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Gao M, Ren Y, Lu S, Reddyvari R, Venkitanarayanan K, Amalaradjou MA. In ovo probiotic supplementation supports hatchability and improves hatchling quality in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103624. [PMID: 38552570 PMCID: PMC10995869 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern broilers, the period of embryonic development constitutes a greater proportion of a broiler's productive life. Hence, optimum embryonic development can exert a significant influence not only on chick hatchability and hatchling quality but also on overall broiler growth and performance. Further healthy and active hatchlings are correlated with improved posthatch performance. In this regard, probiotics are good candidates to mediate early-life programming. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of In ovo probiotic spray application on broiler hatchability and hatchling quality. The experiment was set out as a completely randomized study with 2 independent trials. In each trial, 540 eggs (Ross 308) were either sprayed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; control) or probiotics [∼9 log CFU/egg of Lactobacillus rhamnosus NRRL B-442(LR) or Lactobacillus paracasei DUP 13076 (LP)] during incubation. On day 18, eggs were transferred to the hatcher and set up for hatching. Starting on day 19, eggs were observed for hatching to determine the spread of hatch and hatchability. Hatched chicks were then assessed for quality using the Tona and Pasgar score and morphometric measurements including hatchling weight, yolk-free-body-mass and hatchling length were measured. Further, chicks were reared in floor pens for 3 wk to assess posthatch growth. Overall, In ovo probiotic supplementation improved hatchability and hatchling quality. Specifically, the spray application of LP improved hatchability by ∼ 5% without affecting the spread of hatch. Further, both LR and LP significantly improved Pasgar and Tona score, indicating an improvement in hatchling quality. Also, LP and LR significantly improved hatchling weight, yolk-free-body-mass, and posthatch growth in chicks. LR significantly improved hatchling weight and hatchling length (P < 0.05). Moreover, this increase in posthatch growth was positively correlated with hatchling weight in the probiotic groups. Overall, our study demonstrates that In ovo probiotic application exerts a positive effect on hatchability, hatchling quality, and subsequent posthatch growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairui Gao
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuying Ren
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Si Lu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ragini Reddyvari
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Obe T, Boltz T, Kogut M, Ricke SC, Brooks LA, Macklin K, Peterson A. Controlling Salmonella: strategies for feed, the farm, and the processing plant. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103086. [PMID: 37839165 PMCID: PMC10587538 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella in poultry is an ongoing food safety measure and while significant progress has been made, there is a need to continue to evaluate different strategies that include understanding Salmonella-poultry interaction, Salmonella-microbiota interactions, Salmonella genetics and response to adverse conditions, and preharvest and postharvest parameters that enable persistence. The purpose of this symposium is to discuss different strategies to consider from feed milling to the farm to the processing environment. This Poultry Science Association symposium paper is divided into 5 different sections that covers 1) immunological aspects of Salmonella control, 2) application of Salmonella genetics for targeted control strategies in poultry production, 3) improving poultry feed hygienics: utilizing feed manufacture techniques and equipment to improve feed hygienics, 4) practical on farm interventions for controlling Salmonella-what works and what may not work, and 5) monitoring and mitigating Salmonella in poultry. These topics elucidate the critical need to establish control strategies that will improve poultry gut health and limit conditions that exposes Salmonella to stress causing alterations to virulence and pathogenicity both at preharvest and postharvest poultry production. This information is relevant to the poultry industry's continued efforts to ensure food safety poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Obe
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Mike Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ken Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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3
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Joseph J, Zhang L, Adhikari P, Evans JD, Ramachandran R. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in Broiler Breeders: An Overview. Pathogens 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 38003745 PMCID: PMC10674223 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry meat is one of the major animal protein sources necessary to meet the global protein demand. Sustainability in broiler production is the key to achieving its continuous supply, and broiler breeders play a critical role in maintaining this sustainability by providing good quality chicks. Colibacillosis, the disease caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry globally. Moreover, APEC causes an additional burden among broiler breeders, such as a decrease in egg production and mortality among these birds. There is vertical transmission of APEC to the broiler chicks through eggs, resulting in increased first-week mortality and subsequent horizontal transmission at the hatchery. In this regard, the vertical transmission of antibiotic resistance genes is another concern that needs attention. Controlling several diseases in broiler breeders would possibly reduce the first-week mortality in chicks, thereby maintaining the production level. For that, constant monitoring of the bacterial populations is critical. Moreover, amidst the increased antibiotic resistance pattern, more focus on alternative treatment strategies like vaccines, probiotics, and bacteriophages is necessary. Future research focusing on strategies to mitigate APEC in broiler breeders would be one of the finest solutions for sustainable broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiddu Joseph
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Pratima Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
| | - Jeffrey D. Evans
- Poultry Research Unit, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Reshma Ramachandran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (J.J.); (L.Z.); (P.A.)
