1
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Pinotti F, Lourenço J, Gupta S, Das Gupta S, Henning J, Blake D, Tomley F, Barnett T, Pfeiffer D, Hoque MA, Fournié G. EPINEST, an agent-based model to simulate epidemic dynamics in large-scale poultry production and distribution networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011375. [PMID: 38381804 PMCID: PMC10911595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid intensification of poultry production raises important concerns about the associated risks of zoonotic infections. Here, we introduce EPINEST (EPIdemic NEtwork Simulation in poultry Transportation systems): an agent-based modelling framework designed to simulate pathogen transmission within realistic poultry production and distribution networks. We provide example applications to broiler production in Bangladesh, but the modular structure of the model allows for easy parameterization to suit specific countries and system configurations. Moreover, the framework enables the replication of a wide range of eco-epidemiological scenarios by incorporating diverse pathogen life-history traits, modes of transmission and interactions between multiple strains and/or pathogens. EPINEST was developed in the context of an interdisciplinary multi-centre study conducted in Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Sri Lanka, and will facilitate the investigation of the spreading patterns of various health hazards such as avian influenza, Campylobacter, Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in these countries. Furthermore, this modelling framework holds potential for broader application in veterinary epidemiology and One Health research, extending its relevance beyond poultry to encompass other livestock species and disease systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Lourenço
- Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Suman Das Gupta
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Damer Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Barnett
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- The Firoz Lalji Centre for Africa, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Pfeiffer
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Md. Ahasanul Hoque
- Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Guillaume Fournié
- Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université de Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, 69280, France
- INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Université Clermont Auvergne, Saint Genès Champanelle, 63122, France
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2
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Tripathi A, Kumar D, Chavda P, Rathore DS, Pandit R, Blake D, Tomley F, Joshi M, Joshi CG, Dubey SK. Resistome profiling reveals transmission dynamics of antimicrobial resistance genes from poultry litter to soil and plant. Environ Pollut 2023; 327:121517. [PMID: 36990341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farming is a major livelihood in South and Southeast Asian economies where it is undergoing rapid intensification to meet the growing human demand for dietary protein. Intensification of poultry production systems is commonly supported by increased antimicrobial drug use, risking greater selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Transmission of ARGs through food chains is an emerging threat. Here, we investigated transmission of ARGs from chicken (broiler and layer) litter to soil and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench plants based on field and pot experiments. The results demonstrate ARGs transmission from poultry litter to plant systems under field as well as experimental pot conditions. The most common ARGs could be tracked for transmission from litter to soil to plants were identified as detected were cmx, ErmX, ErmF, lnuB, TEM-98 and TEM-99, while common microorganisms included Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae. Using next generation sequencing and digital PCR assays we detected ARGs transmitted from poultry litter in both the roots and stems of S. bicolor (L.) Moench plants. Poultry litter is frequently used as a fertiliser because of its high nitrogen content; our studies show that ARGs can transmit from litter to plants and illustrates the risks posed to the environment by antimicrobial treatment of poultry. This knowledge is useful for formulating intervention strategies that can reduce or prevent ARGs transmission from one value chain to another, improving understanding of impacts on human and environmental health. The research outcome will help in further understanding the transmission and risks posed by ARGs from poultry to environmental and human/animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Priyank Chavda
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Dalip Singh Rathore
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Ramesh Pandit
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Damer Blake
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science and Technology; (DST), Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382011, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Mitchell J, Cooke P, Ahorlu C, Arjyal A, Baral S, Carter L, Dasgupta R, Fieroze F, Fonseca-Braga M, Huque R, Lewycka S, Kalpana P, Saxena D, Tomley F, Tsekleves E, Vu Thi Quynh G, King R. Community engagement: The key to tackling Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) across a One Health context? Glob Public Health 2022; 17:2647-2664. [PMID: 34882505 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.2003839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a One Health problem underpinned by complex drivers and behaviours. This is particularly so in low - and middle-income countries (LMICs), where social and systemic factors fuel (mis)use and drive AMR. Behavioural change around antimicrobial use could safeguard both existing and future treatments. However, changing behaviour necessitates engaging with people to understand their experiences. This publication describes a knowledge-exchange cluster of six LMIC-based projects who co-designed and answered a series of research questions around the usage of Community Engagement (CE) within AMR. Findings suggest that CE can facilitate AMR behaviour change, specifically in LMICs, because it is a contextualised approach which supports communities to develop locally meaningful solutions. However, current CE interventions focus on human aspects, and demand-side drivers, of AMR. Our cluster suggests that broader attention should be paid to AMR as a One Health issue. The popularity of mixed methods approaches within existing CE for AMR interventions suggests there is interdisciplinary interest in the uptake of CE. Unfortunately, the specificity and context-dependency of CE can make it difficult to evaluate and scale. Nevertheless, we suggest that in synthesising learnings from CE, we can develop a collective understanding of its scope to tackle AMR across contexts. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mitchell
