. Coccidiosis and ascaridiosis are two internal parasites in scavenging chickens that cause production losses to farmers. Prevalence data of these two diseases are scarce in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) but necessary to assess the burden of disease in backyard chickens. This study estimates the clinical prevalence of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis at the country and regional levels in all LMICs using regression imputation methods. Regression models were developed with data of known prevalence of these parasites and using primarily climatic factors as predictors. A binomial random effects model was developed for each disease to impute prevalence. The overall estimated prevalence of coccidiosis was 0.39 (95 % CI: 0.37-0.42), with a higher mean prevalence in tropical countries. The overall estimated prevalence of ascaridiosis was 0.23 (95 % CI: 0.22-0.25) with a higher mean prevalence in countries with tropical, temperate and continental climates. The findings of this study can aid to identify the burdens of coccidiosis and ascaridiosis infections across countries and regions, which can inform disease control plans and, and encourage international alliances to facilitate access to preventive measures, improving animal health and reducing production losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz-Gómez
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tian Ma
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine and Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Philip Rasmussen
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Programme, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Badri M, Olfatifar M, Hayati A, Bijani B, Samimi R, Abdoli A, Nowak O, Diaz D, Eslahi AV. The global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in domestic chickens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1469. [PMID: 38814576 PMCID: PMC11138244 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria is a protozoan parasite that affects poultry, particularly chickens, causing a disease known as coccidiosis. This disease imposes substantial significant economic challenges to the poultry sector. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria in domestic chickens. METHODS Multiple databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published until June 2023. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval. The statistical analysis was conducted using meta packages in R version (3.6.1). RESULTS In total, 41 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The global pooled prevalence was 44.3% (36.9%-51.8%) with Eimeria tenella (38.7%, 30.1%-47.7%) as the most prevalent species. The highest pooled prevalence was related to the Western Pacific Region (80.5%, 72.6%-87.3%) and urban areas (44.4%, 36.5%-52.6%). Moreover, areas with humid subtropical climates represent the highest overall prevalence (75.8%, 46.6%-95.9%). CONCLUSION The necessity for robust and innovative strategies for preventing and managing this disease cannot be overstated. Addressing Eimeria impact is crucial not only for safeguarding poultry health but also for sustaining the economic viability of the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Diseases Research CenterQom University of Medical SciencesQomIran
| | - Alireza Hayati
- Students' Research Committee (SRC)Qazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Behzad Bijani
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Rasoul Samimi
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research CenterJahrom University of Medical SciencesJahromIran
- Department of Parasitology and MycologyJahrom University of Medical SciencesJahromIran
| | - Oskar Nowak
- Institute of Human Biology and EvolutionFaculty of BiologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznańPoland
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CopilcoCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research CenterQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
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Muñoz-Gómez V, Furrer R, Yin J, Shaw AP, Rasmussen P, Torgerson PR. Prediction of coccidiosis prevalence in extensive backyard chickens in countries and regions of the Horn of Africa. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110143. [PMID: 38325134 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the leading morbidity causes in chickens, causing a reduction of body weight and egg production. Backyard chickens are at risk of developing clinical and subclinical coccidiosis due to outdoor housing and scavenging behaviour, jeopardizing food security in households. The objectives of this study were to estimate clinical prevalence of coccidiosis at country and regional levels in the Horn of Africa in extensive backyard chickens. A binomial random effects model was developed to impute prevalence of coccidiosis. Previously gathered prevalence data (n = 40) in backyard chickens was used to define the model. Precipitation (OR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.05-1.13) and the presence of seasonal rainfall (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.27-2.70) significantly increase prevalence. Results showed an overall prevalence of coccidiosis in the Horn of Africa of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.15-0.29). Ethiopia, the Republic of South Sudan and Kenya showed the highest prevalence and Djibouti the lowest. Significant differences between Djibouti and the countries with highest prevalence were found. However, no evidence of a significant difference between the rest of the countries. Kenya and Ethiopia showed larger prevalence differences between regions. Results could assist with the targeting of testing for coccidiosis, the observation for clinical disease of chickens living in specific regions and as a baseline for the evaluation of future control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Muñoz-Gómez