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4
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Selby CM, Beer LC, Forga AJ, Coles ME, Graham LE, Teague KD, Tellez-Isaias G, Hargis BM, Vuong CN, Graham BD. Evaluation of the impact of formaldehyde fumigation during the hatching phase on contamination in the hatch cabinet and early performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102584. [PMID: 36924591 PMCID: PMC10166707 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial hatch cabinet environments promote replication of microorganisms. These pathogenic or apathogenic microorganisms may serve as pioneer colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of poultry. Some of these pioneer colonizers, such as Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., are opportunistic pathogens that lead to reduced performance in commercial poultry. Effective hatchery sanitation is imperative to limit contamination of naïve neonatal chicks and poults. Formaldehyde fumigation has been traditionally used to reduce the pathogen load in commercial hatch cabinets. To investigate potential alternatives to formaldehyde fumigation, models to mimic the microbial bloom in a laboratory setting must be utilized. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a multispecies environmental challenge model (PM challenge) with and without formaldehyde fumigation during the hatching phase on early performance in broiler chicks. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate microbial contamination in the hatch cabinet environment (air samples, fluff samples), enteric colonization at day-of-hatch (DOH), and 7-day performance. In all experiments, significantly (P < 0.05) more gram-negative bacteria were recovered from the GIT at DOH in the PM challenge control group as compared to the nonchallenged control (NC) group and the formaldehyde-treated group (PM + F). There were no statistical differences in 7-day body weight gain or feed conversion ratio between the PM challenge control group, the NC group or the PM + F group. These data suggest this model could be utilized to evaluate alternatives to formaldehyde fumigation for controlling the microbial load during the hatching phase in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L C Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - A J Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - M E Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L E Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - K D Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B D Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Graham BD, Selby CM, Forga AJ, Coles ME, Beer LC, Graham LE, Teague KD, Tellez-Isaias G, Hargis BM, Vuong CN. Development of an environmental contamination model to simulate the microbial bloom that occurs in commercial hatch cabinets. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101890. [PMID: 35512499 PMCID: PMC9079238 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial blooms that emerge in commercial hatch cabinets consist of apathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Objectives of the present study included the development of a multipathogen contamination model to mimic commercial conditions and optimization of sampling methods to quantify bacterial or fungal presence within the hatch cabinet. The pathogen challenge mix (PM) was recreated from select bacterial or fungal isolates recovered from an egg homogenate (EH) derived from the contents of infertile eggs and late embryonic mortalities. Isolates selected for PM included Enterococcus faecalis (∼108 CFU/egg), Staphylococcus aureus (∼107 CFU/egg), Staphylococcus chromogenes (∼107 CFU/egg), Aspergillus fumigatus (∼106 spores/egg), and 2 Escherichia coli (∼108 CFU/egg) isolates. Challenge (100 μL of PM or EH) was administered using a sterile loop to a 28 mm area on the blunt end of the eggshell at day 19 of embryogenesis (DOE). In 3 experiments, microbiological data were collected from environmental hatcher samples (open-agar plate method), fluff samples, postmortem whole-body chick rinse samples, and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples to evaluate select bacteria and fungi circulating within the hatch cabinet and colonization of GIT. Cumulative bacterial and fungal recovery from the PM hatching environment from DOE20 to hatch was higher than the nonchallenged group (NC) and EH group at ∼860 and ∼1,730 CFU, respectively. Bacterial recovery from GIT, fluff, and chick rinse samples were similar for the PM and EH group in Exp. 1. However, Aspergillus fumigatus recovery from fluff and chick rinse samples for the PM group was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the NC and EH group. In Exp. 2 and 3, PM challenge significantly (P < 0.05) increased Gram-negative bacterial recovery from the GIT, fluff and chick rinse samples compared to both the NC and EH group. These data suggest this innovative multispecies environmental contamination model using PM could be utilized to evaluate strategies to mitigate microbial contamination in commercial hatch cabinets in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - C M Selby
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - A J Forga
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - M E Coles
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L C Beer
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - L E Graham
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - K D Teague
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - G Tellez-Isaias
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - B M Hargis
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - C N Vuong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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Bavani MM, Seyyedzadeh SJ, Radi E, Malekian A, Hoseinpour M, Gholizadeh S. Sterilization of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) Eggs for Maggot Debridement Therapy. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1076-1080. [PMID: 35187572 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is a therapy with the medical use of sterile fly larvae of certain species, particularly those within the Calliphoridae family including green bottle fly, Lucilia sericata (Meigan, Diptera: Calliphoridae), for treating chronically infected wounds and ulcers. Lucilia sericata flies were maintained under insectary conditions, and the eggs were sterilized using three treatments: hydrogen peroxide solutions, used as a hand disinfectant (Treatment 1-T1), hydrogen peroxide, surface disinfectant (Treatment 2-T2), and SaniHigene (Treatment 3-T3) and the control (without treatment). All three treatment caused the complete sterilization of eggs, and no bacterial colonies were found on the blood agar culture. The egg hatching rate after 72 h was much higher than after 24 h. Egg mortality in hydrogen peroxide solutions, T1 and T2, was 3-4% and less than in solution T3 (13%). Owing to less mortality and more sterility of the eggs, the aforementioned solutions are suggested to be appropriate for sterility in maggot therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulood Mohammadi Bavani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Seyyed Jaavad Seyyedzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | - Ehsan Radi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Malekian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Hoseinpour
- Laboratory Sciences Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saber Gholizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
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7
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Kimminau E, Russo K, Karnezos T, Oh H, Lee J, Tate C, Baxter J, Berghaus R, Hofacre C. Bacteriophage in-feed application: A novel approach to preventing Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in chicks fed experimentally contaminated feed. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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8