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, UK
| | - Paul Cooke
- Centre for World Cinema and Digital Cultures, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, UK
| | - Collins Ahorlu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Laura Carter
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, UK
| | - Rajib Dasgupta
- One Health Poultry Hub, UK
- Centre of Social Medicine & Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Lewycka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Pachillu Kalpana
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Fiona Tomley
- One Health Poultry Hub, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Gioa Vu Thi Quynh
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, National Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Rebecca King
- Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, UK
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4
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Alders R, Tomley F. Animal Board Invited Opinion Paper: Planet, people and poultry - more and better data needed to get the balance right. Animal 2022; 16:100560. [PMID: 35716415 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Alders
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London SW1Y 4LE, UK; Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; Kyeema Foundation, 7/307 Queen Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, 4 Royal College St., London NW1 0TU, UK
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5
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Attree E, Sanchez-Arsuaga G, Jones M, Xia D, Marugan-Hernandez V, Blake D, Tomley F. Controlling the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens; an eye on the past and considerations for the future. CABI Agric Biosci 2021; 2:37. [PMID: 34604790 PMCID: PMC8475900 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-021-00056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a potentially severe enteritis caused by species of obligate intracellular parasites of the genus Eimeria. These parasites cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry, predominantly due to compromised efficiency of production as well as the cost of control. These losses were recently estimated to cost chicken producers approximately £10.4 billion worldwide annually. High levels of Eimeria infection cause clinical coccidiosis which is a significant threat to poultry welfare, and a pre-disposing contributory factor for necrotic enteritis. Control of Eimeria parasites and coccidiosis is therefore an important endeavour; multiple approaches have been developed and these are often deployed together. This review summarises current trends in strategies for control of Eimeria, focusing on three main areas: good husbandry, chemoprophylaxis and vaccination. There is currently no "perfect solution" and there are advantages and limitations to all existing methods. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present current control strategies and suggest how these may develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Attree
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez-Arsuaga
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Jones
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
- UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub, Ahmedabad, India
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6
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Dasgupta R, Tomley F, Alders R, Barbuddhe SB, Kotwani A. Adopting an intersectoral One Health approach in India: Time for One Health Committees. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:281-286. [PMID: 33906990 PMCID: PMC8204840 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_537_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the several episodes of zoonotic disease outbreaks and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic, the Indian policy initiatives are committed to institutionalize One Health (OH) approaches and promote intersectoral, transdisciplinary collaboration and cooperation. The OH principle needs to be visualized beyond the scope of zoonoses. While conservation, ecological and veterinary professions are getting increasingly engaged with OH, most of the medical/clinical and social sciences professions are only peripherally aware of its nuances. The OH initiatives, by their essentially multidisciplinary nature, entail working across ministries and navigating tacit institutional hierarchies and allocating leadership roles. The logical operational step will be the constitution of One Health Committees (OHC) at the State and district levels. Here, we outline the key foundational principles of OHC and hope that the framework for implementation shall be deliberated through wider consultations and piloted and adopted in a phased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dasgupta
- Centre of Social Medicine & Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Alders
- Centre for Universal Health, Chatham House, London, United Kingdom; Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Anita Kotwani
- Department of Pharmacology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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7
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Bremner A, Kim S, Morris KM, Nolan MJ, Borowska D, Wu Z, Tomley F, Blake DP, Hawken R, Kaiser P, Vervelde L. Kinetics of the Cellular and Transcriptomic Response to Eimeria maxima in Relatively Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653085. [PMID: 33841436 PMCID: PMC8027475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima is a common cause of coccidiosis in chickens, a disease that has a huge economic impact on poultry production. Knowledge of immunity to E. maxima and the specific mechanisms that contribute to differing levels of resistance observed between chicken breeds and between congenic lines derived from a single breed of chickens is required. This study aimed to define differences in the kinetics of the immune response of two inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens that exhibit differential resistance (line C.B12) or susceptibility (line 15I) to infection by E. maxima. Line C.B12 and 15I chickens were infected with E. maxima and transcriptome