1
|
Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin MS, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde A, Winckler C, Viltrop A, Martin J, Raj M, Vyssotski A, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Manakidou A, Michel V. The use of high expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8855. [PMID: 39005713 PMCID: PMC11240110 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of high-expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry. A dossier was provided by the applicant as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the method is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the currently allowed methods for pigs and poultry. According to legislation, to be approved in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure (1) the absence of pain, distress or suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and (2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. An ad hoc Working Group set up by EFSA performed the assessment as follows: (1) The data provided were checked against the criteria laid down in the EFSA Guidance (EFSA, 2018), and was found to partially fulfil those criteria; (2) extensive literature search; (3) data extraction for quantitative assessment; (4) qualitative exercise based on non-formal expert elicitation. The assessment led to conclude that it is more likely than not (certainty > 50%-100%) that high-expansion foam for stunning and killing pigs and poultry, named NEFS in container (Nitrogen Expansion Foam Stunning in container), provides a level of welfare at least equivalent to one or more of the currently allowed methods listed in Annex I of Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009. The overall assessment of EFSA is valid only under the technical conditions described in this Opinion for laying hens, broiler chickens of all age and pigs weighing 15-41 kg in situations other than slaughter. The overall assessment of EFSA is that NEFS can be suitable for depopulation using containers for pig and poultry farms respecting the technical conditions and the categories and types of animals defined in this Scientific Opinion.
Collapse
|
2
|
Rucinque DS, Velarde A, Xercavins A, Varvaró-Porter A, Gibson TJ, Michel V, Contreras-Jodar A. Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide in Two Phases for the Improvement of Broiler Chickens' Welfare during Stunning. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:486. [PMID: 38338133 PMCID: PMC10854911 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the exposure to gas mixtures of carbon dioxide (CO2) associated with nitrogen (N2) as alternatives to CO2 in two phases to improve the welfare of broiler chickens at slaughter. Broilers were exposed to one of three treatments: 40C90C (1st phase: <40% CO2 for 2 min; 2nd phase: >90% CO2 and <2% O2 for 2 min, n = 92), 40C60N (40% CO2, 60% N2, and <2% O2 for 4 min, n = 79), or 20C80N (20% CO2, 80% N2, and <2% O2 for 4 min, n = 72). Brain activity (EEG) was assessed to determine the onset of loss of consciousness (LOC) and death. Behavioural assessment allowed for characterisation of an aversive response to the treatments and confirmed loss of posture (LOP) and motionlessness as behavioural proxies of LOC and brain death in 40C60N and 20N80C. However, the lack of quality of the EEG traces obtained in 40C90C did not allow us to determine the onset of LOC and brain death for this treatment. The onset of LOC in 40C60N was found at 19 s [14-30 s] and in 20C80N at 21 s [16-37 s], whereas a LOP was seen at 53 s [26-156 s] in 40C90C. Birds showed brain death in 40C60N at 64 s [43-108 s] and in 20C80N at 70 s [45-88 s]), while they became motionless in 40C90C at 177 s [89-212 s]. The 40C90C birds not only experienced more events of aversive behaviours related to mucosal irritation, dyspnoea, and breathlessness during induction to unconsciousness but were at risk of remaining conscious when the CO2 concentration was increased in the 2nd phase (known to cause severe pain). From an animal welfare point of view, 40C60N proved to be the least aversive of the three treatments tested, followed by 20C80N and 40C90C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Santiago Rucinque
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (D.S.R.); (A.V.); (A.X.); (A.V.-P.)
| | - Antonio Velarde
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (D.S.R.); (A.V.); (A.X.); (A.V.-P.)
| | - Aida Xercavins
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (D.S.R.); (A.V.); (A.X.); (A.V.-P.)
| | - Aranzazu Varvaró-Porter
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (D.S.R.); (A.V.); (A.X.); (A.V.-P.)