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Wales A, Davies R. Review of hatchery transmission of bacteria with focus on Salmonella, chick pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1789533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wales
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Robert Davies
- Department of Bacteriology and Food Safety, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA – Weybridge), Addlestone, UK
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9
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Motola G, Hafez HM, Brüggemann-Schwarze S. Efficacy of six disinfection methods against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli on eggshells in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238860. [PMID: 32916695 PMCID: PMC7486133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli on poultry products is an important issue for veterinary and human health due to the zoonotic infection risk for producers and consumers. The present study focuses on testing the efficacy of six different disinfection methods on eggshell samples, aiming to reduce ESBL producing E. coli contamination on the hatching egg. Sterile eggshell cutouts were artificially contaminated with 108 cfu/ml CTX-M-1 producing E. coli and used as a carrier model to analyze the efficacy of six disinfection methods. The contaminated samples were separated into two groups; 1) contaminated and disinfected, 2) contaminated and non-disinfected. Six independent disinfection protocols were performed following product specifications and protocols. Each eggshell sample was separately crushed, and the total viable bacterial count was calculated to determine the disinfection efficacy. Five out of six tested methods (formaldehyde gassing, hydrogen peroxide + alcohol spray, essential oils spray, peracetic acid foam, and low energetic electron radiation) demonstrated a reduction or completely eliminated the initial ESBL producing E. coli contamination. One method (essential oils as cold fog) only partly reached the expected efficacy threshold (reduction of >102 cfu/ml) and the result differed significantly when compared to the reference method i.e. formaldehyde gassing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerzon Motola
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hafez Mohamed Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Brüggemann-Schwarze
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Effects of a dry hydrogen peroxide disinfection system used in an egg cooler on hatchability and chick quality. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5487-5490. [PMID: 33142466 PMCID: PMC7647699 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A sanitation method that could continually clean and disinfect the air and surfaces in a hatchery could provide a second layer of microbial reduction on top of routine cleaning and disinfection. A gaseous dry hydrogen peroxide (DHP) system has been used in other facilities for this purpose and could have potential for use in chicken hatcheries. Because the DHP is a true gas and can permeate through the entire hatchery space, contact with eggs during storage and incubation could potentially interfere with normal hatching processes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the DHP system on hatching parameters and chick quality. A total of 3,960 hatching eggs were collected from an ∼40-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeder flock and distributed in 2 treatments: treated and nontreated. For the treated group, the egg cooler was cleaned, and 1 DHP generator was placed inside. Two other DHP generators were placed in the common area outside as well. Both areas were treated for 7 D before placement of eggs, and then eggs were collected and placed inside the cooler over a 4-day period. Eggs were then stored for an additional 3 D after the last collection. Dry hydrogen peroxide levels were recorded each day during storage. For the nontreated group, all DHP machines were removed from the cooler and external room, and the egg cooler was cleaned. Eggs were collected in the same way for the control group as the treated group. After storage, eggs were placed into a single stage Natureform incubator. The eggs exposed to DHP showed higher (P < 0.05) hatchability of fertile eggs and lower (P < 0.05) early embryonic dead than eggs from the nontreated group. No other parameters evaluated were different between groups. Based on this work, the DHP treatment of fertile eggs had no detrimental effect on any performance parameter, with potential positive effects seen on hatch of fertile eggs and early embryonic dead embryos.
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Tebrün W, Motola G, Hafez MH, Bachmeier J, Schmidt V, Renfert K, Reichelt C, Brüggemann-Schwarze S, Pees M. Preliminary study: Health and performance assessment in broiler chicks following application of six different hatching egg disinfection protocols. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232825. [PMID: 32407391 PMCID: PMC7224537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of a Germany-wide project that evaluates strategies for the reduction of multi-resistant bacteria along the poultry production chain, the impact of different hatching egg disinfectants on hatchability and health of the broiler chicks was evaluated. Animal trials were conducted with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Escherichia (E.) coli contaminated hatching eggs and six disinfection protocols that used formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, low-energy electron irradiation, peracetic acid and an essential oil preparation. Each protocol was tested on a group of 50 chicks. Equally sized positive and negative control groups were carried along for each trial. Hatchability, mortality and body weight were recorded as performance parameters. During necropsy of half of the animals in each group on day 7 and 14 respectively, macroscopic abnormalities, body weight, weights of liver and gut convolute were recorded and a range of tissue samples for histological examination were collected as part of the health assessment. A decrease in hatchability was recorded for spray application of essential oils. Body weight development was overall comparable, in several groups even superior, to the Ross308 performance objectives, but a reduced performance was seen in the hydrogen peroxide group. Histologically, lymphoid follicles were regularly seen in all sampled organs and no consistent differences were observed between contaminated and non-contaminated groups. Significances were infrequently and inconsistently seen. In conclusion, remarkable findings were a decrease in hatchability caused by the essential oils spray application and a reduced body weight development in the hydrogen peroxide group. Therefore, the essential oils preparation as spray application was deemed inappropriate in practice, while the application of hydrogen peroxide was considered in need of further research. The other trial results indicate that the tested hatching egg disinfectants present a possible alternative to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Tebrün
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerzon Motola
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed Hafez Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Schmidt
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Renfert
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Reichelt
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael Pees