analysis of jejunal tissue was performed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection (dpi). RNA-Seq analysis revealed differences in the rapidity and magnitude of cytokine transcription responses post-infection between the two lines. In particular, IFN-γ and IL-10 transcript expression increased in the jejunum earlier in line C.B12 (at 4 dpi) compared to line 15I (at 6 dpi). Line C.B12 chickens exhibited increases of IFNG and IL10 mRNA in the jejunum at 4 dpi, whereas in line 15I transcription was delayed but increased to a greater extent. RT-qPCR and ELISAs confirmed the results of the transcriptomic study. Higher serum IL-10 correlated strongly with higher E. maxima replication in line 15I compared to line C.B12 chickens. Overall, the findings suggest early induction of the IFN-γ and IL-10 responses, as well as immune-related genes including IL21 at 4 dpi identified by RNA-Seq, may be key to resistance to E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Bremner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, United States
| | - Pete Kaiser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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8
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Marugan-Hernandez V, Jeremiah G, Aguiar-Martins K, Burrell A, Vaughan S, Xia D, Randle N, Tomley F. The Growth of Eimeria tenella: Characterization and Application of Quantitative Methods to Assess Sporozoite Invasion and Endogenous Development in Cell Culture. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:579833. [PMID: 33154954 PMCID: PMC7590826 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.579833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro development of the complete life cycle of Eimeria species has been achieved in primary cultures of avian epithelial cells with low efficiency. The use of immortalized cell lines simplifies procedures but only allows partial development through one round of parasite invasion and intracellular replication. We have assessed the suitability of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells to support qualitative and quantitative studies on sporozoite invasion and intracellular development of Eimeria tenella. Analysis of parasite ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy proved the suitability of the system to generate good quality schizonts and first-generation merozoites. Parasite protein expression profiles elucidated by mass spectrometry corroborated previous findings occurring during the development of the parasite such as the presence of alternative types of surface antigen at different stages and increased abundance of proteins from secretory organelles during invasion and endogenous development. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) allowed the tracking of development by detecting DNA division, whereas reverse transcription qPCR of sporozoite- and merozoite-specific genes could detect early changes before cell division and after merozoite formation, respectively. These results correlated with the analysis of development using ImageJ semi-automated image analysis of fluorescent parasites, demonstrating the suitability and reproducibility of the MDBK culture system. This systems also allowed the evaluation of the effects on invasion and development when sporozoites were pre-incubated with anticoccidial drugs, showing similar effects to those reported before. We have described through this study a series of methods and assays for the further application of this in vitro culture model to more complex studies of Eimeria including basic research on parasite cell biology and host-parasite interactions and for screening anticoccidial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Jeremiah
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alana Burrell
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dong Xia
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Randle
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Marugan-Hernandez V, Long E, Blake D, Crouch C, Tomley F. Eimeria tenella protein trafficking: differential regulation of secretion versus surface tethering during the life cycle. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4557. [PMID: 28676667 PMCID: PMC5496917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. are intracellular parasites that have a major impact on poultry. Effective live vaccines are available and the development of reverse genetic technologies has raised the prospect of using Eimeria spp. as recombinant vectors to express additional immunoprotective antigens. To study the ability of Eimeria to secrete foreign antigens or display them on the surface of the sporozoite, transiently transfected populations of E. tenella expressing the fluorescent protein mCherry, linked to endogenous signal peptide (SP) and glycophosphatidylinositol-anchor (GPI) sequences, were examined. The SP from microneme protein EtMIC2 (SP2) allowed efficient trafficking of mCherry to cytoplasmic vesicles and following the C-terminal addition of a GPI-anchor (from surface antigen EtSAG1) mCherry was expressed on the sporozoite surface. In stable transgenic populations, mCherry fused to SP2 was secreted into the sporocyst cavity of the oocysts and after excystation, secretion was detected in culture supernatants but not into the parasitophorous vacuole after invasion. When the GPI was incorporated, mCherry was observed on the sporozites surface and in the supernatant of invading sporozoites. The proven secretion and surface exposure of mCherry suggests that antigen fusions with SP2 and GPI of EtSAG1 may be promising candidates to examine induction of protective immunity against heterologous pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Marugan-Hernandez
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - E Long
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D Blake
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - C Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - F Tomley