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Reinhard Furrer
- Department of Mathematical Modeling and Machine Learning, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexandra Pm Shaw
- Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Livestock and One Health, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rasmussen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Attree E, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Jones M, Xia D, Marugan-Hernandez V, Blake D, Tomley F. Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2021; 2:37. [PMID: 34604790 PMCID: PMC8475900 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no "perfect solution" and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
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Schneiders GH, Foutz JC, Fuller AL, Nelson J, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. The Effect of Increased Temperatures on Viability, Morphology, Infectivity, and Development of Eimeria tenella. J Parasitol 2020; 106:428-437. [PMID: 32603417 DOI: 10.1645/19-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly found in backyard and commercial poultry production, coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, presents a self-limiting intestinal infection based on the number of ingested oocysts. Heat stress (HS) is one of the major environmental stressors in poultry, predisposing broiler chickens to immunosuppression and rendering them susceptible to diseases. There are suggestions that HS reduces Eimeria oocyst shedding in chickens; however, the relationship between HS and coccidiosis is not well elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on viability, morphology, infectivity, and development of Eimeria tenella in vitro, and merozoite production and oocyst shedding in vivo. In vitro exposure of sporozoites to 55 C for at least 60 min reduced sporozoites viability as shown by morphological changes and rendering them unable to invade Mardin-Darbi bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Intracellular development of merozoites was significantly reduced by an increase in 2 C in the optimal temperature of incubation in vitro. Most importantly, the induction of HS in the live chickens caused significantly lower lesion scores, reduced merozoite production, and oocyst shedding, resulting in a much less severe disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Schneiders
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J C Foutz
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - A L Fuller
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - J Nelson
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - R Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - S E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Godwin RM, Morgan JA. A molecular survey of Eimeria in chickens across Australia. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Morley NJ, Lewis JW. Temperature stress and parasitism of endothermic hosts under climate change. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:221-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Seasonal impact on the prevalence of coccidian infection in broiler chicks across poultry farms in the Kashmir valley. J Parasit Dis 2014; 39:736-40. [PMID: 26688644 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The information on the epidemiology and control of coccidian parasites of broilers in Kashmir valley is based on the reports available from other regions of the world. With this background, the present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal prevalence of the disease in the temperate agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir valley. A standard protocol for sampling was followed according to which five birds per 10,000 is sufficient to diagnose coccidiosis. Microscopic examination (under 10× and 40× objective lens) was used to reveal the presence of coccidial oocysts. Different species of genus Eimeria were identified on the basis of their predilection site, morphology and size. Coccidiosis was most prevalent in autumn 45.12 ± 2.55 (September 47.5 %, October 42.42 % and November 45.46 %) followed by summer 30.84 ± 6.86, spring 23.81 ± 2.81 and winter 20.29 ± 6.40. In summer, prevalence of disease was low but afterwards prevalence of disease rose up from August to October. In spite of high relative humidity in winter, disease showed low prevalence rate. Over all prevalence for the whole year was 29.87 %. Among species Eimeria tenella was the most dominant parasite showing highest prevalence of 18.13 %. Variation in incidence of coccidiosis with respect to seasons showed a strong correlation and data was found to be statistically significant with P < 0.05. The results obtained would be quite useful to devise appropriate and effective control strategies and prophylactic programs for coccidiosis in poultry unique to this climatic zone and other parts of the world with similar climatic and poultry production systems.