- University Teaching Hospital, Department for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Punom SA, Khan MSR, Pritha ST, Hassan J, Rahman S, Mahmud MM, Islam MS. Isolation and molecular-based identification of bacteria from unhatched leftover eggs of ducks in selected mini-hatcheries of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:164-169. [PMID: 32219123 PMCID: PMC7096114 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The study was designed for isolation and identification of the bacteria present in unhatched leftover eggs of duck in selected mini-hatcheries of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 unhatched discarded eggs were collected as samples from different mini-hatcheries of Tarail and Itna Upazilas of Kishoreganj and aseptically carried to the laboratory in the icebox. Surface washings (n = 54) and inner contents (n = 54) were collected and enriched in Luria–Bertani broth followed by the isolation of pure colonies of different bacteria onto eosin methylene blue agar, mannitol salt agar, Salmonella–Shigella agar, and blood agar plates. Identification of the bacterial isolates was done by cultural properties, staining, and biochemical tests followed by molecular detection by Polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 108 samples, 62 were found positive for Salmonella spp. (76%), 59 for E. coli (54%), 52 for Staphylococcus spp. (48%), and 5 for Clostridium spp. (9%). From the egg surface samples, Staphylococcus spp. were recovered in the highest (67%) followed by Salmonella spp. (59%), E. coli (56%), and Clostridium spp. (9%). From the inner contents of eggs, Salmonella spp. were recovered in the highest (56%), followed by E. coli (53%) and Staphylococcus spp. (30%). Conclusion: The isolated bacteria might be associated with the decreased hatchability and embryo mortality in the mini-hatcheries of duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Afrin Punom
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahidur Rahman Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Shayka Tasnim Pritha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jayedul Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Muket Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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13
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Patrzałek M, Kosecka-Strojek M, Lisowska-Łysiak K, Trela M, Kot M, Gawlak M, Liszka D, Sajewicz M, Tombarkiewicz B, Pawlak K, Międzobrodzki J, Lis MW. Preliminary evaluation of application of a 3-dimensional network structure of siloxanes Dergall preparation on chick embryo development and microbiological status of eggshells. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1581-1590. [PMID: 32111324 PMCID: PMC7587672 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial network structure of Dergall is based on substances nontoxic to humans and the environment which, when applied on solid surfaces, creates a coating that reduces bacterial cell adhesion. The bacteriostatic properties of siloxanes are based on a purely physical action mechanism which excludes development of drug-resistant microorganisms. The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate a Dergall layer formed on the eggshell surface regarding the potential harmful effects on the chick embryo; 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity and estimate the prolongation time of Dergall's potential antimicrobial activity. Dergall at a concentration of 0.6% formed a layer on the eggshell surface. In vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of Dergall by means of a hen embryo test of the chorioallantoic membrane showed no irritation reaction at a concentration of 3% and lower. The hatchability of the groups sprayed with a Dergall water solution with a concentration of 0 to 5% was 89.1 to 93.8% for fertilized eggs (P > 0.05) but decreased to 63.7% (P < 0.05) in the group sprayed with a 6% concentration of the solution. This phenomenon was caused by embryo mortality in the first week of incubation. At the concentration of 0.6%, Dergall exhibited strong antibacterial properties against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimurium. For Streptococcus pyogenes, the highest antibacterial activity of Dergall was reported in the concentrations of 100 and 50%. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, no antibacterial activity of Dergall was generally observed, but in vivo testing showed a strong decrease of all gram-negative bacteria growth. Moreover, a prolonged antimicrobial effect lasting until 3 D after disinfection was observed, which makes Dergall a safe and efficient disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Patrzałek
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Maja Kosecka-Strojek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lisowska-Łysiak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Trela
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kot
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gawlak
- The Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, The Research Centre of Quarantine, Invasive and Genetically Modified Organisms, Poznan 60-318, Poland
| | - Dawid Liszka
- Department of Research and Development, ICB Pharma Jaworzno, Jaworzno 43-603, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland
| | - Jacek Międzobrodzki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Marcin W Lis
- Department of Zoology and Animal Welfare, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow 30-054, Poland.
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Graham L, Teague K, Latorre J, Yang Y, Baxter M, Mahaffey B, Hernandez-Velasco X, Bielke L, Hargis B, Tellez G. Use of probiotics as an alternative to formaldehyde fumigation in commercial broiler chicken hatch cabinets. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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15
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Olsen R, Kudirkiene E, Thøfner I, Pors S, Karlskov-Mortensen P, Li L, Papasolomontos S, Angastiniotou C, Christensen J. Impact of egg disinfection of hatching eggs on the eggshell microbiome and bacterial load. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3901-3911. [PMID: 29050418 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinfection of hatching eggs is essential to ensure high quality production of broilers. Different protocols are followed in different hatcheries; however, only limited scientific evidence on how the disinfection procedures impact the microbiome is available. The aim of the present study was to characterize the microbiome and aerobic bacterial load of hatching eggs before disinfection and during the subsequent disinfection steps. The study included a group of visibly clean and a group of visibly dirty eggs. For dirty eggs, an initial wash in chlorine was performed, hereafter all eggs were submitted to two times fumigation and finally spray disinfection. The eggshell microbiome was characterized by sequencing of the total amount of 16S rRNA extracted from each sample, consisting of shell surface swabs of five eggs from the same group. In addition, the number of colony forming units (cfu) under aerobic conditions was established for each disinfection step. The disinfection procedure reduced the bacterial load from more than 104 cfu (initially visibly clean eggs) and 105 cfu (initially visibly dirty eggs) to less than 10 cfu per sample after disinfection for both groups of eggs. The microbiome of both initially visibly clean and initially visibly dirty eggs had the highest abundances of the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Within the phyla Firmicutes the relative abundances of Clostridiales decreased while Lactobacillus increased from before to after final disinfection. In conclusion, the investigated disinfection procedure is effective in reducing the bacterial load, and by adding a chlorine wash for initially visibly dirty eggs, the microbiome of initially visibly clean and initially visibly dirty eggs had a highly similar microflora after the final disinfection step.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Kudirkiene