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Palmieri N, Shrestha A, Ruttkowski B, Beck T, Vogl C, Tomley F, Blake DP, Joachim A. The genome of the protozoan parasite Cystoisospora suis and a reverse vaccinology approach to identify vaccine candidates. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:189-202. [PMID: 28161402 PMCID: PMC5354109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development targeting protozoan parasites remains challenging, partly due to the complex interactions between these eukaryotes and the host immune system. Reverse vaccinology is a promising approach for direct screening of genome sequence assemblies for new vaccine candidate proteins. Here, we applied this paradigm to Cystoisospora suis, an apicomplexan parasite that causes enteritis and diarrhea in suckling piglets and economic losses in pig production worldwide. Using Next Generation Sequencing we produced an ∼84Mb sequence assembly for the C. suis genome, making it the first available reference for the genus Cystoisospora. Then, we derived a manually curated annotation of more than 11,000 protein-coding genes and applied the tool Vacceed to identify 1,168 vaccine candidates by screening the predicted C. suis proteome. To refine the set of candidates, we looked at proteins that are highly expressed in merozoites and specific to apicomplexans. The stringent set of candidates included 220 proteins, among which were 152 proteins with unknown function, 17 surface antigens of the SAG and SRS gene families, 12 proteins of the apicomplexan-specific secretory organelles including AMA1, MIC6, MIC13, ROP6, ROP12, ROP27, ROP32 and three proteins related to cell adhesion. Finally, we demonstrated in vitro the immunogenic potential of a C. suis-specific 42kDa transmembrane protein, which might constitute an attractive candidate for further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Palmieri
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Aruna Shrestha
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bärbel Ruttkowski
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Beck
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Morrison WI, Tomley F. Development of vaccines for parasitic diseases of animals: Challenges and opportunities. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:707-708. [PMID: 27801988 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae, the poultry red mite (PRM), is a blood-feeding ectoparasite capable of causing pathology in birds, amongst other animals. It is an increasingly important pathogen in egg layers and is responsible for substantial economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Even though PRM poses a serious problem, very little is known about the basic biology of the mite. Here we review the current body of literature describing red mite biology and discuss how this has been, or could be, used to develop methods to control PRM infestations. We focus primarily on the PRM digestive system, salivary glands, nervous system and exoskeleton and also explore areas of PRM biology which have to date received little or no study but have the potential to offer new control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Pritchard
- a Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College , University of London , Hatfield , UK
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13
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Cowper B, Matthews S, Tomley F. The molecular basis for the distinct host and tissue tropisms of coccidian parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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14
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Chow YP, Wan KL, Blake DP, Tomley F, Nathan S. Immunogenic Eimeria tenella glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored surface antigens (SAGs) induce inflammatory responses in avian macrophages. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25233. [PMID: 21980402 PMCID: PMC3182191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At least 19 glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored surface antigens (SAGs) are expressed specifically by second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella, but the ability of these proteins to stimulate immune responses in the chicken is unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Ten SAGs, belonging to two previously defined multigene families (A and B), were expressed as soluble recombinant (r) fusion proteins in E. coli. Chicken macrophages were treated with purified rSAGs and changes in macrophage nitrite production, and in mRNA expression profiles of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and of a panel of cytokines were measured. Treatment with rSAGs 4, 5, and 12 induced high levels of macrophage nitric oxide production and IL-1β mRNA transcription that may contribute to the inflammatory response observed during E. tenella infection. Concomitantly, treatment with rSAGs 4, 5 and 12 suppressed the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ and elevated that of IL-10, suggesting that during infection these molecules may specifically impair the development of cellular mediated immunity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, some E. tenella SAGs appear to differentially modulate chicken innate and humoral immune responses and those derived from multigene family A (especially rSAG 12) may be more strongly linked with E. tenella pathogenicity associated with the endogenous second generation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yock-Ping Chow
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Kajang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Nathan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome Institute, Kajang, Selangor D.E., Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Marugán-Hernández V, Álvarez-García G, Tomley F, Hemphill A, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Ortega-Mora L. Identification of novel rhoptry proteins in Neospora caninum by LC/MS-MS analysis of subcellular fractions. J Proteomics 2011; 74:629-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Lai L, Simpson P, Bumstead J, Tomley F, Matthews S. Complete NMR assignments for the second microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain from Eimeria tenella microneme protein EtMIC3. Biomol NMR Assign 2009; 3:175-177. [PMID: 19888684 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is the causative agent of coccidiosis in domestic chickens. We report the complete backbone and side chain NMR assignments for the second microneme adhesive repeat of the microneme protein 3 of E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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17
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Hoinville L, Tomley F, Wootton L, Cook A. New approaches to surveillance. Vet Rec 2009. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.14.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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18