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Awais MM, Akhtar M, Iqbal Z, Muhammad F, Anwar MI. Seasonal prevalence of coccidiosis in industrial broiler chickens in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:323-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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McFarlane JM, Curtis SE, Simon J, Izquierdo OA. Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 2. Effects on hematologic, body composition, and pathologic traits. Poult Sci 1989; 68:510-21. [PMID: 2748499 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0680510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of multiple concurrent stressors on Hubbard x Hubbard chicks (Days 10 to 17 posthatch) were studied in a 2(6)-factorial experiment employing as treatments aerial ammonia (A, 0 or 125 ppm), beak trimming (B, sham handled or beak trimmed/cauterized), coccidiosis (X, gavage with 0 or 6 x 10(5) sporulated Eimeria acervulina oocysts), intermittent electric shock (E, 0 or between 2.9 and 8.7 mA), heat stress (H, 30.4 or 34.8 C), and continuous noise (N, 80 or 95 dB). Packed-cell volume (PCV) was decreased by X and increased by A and H. A quadratic relationship between PCV and number of simultaneous stressors (order) was detected. Heterophil percentage was increased and lymphocyte percentage decreased by A, E, H, and order. Monocyte percentage was increased by N, eosinophil percentage increased by X, and basophil percentage decreased by A, X, and H. Basophil percentage decreased linearly with increasing order. Whole carcass water percentage was increased by X, chloroform-methanol extract percentage (dry matter) (CME) decreased by X, and CP percentage (dry matter) increased by A. Neither water, CME, nor CP percentage changed in relation to order. Lesion severity did not change in any tissue as stressor order increased. With few exceptions, each stressor affected hematologic, body composition, and pathologic traits in a similar manner whether imposed singly or concurrently with up to five other stressors. The results suggest that in practical production situations, where ordinarily poultry experience more than one stressor at the same time, effects of multiple concurrent unrelated stressors on performance traits can be estimated to a first approximation by summing effects of respective stressors when acting alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McFarlane
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Ryley JF, Hardman L. The use of vitamin K deficient diets in the screening and evaluation of anticoccidial drugs. Parasitology 1978; 76:11-20. [PMID: 622304 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200004734x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K (as menaphthone sodium bisulphite) added to a deficient diet reduced mortality due to Eimeria tenella or E. necatrix, had a slight effect on haematocrit, but had no obvious effect on weight gain or faecal blood; 0.1 ppm gave a maximal response. The effect of vitamin K on mortality was not absolute; the magnitude of the effect depended on the size of the challenge dose of oocysts. Likewise, the response of an infection to anticoccidial drugs, particularly monensin, depended on the severity of challenge. The effect of adding vitamin K in the presence of drug was to effectively reduce the coccidial challenge; no other interaction of vitamin K and drug has been found. No effects with vitamin K deficiency or supplementation were seen in cases of infections with E. acervulina, E. brunetti or E. maxima. The use of a deficient diet for experimental work is therefore quite justified--particularly as it results in a 4-fold saving of oocysts for inoculation purposes in the case of the haemorrhagic species.
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Reid WM, Hines TK, Johnson J, Stino KR. Coccidiosis: effects of high environmental temperatures on anticoccidial protection. Poult Sci 1976; 55:1436-41. [PMID: 951371 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0551436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a series of nine experiments birds subjected to heat-stress showed decreases of 9 to 61 percent in feed intake. In only one of these experiments, involving E. acervulina and monensin, was there sufficient reduction of anticoccidial intake to partially nullify effects of drug protection. In this case, a 40 percent decrease in monensin intake resulted in significantly higher lesion scores (1.9 vs. 1.0) (P less than or equal to 0.05) in birds maintained at 32 C. for days 1 to 7 postinfection (P.I.) compared to controls maintained at 20C. No other failures due to heat stress occurred with this anticoccidial in three other trials with E. acervulina or or five trials involving E. tenella infection. In one experiment E. tenella coccidiosis (lesion scores 0.7 vs. 1.1) was more severe in the cool environment than in birds under heat-stress from 2 to 7 days P.I. Similarly, less severe lesions of E tenella (0.4 vs. 0.8) occurred during heat-stress (32 C) than in controls maintained at 11 C. in zoalene-fed and unmedicated control birds. No differences in lesion scores occurred in birds in hot versus cool room environments in two experiments involving sulfaquinoxaline or one with robenidene and E. tenella infection. E tenella lesions inunmedicated controls were significantly more severe in the cool than the hot environment in one experiment. Results from these experiments suggest that decreases in feed and anticoccidial intake during heat-stress could seldom be the cause of coccidiosis breaks under field conditions.
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