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Pors
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Karlskov-Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, China
| | | | | | - J Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kusstatscher P, Cernava T, Liebminger S, Berg G. Replacing conventional decontamination of hatching eggs with a natural defense strategy based on antimicrobial, volatile pyrazines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13253. [PMID: 29038499 PMCID: PMC5643471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of hatching eggs relies on classic yet environmentally harmful decontamination methods such as formaldehyde fumigation. We evaluated bacteria-derived volatiles as a replacement within a fundamentally novel approach based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are naturally involved in microbial communication and antagonism due to their high antimicrobial efficiency. Pyrazine (5-isobutyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazine) was applied passively and actively in prototypes of a pre-industry-scale utilization. Altogether, pyrazine decontamination rates of up to 99.6% were observed, which is comparable to formaldehyde fumigation. While active evaporation was highly efficient in all experiments, passive treatment showed reducing effects in two of four tested groups only. These results were confirmed by visualization using LIVE/DEAD staining microscopy. The natural egg shell microbiome was characterized by an unexpected bacterial diversity of Pseudomonadales, Enterobacteriales, Sphingomonadales, Streptophyta, Burkholderiales, Actinomycetales, Xanthomonadales, Rhizobiales, Bacillales, Clostridiales, Lactobacillales, and Flavobacteriales members. Interestingly, we found that especially low pyrazine concentrations lead to a microbiome shift, which can be explained by varying antimicrobial effects on different microorganisms. Micrococcus spp., which are linked to embryonic death and reduced hatchability, was found to be highly sensitive to pyrazines. Taken together, pyrazine application was shown to be a promising, environmentally friendly alternative for fumigation treatments of hatchery eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kusstatscher
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
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17
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Rehkopf A, Byrd J, Coufal C, Duong T. Advanced Oxidation Process sanitization of hatching eggs reduces Salmonella in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3709-3716. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Korowiecka K, Trela M, Tombarkiewicz B, Pawlak K, Niedziółka JW, Swadźba M, Lis MW. Assessment of the effect of selected substances used for disinfection
of hatching eggs on hatching results in chickens. ROCZNIKI NAUKOWE POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA ZOOTECHNICZNEGO 2017. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate whether egg disinfectants have a toxic effect on the tissues
of the developing chicken embryo. The basic active ingredients of the disinfectants tested were
quaternary ammonium compounds (Amino-Steril); stabilized peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide
(Oxydion); glutaraldehyde, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds
and benzyl-C12-C16-alkyldimethyl (Viron FF); and stabilized hydrogen peroxide (Hydro-Clean). The
tests were performed on hatching eggs from Ross 308 parent stock. The potential adverse effects of
aqueous solutions of the disinfectants were tested in vitro using the Hen’s Egg Test – Chorioallantoic
Membrane (HET-CAM). The results were confirmed in in vivo tests by analysing the hatchability of
disinfected eggs. In the in vitro tests, aqueous solutions of the disinfectants with concentrations of
1%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% were spotted onto previously prepared chorioallantoic membranes of
live eight-day-old chicken embryos (n = 8 embryos/disinfectant/concentration). The toxicity of the
substances was assessed on the basis of the occurrence of hyperaemia, haemorrhage, and coagulation
of the blood vessels of the membrane after 0.5, 2 and 5 minutes, using the 21-point Luepke scale. The
in vivo testing consisted of two experiments conducted under production conditions, using eggs from
flocks in the peak (37th week of life) and the final (54th week) laying periods. The eggs were sprayed
with a 1% aqueous solution of disinfectant (400 eggs/disinfectant/experiment) about 2 hours before
incubation. Hatching results, the stage of embryonic development at the time of death and any cases
of infection were evaluated. The HET-CAM tests showed that the 1% solutions of the disinfectants
induced strong (Hydro-Clean), moderate (Oxydion and Amino-Steril) and weak (Viron FF) reactions,
while the 0.125% concentration produced a weak reaction or none. Analysis of hatching results showed
that they were not affected by the disinfectants. However, in the case of laying hens in their final
production period, spraying with aqueous solutions of each agent reduced losses due to early embryo
mortality. In conclusion, the disinfectants tested can be safely used in poultry hatcheries
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Korowiecka
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Magdalena Trela
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Barbara Tombarkiewicz
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Krzysztof Pawlak
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Jerzy W. Niedziółka
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Magdalena Swadźba
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
| | - Marcin W. Lis
- University of Agriculture in Krakow Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Animal Welfare
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Maharjan P, Cox S, Gadde U, Clark FD, Bramwell K, Watkins SE. Evaluation of chlorine dioxide based product as a hatchery sanitizer. Poult Sci 2017; 96:560-565. [PMID: 27920190 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is commonly used to overcome contaminants introduced by hatching eggs or water supply in the hatcher cabinets. However, health risks associated with its use make economical alternatives important. This project evaluated a chlorine dioxide based product (CDBP) (0.3% concentrate) as a hatchery sanitizer in decontaminating microbial populations on the shell surface of hatching eggs (>18 d old), as well as its impact on hatchability and chick performance. Hatchers (0.20 m2) designed to hold approximately 50 eggs and equipped with circulation fans, heaters, and thermostats were used for the evaluation. For each of the 2 trials conducted, 450 hatching eggs were obtained and incubated in a common setter. Eggs used in trial 1 were floor eggs whereas in trial 2 nest eggs were used. On d 18 of incubation, eggs were removed from the setter, and viable eggs were randomly allocated to 9 hatchers. Pre-treatment egg rinse samples (10 eggs per hatcher) were collected for initial microbial analysis. Three hatchers were treated with CDBP and 3 hatchers with a formaldehyde based product (FBP). Three untreated hatchers served as control (C). Prior to hatch, 10 eggs/incubator, not previously rinsed, were used for post treatment microbial counts. The hatched chicks were reared until d 21 in floor pens with a common starter diet. For the CDBP treated eggs, hatchability and chick performance (weight gains, mortality, and FCR on d 7 and d 21) were similar to the other treatments. The application rate of CDBP evaluated in this study was not an effective antimicrobial alternative to formaldehyde for sanitizing hatching eggs in hatcher cabinets prior to hatch.