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Sanderson SJ, Xia D, Prieto H, Yates J, Heiges M, Kissinger JC, Bromley E, Lal K, Sinden RE, Tomley F, Wastling JM. Determining the protein repertoire of Cryptosporidium parvum sporozoites. Proteomics 2008; 8:1398-414. [PMID: 18306179 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The genome of the intracellular parasite Cryptosporidium parvum has recently been sequenced, but protein expression data for the invasive stages of this important zoonotic gastrointestinal pathogen are limited. In this paper a comprehensive analysis of the expressed protein repertoire of an excysted oocyst/sporozoite preparation of C. parvum is presented. Three independent proteome platforms were employed which yielded more than 4800 individual protein identifications representing 1237 nonredundant proteins, corresponding to approximately 30% of the predicted proteome. Peptide data were mapped to the corresponding locations on the C. parvum genome and a publicly accessible interface for proteome data was developed for data-mining and visualisation at CryptoDB (http://cryptodb.org). These data provide a timely and valuable resource for improved annotation of the genome, verification of predicted hypothetical proteins and identification of proteins not predicted by current gene models. The data indicated the expression of proteins likely to be important to the invasion and intracellular establishment of the parasite, including surface proteins, constituents of the remnant mitochondrion and apical organelles. Comparison of the expressed proteome with existing transcriptional data indicated only a weak correlation. For approximately half the proteome there was limited functional and structural information, highlighting the limitations in the current understanding of Cryptosporidium biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanya J Sanderson
- Departments of Pre-clinical Veterinary Science and Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Ling KH, Rajandream MA, Rivailler P, Ivens A, Yap SJ, Madeira AM, Mungall K, Billington K, Yee WY, Bankier AT, Carroll F, Durham AM, Peters N, Loo SS, Mat Isa MN, Novaes J, Quail M, Rosli R, Nor Shamsudin M, Sobreira TJ, Tivey AR, Wai SF, White S, Wu X, Kerhornou A, Blake D, Mohamed R, Shirley M, Gruber A, Berriman M, Tomley F, Dear PH, Wan KL. Sequencing and analysis of chromosome 1 of Eimeria tenella reveals a unique segmental organization. Genome Res 2007; 17:311-9. [PMID: 17284678 PMCID: PMC1800922 DOI: 10.1101/gr.5823007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal tracts of domestic fowl and causes coccidiosis, a serious and sometimes lethal enteritis. Eimeria falls in the same phylum (Apicomplexa) as several human and animal parasites such as Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and the malaria parasite, Plasmodium. Here we report the sequencing and analysis of the first chromosome of E. tenella, a chromosome believed to carry loci associated with drug resistance and known to differ between virulent and attenuated strains of the parasite. The chromosome--which appears to be representative of the genome--is gene-dense and rich in simple-sequence repeats, many of which appear to give rise to repetitive amino acid tracts in the predicted proteins. Most striking is the segmentation of the chromosome into repeat-rich regions peppered with transposon-like elements and telomere-like repeats, alternating with repeat-free regions. Predicted genes differ in character between the two types of segment, and the repeat-rich regions appear to be associated with strain-to-strain variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Hwa Ling
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Marie-Adele Rajandream
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Rivailler
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Ivens
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Soon-Joo Yap
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Alda M.B.N. Madeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Mungall
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Billington
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Wai-Yan Yee
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Alan T. Bankier
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
| | - Fionnadh Carroll
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Durham
- Departamento de Ciências da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Peters
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Shu-San Loo
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Jeniffer Novaes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Michael Quail
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Mariana Nor Shamsudin
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Tiago J.P. Sobreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Adrian R. Tivey
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Siew-Fun Wai
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Sarah White
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Xikun Wu
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Kerhornou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Damer Blake
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Rahmah Mohamed
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Martin Shirley
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Gruber
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Matthew Berriman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Division of Microbiology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Compton, Near Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Dear
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax 44-1-223-412-178
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- Malaysia Genome Institute, UKM-MTDC Smart Technology Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax 44-1-223-412-178
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20
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Ferguson DJP, Campbell SA, Henriquez FL, Phan L, Mui E, Richards TA, Muench SP, Allary M, Lu JZ, Prigge ST, Tomley F, Shirley MW, Rice DW, McLeod R, Roberts CW. Enzymes of type II fatty acid synthesis and apicoplast differentiation and division in Eimeria tenella. Int J Parasitol 2006; 37:33-51. [PMID: 17112527 PMCID: PMC2803676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites, Eimeria tenella, Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii, possess a homologous plastid-like organelle termed the apicoplast, derived from the endosymbiotic enslavement of a photosynthetic alga. However, currently no eimerian nuclear encoded apicoplast targeted proteins have been identified, unlike in Plasmodium spp. and T. gondii. In this study, we demonstrate that nuclear encoded enoyl reductase of E. tenella (EtENR) has a predicted N-terminal bipartite transit sequence, typical of apicoplast-targeted proteins. Using a combination of immunocytochemistry and EM we demonstrate that this fatty acid biosynthesis protein is located in the apicoplast of E. tenella. Using the EtENR as a tool to mark apicoplast development during the Eimeria lifecycle, we demonstrate that nuclear and apicoplast division appear to be independent events, both organelles dividing prior to daughter cell formation, with each daughter cell possessing one to four apicoplasts. We believe this is the first report of multiple apicoplasts present in the infectious stage of an apicomplexan parasite. Furthermore, the microgametes lacked an identifiable apicoplast consistent with maternal inheritance via the macrogamete. It was found that the size of the organelle and the abundance of EtENR varied with developmental stage of the E. tenella lifecycle. The high levels of EtENR protein observed during asexual development and macrogametogony is potentially associated with the increased synthesis of fatty acids required for the rapid formation of numerous merozoites and for the extracellular development and survival of the oocyst. Taken together the data demonstrate that the E. tenella apicoplast participates in type II fatty acid biosynthesis with increased expression of ENR during parasite growth. Apicoplast division results in the simultaneous formation of multiple fragments. The division mechanism is unknown, but is independent of nuclear division and occurs prior to daughter formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Pathology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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21
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Tabarés E, Ferguson D, Clark J, Soon PE, Wan KL, Tomley F. Eimeria tenella sporozoites and merozoites differentially express glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored variant surface proteins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 135:123-32. [PMID: 15287593 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked surface proteins in the coccidian parasite Eimeria tenella. Examination of 28,550 EST sequences from the sporozoite and second merozoite developmental stages of the parasite led to the identification of 37 potential GPI-linked variant surface proteins, termed EtSAGs. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequences of 23 EtSAG genes separated them into two multi-gene families. All the predicted EtSAG proteins (which vary in length from 228 to 271 residues) have an N-terminal hydrophobic signal peptide, a C-terminal hydrophobic GPI signal-anchor peptide and an extracellular domain organised around six cysteine residues, the positions of which are conserved within each family. Using specific antibodies against a small number of recombinant-expressed EtSAGs, the surface localisation and GPI-anchorage of members of both families was confirmed experimentally. Expression of EtSAGs is differentially regulated between the oocyst/sporozoite and second generation merozoite stages, with only one expressed specifically in the sporozoite, a small number expressed in both stages and the majority expressed specifically in the second generation merozoite. Preliminary data support a model in which multiple variant surface antigens are co-expressed on individual parasites, rather than a model of antigenic switching. The biological role(s) of EtSAGs and the effect(s) that expression of a complex repertoire of variant surface antigens by the second generation merozoite has on host adapted immunity are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Tabarés
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, UK
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22
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Abstract
High-pressure freezing is applicable to both morphological and immunocytochemical studies. We are investigating the morphogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease virus and African swine fever virus by the use of high-pressure freezing of infected cells. Foot-and-mouth disease virus particles are not detected in sections of conventionally immersion-fixed infected cells, but when the cells are prepared by high-pressure freezing, newly formed virions are readily seen throughout the cell. We report two methods for high-pressure freezing of virally infected cells: first, two sapphire discs frozen 'face to face' with a narrow spacer to prevent cell damage and, second, a fibrous filter substrate that can be easily cut into discs to fit into the freezing planchettes. Cells readily adhere to the fibres in vitro, and the complete disc can be rapidly transferred to the planchettes for freezing. Immunolabelling studies of the microneme proteins of the parasite Eimeria tenella indicate that high-pressure freezing followed by freeze-substitution in acetone with uranyl acetate allows high-sensitivity immunolabelling for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Monaghan
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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23
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Bromley E, Leeds N, Clark J, McGregor E, Ward M, Dunn MJ, Tomley F. Defining the protein repertoire of microneme secretory organelles in the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. Proteomics 2003; 3:1553-61. [PMID: 12923781 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan pathogen Eimeria causes coccidiosis, an intestinal disease of chickens, which has a major welfare and economic impact on the poultry industry. There is an urgent need to identify molecules that are rational targets for drug design and novel vaccines against coccidiosis. Apicomplexan secretory organelles, including micronemes and rhoptries, are essential for invasion of the host intestinal epithelium and establishment of parasitism. However, relatively little is known about the precise molecular function of these organelles, partly because few organelle proteins have been characterized. In this study, proteomics tools have been harnessed to define the protein repertoire of micronemes. Purified microneme proteins from Eimeria tenella sporozoites were excised from two-dimensional (2-D) gels and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and chemically assisted fragmentation (CAF)-MALDI with de novo sequencing. Peptide mass profiles were searched against the NCBI non-redundant (nr) database and against Eimeria-specific databases using the Mascot search algorithm, resulting in the identification of 37 of 96 spots excised from the 2-D gels. In addition, we have found CAF-MALDI to be a useful adjunct for identifying proteins, without the need for tandem MS. This global approach to protein characterization will be vital to gain greater understanding of the processes involved in apicomplexan host cell invasion.