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20
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Keïta A, Huneau-Salaün A, Guillot A, Galliot P, Tavares M, Puterflam J. A multi-pronged approach to the search for an alternative to formaldehyde as an egg disinfectant without affecting worker health, hatching, or broiler production parameters. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1609-1616. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Gottselig SM, Dunn-Horrocks SL, Woodring KS, Coufal CD, Duong T. Advanced oxidation process sanitization of eggshell surfaces. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1356-62. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Warren CA, Weber SK, Crespo R. Comparison of conventional plating methods and PetrifilmTM for the recovery of aerobic bacteria and mold from hatchery fluff samples. J APPL POULTRY RES 2016. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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23
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Lowman Z, Parkhurst C. Effect of Bac-D™ on Hatchability, Conductance, Growth Rate and Feed Conversion on Turkey Poults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2014.97.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim JH, Kim KS. Hatchery hygiene evaluation by microbiological examination of hatchery samples. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1389-98. [PMID: 20548066 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the bacterial contamination of air and the surface of equipment and facilities in hatchery. In addition, the inhibitory effects of formaldehyde application methods on aerosol bacterial counts in the hatchers were also investigated. In the operating hatchers, the contamination of air by aerobic bacteria, coliform, and fungi was high, measuring over 300 cfu/63.6 cm(2). In the egg sorting room, contamination was moderate, whereas in the remaining sampling sites such as the setter room, candling-transfer room, and chick counting room, contamination was minimal, measuring less than 10 cfu/63.6 cm(2) for aerobic bacteria, 5 cfu/63.6 cm(2) for coliform, and 2 cfu/63.6 cm(2) for fungi. The bacterial contamination on the surface of the equipment and facilities showed similar tendencies with that of air. However, on the surfaces of the equipment and facilities in the hatcher room corridors and nonoperating hatchers where the bacterial contamination of the air was low, bacterial counts were high, measuring over 100 cfu/16 cm(2). Salmonella was mainly isolated from the hatcher rooms, chick counting room, and the related equipment and facilities but not from the areas used for the earlier processing step such as the egg receiving room, egg sorting room, setter rooms, and candling-transfer room. The Salmonella serotype that was most frequently isolated from the hatchery was Salmonella Senftenberg. The other occasional Salmonella serotypes such as Salmonella Schwarzengrund, Salmonella Madelia, Salmonella Montevideo, and Salmonella Enteritidis were isolated. The experimental group receiving formaldehyde by constant rate infusion during hatching had a significantly superior inhibitory effect on aerosol bacterial count 4 h before hatching as compared with the group receiving formaldehyde into a basin and the negative control group (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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26
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Ritchie BW, Wooley RE, Kemp DT. Use of potentiated antibiotics in wound management. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2004; 7:169-89, vii. [PMID: 14768385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Prevention or resolution of microbial colonization of wounds is critical to rapid and uneventful healing. The use and misuse of antimicrobial agents continues to support the evolution of multidrug resistant organisms that can cause severe or life-threatening infections. Chelating agents have been shown to potentiate the effects of antimicrobial compounds. The third generation chelating agent. Tricide has been shown to be effective against many multidrug resistant pathogens, prevents pathogens from development resistance to the antimicrobials with which it is mixed and substantially reduces the amount of antimicrobials needed to kill bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branson W Ritchie
- Departments of Small Animal Medicine and Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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27
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Russell S. Effect of Sanitizers Applied by Electrostatic Spraying on Pathogenic and Indicator Bacteria Attached to the Surface of Eggs. J APPL POULTRY RES 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/12.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Cox N, Berrang M, Bailey J, Stern N. Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs V: Efficiency of Repetitive Immersions in Hydrogen Peroxide or Phenol to Eliminate Salmonella from Hatching Eggs. J APPL POULTRY RES 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/11.3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Formaldehyde administration in the hatchery can be very useful in decreasing microbial numbers. However, its use is controversial because of the adverse effects that can occur to chicks and people. This study was designed to look at alternative methods of application of formaldehyde in the hatchery. In addition, the study compared the effects of these methods of application on in ovo-and non-in ovo-injected eggs. All in ovo-injected eggs were given diluent only with no vaccine or antibiotic added. In hatchers containing both in ovo-injected eggs and non-in ovo-injected eggs, formaldehyde was administered two ways, dose (DOSE) and constant rate infusion (CRI). In the DOSE hatcher, 12 ml of formaldehyde was administered at one time every 12 hr, whereas in the CRI hatcher, the same volume was administered at a rate of 1 ml/hr over a 12-hr period. A control (CONT) hatcher received 12 ml of distilled water at the same time that the DOSE hatcher was given formaldehyde. In the DOSE hatcher, a peak concentration of formaldehyde of 102 ppm was reached. The CRI was maintained at approximately 20 ppm of formaldehyde. At pipping, the aerosol bacterial load in the hatchers receiving formaldehyde (DOSE, 130 colony-forming units [CFU]/m3; CRI, 82.5 CFU/m3) was significantly less than in the CONT hatcher (235 CFU/m3). At hatch, the CRI (337.5 CFU/m3) was not able to control bacterial levels and only the DOSE hatcher (150 CFU/m3) had a significantly lower aerosol bacterial count. The CRI non-in ovo-injected eggs (93.39%) had a significantly higher percentage of hatch of fertile compared with non-in ovo-injected eggs exposed to water (84.27%). In ovo-injected eggs in CONT and DOSE treatment groups contained significantly higher percentages of visual contamination than non-in on-injected eggs in the same hatchers. This difference had numerical significance only in the treatment groups within the CRI hatcher. The chicks were then placed into replicate treatment groups and grown for 14 days. Chicks from the CRI in ovo-injected eggs had a statistically significant improvement in feed conversion ratio (1.24) at 14 days when compared with chicks from CONT non-in ovo-injected eggs (1.29). All formaldehyde-exposed chicks had numerically lower feed conversion ratios compared with the CONT exposed chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Throne Steinlage