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24
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Abstract
Aspartyl proteinases are a widely distributed family of enzymes. All vertebrate aspartyl proteinases share a conserved nine-exon gene structure, but in other organisms the structure of aspartyl proteinase genes varies considerably. The exon-intron patterns generally reflect phylogeny based on amino acid sequences. However, close comparison of these gene structures reveals some striking features, such as the conservation of intron positions and intron phases between aspartyl proteinases from nematodes and apicomplexans. Here, we discuss the implications of gene structure for the possible evolution of the aspartyl proteinase family, with particular reference to the plasmepsins of Plasmodium falciparum and eimepsin from Eimeria tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jean
- National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Parasitology, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK NW7 1AA.
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25
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Jean L, Péry P, Dunn P, Bumstead J, Billington K, Ryan R, Tomley F. Genomic organisation and developmentally regulated expression of an apicomplexan aspartyl proteinase. Gene 2001; 262:129-36. [PMID: 11179676 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(00)00543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA for an aspartyl proteinase, termed eimepsin, was isolated from an Eimeria tenella sporulated oocyst library and the deduced amino acid sequence found to be almost identical to a previously described aspartyl proteinase from E. acervulina (97.4% amino acid identity). An E. tenella cosmid clone covering the entire eimepsin gene was cloned and characterised. Sequencing revealed that the eimepsin gene spans 2.9 kb and consists of 18 exons and 17 introns. The 5' flanking region sequence of the gene contains a putative transcriptional promoter sequence (TATAAA box) and three potential transcription initiator sites (Inr sites). Expression of eimepsin at the mRNA and protein level is developmentally regulated during oocyst sporulation. The eimepsin transcript was detected in unsporulated oocysts and increased in abundance during the early part of sporulation when the oocyst undergoes nuclear division and blast formation. Thereafter, the level of the eimepsin transcript decreases and in the excysted sporozoite, no eimepsin-specific RNA was detected. Expression of eimepsin lags behind transcript expression by some hours, and the protein accumulates in the oocyst during sporocyst and sporozoite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jean
- Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, cedex, France
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26
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Abstract
Microneme organelles are located at the apical tip of invading stages of all apicomplexan parasites and they contain proteins that are critical for parasite adhesion to host cells. In this paper, we have utilised the process of oocyst sporulation in Eimeria tenella to investigate the timing of expression of components of the microneme organelle, at both mRNA and protein levels. Two time-course studies showed that there is a high level of synchrony in the sporulation process, especially during the time period when sporozoites are formed. Western blotting showed that the expression of five microneme proteins (EtMIC1-5) is differentially regulated and highly co-ordinated during sporulation with the proteins being detected only towards the end of the process, as the sporozoites matured within the sporocysts. In contrast, mRNA for all five of these microneme proteins was detected some 10-12 h earlier in sporulation than when the corresponding proteins were seen. Overall these data suggest that the expression of proteins destined for the microneme is regulated both at the transcriptional and translational level. The single copy genes encoding EtMIC1-5 are not clustered on the genome, but are found on four different chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ryan
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health Compton, Berkshire, UK
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27
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Abstract
Micronemes are secretory organelles of the invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites and contain proteins that are important for parasite motility and host cell invasion. We have examined the induction of microneme secretion in the coccidian Eimeria tenella. When sporozoites were added to MDBK cells in culture, microneme proteins were secreted, capped backwards over the parasite surface and deposited onto underlying host cells from the posterior end of gliding parasites. Induction of secretion was also achieved by the addition of foetal calf serum, or purified albumin, to extracellular sporozoites. Microneme secretion per se was not dependent on parasites being able to move or to invade host cells. However, in the presence of cytochalasin D, which disrupts actin polymerisation and prevents parasite movement, microneme proteins were secreted from the apical tip but were not capped backwards over the sporozoite surface. These observations support the hypothesis that microneme proteins function as ligands which, when secreted out onto the parasite surface, form a link, either directly or indirectly, between the sub-pellicular actin myosin cytoskeletal motor of the parasite and the surface of target host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bumstead
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Berkshire, UK
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28
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Abstract
Aspartyl proteinases are essential for the survival of many pathogens. A single copy gene in species of Eimeria encodes an aspartyl proteinase, which we propose should be called eimepsin to conform to the commonly used names of this family of proteinases. An epitope map, constructed using BIAcore technology, confirmed the specificity of 14 mAbs for eimepsin and defined four antigenic domains, which were conserved between native and recombinant forms of eimepsin. In resting sporozoites, mAb defining antigenic domains I and II stained the refractile body organelles, whereas those defining antigenic domains III and IV stained cytoplasmic granules. During host cell invasion, the staining patterns of mAb defining antigenic domains I, III and IV changed dramatically with the apical tips of invading sporozoites becoming strongly stained. In contrast, mAb defining antigenic domain II continued to stain only the refractile bodies. During early schizogony, mAb to all four domains stained the single fused refractile body, but when schizonts matured, mAb to antigenic domains I, III and IV stained the apical tip of merozoites whereas those to antigenic domain II continued to follow the developmental redistribution of the refractile body. Irrespective of localisation, mAb to three antigenic domains recognised a polypeptide of 49 kDa, which from N-terminal sequencing corresponds to a mature form of eimepsin. Staining with fluorescent pepstatin localised a mature, active form of eimepsin to the refractile bodies of the sporozoite, schizont and first generation merozoite. It remains to be determined whether eimepsin has a catalytic function within the refractile body or whether the activated enzyme is stored in the refractile body so that it can be rapidly redistributed to the apical tip during parasite invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jean
- Unité de Virologie et d'Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352, Cedex, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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29
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Tomley F, Bumstead J. Secretion and trailing of microneme proteins during motility and invasion of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(98)80272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Apical organelles contain molecules that are of critical importance for the interaction of all apicomplexan parasites with their target host cells. Thus, there is considerable interest in characterizing and understanding the function of molecules that reside in these organelles. Large numbers of surface-sterilized oocysts of Eimeria tenella, an apicomplexan coccidian of the chicken, can be routinely obtained from the animal host, and invasive sporozoites, which contain abundant apical organelles, can be rapidly prepared from these oocysts in the laboratory. Thus, E. tenella is proving to be an amenable parasite for subcellular fractionation techniques that allow the direct isolation and characterization of apical organelles. In this paper, a series of protocols is described for the large-scale culture of E. tenella parasites, the preparation of invasive sporozoites, the isolation of apical organelles, and the use of in vitro culture for localization and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomley
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
Total polypeptides from unsporulated and sporulated oocysts, sporozoites and the first two generations of merozoites of Eimeria tenella were fractionated by electrophoresis through polyacrylamide gels. The parasites are complex and the arrays of polypeptides differ for each of the developmental stages indicating that there is stage-specific control of gene expression. In particular, first generation merozoites display a markedly different polypeptide profile to that of either sporozoites or second generation merozoites. Changes in antigenicity during sporulation and the antigenic relationships between the three asexual zoite stages were examined by probing electroblotted polypeptides with a panel of antisera raised in rabbits to purified preparations of each stage. Antigenic cross-reactivity is well maintained throughout sporulation even though the sizes of antibody-reactive polypeptides change. In contrast there is a marked lack of cross-reactive epitopes between sporozoites, first and second generation merozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomley
- BBS RC Institute for Animal Health, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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32
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Abstract
Coccidiosis is caused by infection with Eimeria spp. The disease is responsible for major economic loss to the poultry industry unless infections are controlled by anticoccidial drugs. John Ellis and Fiona Tomley discuss recent research on the characterization and cloning of antigens from Eimeria spp and advances towards the development of genetically engineered vaccines against poultry coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Technology, Sydney, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill, NSW 2065, Australia
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33
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Abstract
The poultry industry relies on intensive farming to supply meat and eggs at relatively low cost. Many thousands of individuals are reared in enclosed houses which are left vacant for only short times between successive crops. Disease control is essential for the successful raising of poultry and this includes a need for cheap, effective vaccines against the major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomley
- Institute for Animal Health, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, UK
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34
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of an 11.2 kilobase fragment of the fowlpox virus genome is presented. The fragment comes from near one end of the genome and contains part of the terminal inverted repeat. Twenty open reading frames (ORFs) are predicted from the sequence and are classified into 13 major and seven minor ORFs. The 100 base pairs immediately upstream of each ORF are up to 83% AT-rich, with some motifs similar to those seen in vaccinia virus early gene promoters. The TTTTTNT element which has been identified as a termination signal for vaccinia virus early genes is also found downstream of several ORFs. Three ORFs are predicted to specify polypeptides with significant homology to proteins coded by genes near termini of orthopoxvirus genomes: the vaccinia virus 42K early gene and 32.5K host range gene, and the cowpox virus 38K red pock gene. In addition, there are two families of ORFs within the fragment which potentially encode related polypeptides. One of these, family B, contains three ORFs which are related to those of chicken and rat hepatic lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomley
- AFRC Institute for Animal Disease Research, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, U.K
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35
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Tomley F, Binns M, Boursnell M, Mockett A. Expression of IBV spike protein by a vaccinia virus recombinant. Adv Exp Med Biol 1987; 218:151-3. [PMID: 2829523 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Tomley
- Institute for Animal Disease Research, Houghton Laboratory, Huntingdon, UK
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