- Department of Avian Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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31
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Bailey J, Cox N, Berrang M. Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs III: Effect of Organic Contaminants on Efficacy of Egg Sanitizers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/10.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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32
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Williams CJ, Brake J. Evaluation of application methods for control of Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of in ovo injected broiler eggs. Poult Sci 2000; 79:1531-5. [PMID: 11092320 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.11.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different techniques of applying fungicides and mold inhibitors were evaluated as control methods for Aspergillus fumigatus proliferation on the air cell membrane of eggs that were infertile or contained early dead embryos following in ovo egg injection. A controlled Aspergillus challenge model was utilized that simulates the natural occurrence of fungal growth following in ovo egg injection. Methods of application examined were egg shell spray, direct air cell application prior to Aspergillus challenge, and micro-aerosol fogging in the incubation compartment during Aspergillus challenge. Fungicides and mold inhibitors used included propionic acid, propionic acid plus ammonia, phenol, quaternary ammonium plus organic tin, hydrogen peroxide, enilconazole, and an aromatase inhibitor. When applied as egg shell spray treatments or micro-aerosol fog treatments, none of the products that were tested significantly reduced the incidence of mold proliferation on the air cell membrane when compared with untreated, but otherwise challenged, controls. When applied directly to the air cell membrane prior to fungal challenge, only enilconazole and the aromatase inhibitor significantly reduced the incidence of fungal proliferation when compared with appropriate controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Williams
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608, USA
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Kwon Y, Park S, Birkhold S, Ricke S. Induction of Resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to Environmental Stresses by Exposure to Short-Chain Fatty Acids. J Food Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb09413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Berrang M, Cox N, Frank J, Burh R, Bailey J. Hatching Egg Sanitization for Prevention or Reduction of Human Enteropathogens: A Review. J APPL POULTRY RES 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/9.2.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Cox N, Berrang M, Buhr R, Bailey J. Bactericidal Treatment of Hatching Eggs II. Use of Chemical Disinfectants with Vacuum to Reduce Salmonella. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Papadopoulou C, Dimitriou D, Levidiotou S, Gessouli H, Panagiou A, Golegou S, Antoniades G. Bacterial strains isolated from eggs and their resistance to currently used antibiotics: is there a health hazard for consumers? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 20:35-40. [PMID: 9023039 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(96)00024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the putative transfer of antibiotic resistance from poultry to humans, hens' eggs were examined for the presence of various pathogens. Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas spp. were the most frequently isolated genera. Sensitivity tests, performed with the Kirby-Bauer technique, showed the presence of resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (to penicillin-G, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, cefalosporins, oxacillin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol and tobramycin), Enterococcus faecalis (to ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamycin and tetracyclin), Escherichia coli (to tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin and cefalosporins), Enterobacter cloacae (to ampicillin, amoxycillin plus clavunalic acid, erythromycin and tetracycline), Pseudomonas stutzeri (to erythromycin and chlorampenicol) and Citrobacter freundii (to ampicillin, amoxycillin plus clavunalic acid, cefalosporins and co-trimoxazole).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Papadopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Greece
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37
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Bailey JS, Buhr RJ, Cox NA, Berrang ME. Effect of hatching cabinet sanitation treatments on Salmonella cross-contamination and hatchability of broiler eggs. Poult Sci 1996; 75:191-6. [PMID: 8833369 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0750191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Four trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of hatcher air sanitation utilizing ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, or hydrogen peroxide on bacterial populations, the spread of Salmonella, and hatchability of broiler eggs. The UV light (254 nm, 146 mu W/s) and ozone (0.2 or 0.4 ppm) treatments were continuously applied through the last 3 d of hatch, the hydrogen peroxide treatment (2.5%) was administered 1 or 2 min of each 10 min at rates of 500 or 100 mL/h. Hatchability was not significantly reduced by sanitizing treatments when compared with the untreated control (94 vs 95.6%). As compared to controls, all sanitizing treatments reduced 75 to 99% of the total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella in the hatching cabinet air samples. The use of hydrogen peroxide resulted in greater reduction of bacteria than ozone or UV light. Only hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced Salmonella levels on eggshell fragments. Significant reductions in the number of Salmonella-positive chicks occurred using the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced the magnitude of Salmonella colonization in chicken ceca. These trials demonstrated that the spread of bacteria can be effectively reduced in the hatching cabinet by air sanitization using UV light, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. The potential to reduce bacterial cross contamination in the hatcher is achievable without depressing hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bailey
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, Georgia 30604-5677, USA
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38
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Davies RH, Wray C. An approach to reduction of Salmonella infection in broiler chicken flocks through intensive sampling and identification of cross-contamination hazards in commercial hatcheries. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 24:147-60. [PMID: 7703009 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of salmonella contamination in eleven commercial hatcheries in the UK was carried out during 1992/93. The sampling protocol involved individual swabbing and culture from surfaces and items of equipment within each premises. This allowed the identification of many areas where salmonella control measures were not successful resulting in a cross-contamination hazard for eggs and chicks. Egg sanitisation and handling methods, design of incubator and whole building ventilation systems, control of dust, fluff and aerosol production, disinfection of surfaces and equipment and handling of waste were areas where improvements could be made. There were examples of successful reduction of salmonella in all key areas and these could be extended to provide general practical protocols for salmonella control. The sampling and culture techniques used in this study required less labour and were more rapid and sensitive than traditional methods so could be used in comparative investigations of other complex high throughput livestock and food processing operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Davies
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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39
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Buhr R, Mauldin J, Bailey J, Cox N. Automated Spray Sanitizing of Broiler Hatching Eggs 2. Hatchability of Nest Clean and Dirty Eggs. J APPL POULTRY RES 1994. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/3.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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40
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Neighbor NK, Newberry LA, Bayyari GR, Skeeles JK, Beasley JN, McNew RW. The effect of microaerosolized hydrogen peroxide on bacterial and viral poultry pathogens. Poult Sci 1994; 73:1511-6. [PMID: 7816725 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0731511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of microaerosolized H2O2 on bacterial and viral poultry pathogens was investigated. Bacterial cultures and viruses were dried on sterile glass Petri dishes and subjected to direct and indirect 5% (H2O2) microaerosol mist. In the trials using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, there was complete inactivation following exposure to H2O2. Using Salmonella typhimurium, indirect exposure resulted in only partial inactivation whereas direct exposure to H2O2 gave complete inactivation. For the viruses studied, 5% H2O2 microaerosol mist completely inactivated infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian influenza virus showed reduced infectivity but were not completely inactivated. Avian reovirus susceptibility varied with the method of exposure and infectious bursal disease virus was highly resistant. The use of 10% H2O2 mist, however, resulted in total inactivation of infectious bursal disease virus. The effect of 10% H2O2 on equipment and selected materials representative of a hatcher or poultry house was investigated. A solar cell calculator, a thermostat containing a microswitch, and samples of uncoated steel, galvanized steel, and uncoated aluminum were subjected to 10 fumigation cycles. No damage was detected in the calculator and the thermostat. Both the uncoated steel and the galvanized steel showed signs of oxidation. The aluminum did not show signs of oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Neighbor
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
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41
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Fletcher DL, Russell SM, Walker JM, Bailey JS. An evaluation of a rinse procedure using sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide on the recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses. Poult Sci 1993; 72:2152-6. [PMID: 8265502 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0722152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A patent entitled "Reduction of Bacteria Count on Poultry Being Processed into Food at a Poultry Processing Plant" (U.S. Patent No. 4,683,618) claimed that a three-step rinse process using sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide solutions would remove bacteria from the surface of broiler carcasses. In three replicate trials, 40 broilers were obtained postchill from a commercial processing plant. Broilers (n = 20) were treated according to the patent by spraying the inside and outside surfaces of each carcass with a 2% NaHCO3 solution for 5 s and rinsing with water, repeating, spraying with a 3% H2O2 solution for 5 s, and rinsing a final time with water. Controls (n = 20) were treated identically except that in each of the rinse steps tap water was used in place of the test solutions. Whole carcass rinses were conducted and total aerobic plate counts (TPC) and impedance detection times (DT) were determined after 1 h and 7 days at 4 C. The NaHCO3 + H2O2 treatment resulted in no significant difference in TPC at 1 h post-treatment but did result in lower TPC after 7 days and greater DT at both 1 h and 7 days. The procedure was effective in reducing the recovery of bacteria at 7 days post-treatment by .3 log10 but was not effective in removing the bacteria to the extent implied in the patient. Based on previous studies using H2O2, these results are not unexpected, but commercial applicability remains questionable based on actual reduction levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Fletcher
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30605
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Scott TA, Swetnam C, Kinsman R. Screening Sanitizing Agents and Methods of Application for Hatching Eggs III. Effect of Concentration and Exposure Time on Embryo Viability. J APPL POULTRY RES 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/2.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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