| | - Troy John Gibson
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK;
| | - Virginie Michel
- Direction of Strategy and Programmes, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Alexandra Contreras-Jodar
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain; (D.S.R.); (A.V.); (A.X.); (A.V.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bigge A, Purdum S, Hanford K. Comparison of electrocardiogram parameters during two methods of euthanasia in white leghorn hens. Res Vet Sci 2023; 156:54-59. [PMID: 36780798 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study's objective was to evaluate if electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters differ depending on euthanasia method, and if welfare implications result. Sixteen mature laying hens previously outfitted with subcutaneous wireless telemetry and housed in conventional cages or aviaries were used. Manual cervical dislocation (CD) and 30% CO2 displacement were chosen. Continuous ECG data collection began 5 min prior to the procedure to establish a baseline, then continued during and following euthanasia until complete cessation of cardiac activity. Insensibility and euthanasia were determined by an experienced handler to be loss of posture and the end of neuromuscular convulsions with no noticeable breathing. The attending veterinarian monitored and confirmed successful euthanasia via auscultation of the heart. Veterinary confirmation occurred within 5 min for all hens, thus a 5-min sampling period was used. Samples of ten successive QRS complexes per hen per minute were used to calculate average QRS complex amplitude and heart rate. Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure in SAS 9.4, and reported as deviations from baseline. Housing was not a significant factor (p > 0.05). Heart rate showed a significant effect for method (p = 0.0232), time (p < 0.0001), and method*time interaction (p = 0.0001). Compared to baseline, heart rate for CD was 238 bpm higher at minute 1 (p < 0.0001) and 106 bpm higher at minute 2 (p = 0.0027) compared to CO2. While there was no significant effect of method on QRS amplitude (p = 0.6220), there was a time effect (p = 0.0266). Cervical dislocation as a method of euthanasia may induce a greater stress response in laying hens compared to CO2 displacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Bigge
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Department, USA.
| | - Sheila Purdum
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Department, USA
| | - Kathryn Hanford
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Department, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang X, Zhao Y, Qi H, Tabler GT. Characterizing Sounds of Different Sources in a Commercial Broiler House. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030916. [PMID: 33807019 PMCID: PMC8004747 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acoustic signal in commercial broiler houses is a mixture of sounds from different sources. However, the characteristics of sounds from different sources have not been well understood. In this study, the sound frequency ranges of six common sounds, including bird vocalization, fan, feed system, heater, wing flapping and dustbathing, were determined; and their relations with bird age were investigated. The outcome of this research provides valuable information for using sound signal to monitor animal behavior and equipment operation. Abstract Audio data collected in commercial broiler houses are mixed sounds of different sources that contain useful information regarding bird health condition, bird behavior, and equipment operation. However, characterizations of the sounds of different sources in commercial broiler houses have not been well established. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the frequency ranges of six common sounds, including bird vocalization, fan, feed system, heater, wing flapping, and dustbathing, at bird ages of week 1 to 8 in a commercial Ross 708 broiler house. In addition, the frequencies of flapping (in wing flapping events, flaps/s) and scratching (during dustbathing, scratches/s) behaviors were examined through sound analysis. A microphone was installed in the middle of broiler house at the height of 40 cm above the back of birds to record audio data at a sampling frequency of 44,100 Hz. A top-view camera was installed to continuously monitor bird activities. Total of 85 min audio data were manually labeled and fed to MATLAB for analysis. The audio data were decomposed using Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT). Decompositions of the six concerned sound sources were then transformed with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method to generate the single-sided amplitude spectrums. By fitting the amplitude spectrum of each sound source into a Gaussian regression model, its frequency range was determined as the span of the three standard deviations (99% CI) away from the mean. The behavioral frequencies were determined by examining the spectrograms of wing flapping and dustbathing sounds. They were calculated by dividing the number of movements by the time duration of complete behavioral events. The frequency ranges of bird vocalization changed from 2481 ± 191–4409 ± 136 Hz to 1058 ± 123–2501 ± 88 Hz as birds grew. For the sound of fan, the frequency range increased from 129 ± 36–1141 ± 50 Hz to 454 ± 86–1449 ± 75 Hz over the flock. The sound frequencies of feed system, heater, wing flapping and dustbathing varied from 0 Hz to over 18,000 Hz. The behavioral frequencies of wing flapping were continuously decreased from week 3 (17 ± 4 flaps/s) to week 8 (10 ± 1 flaps/s). For dustbathing, the behavioral frequencies decreased from 16 ± 2 scratches/s in week 3 to 11 ± 1 scratches/s in week 6. In conclusion, characterizing sounds of different sound sources in commercial broiler houses provides useful information for further advanced acoustic analysis that may assist farm management in continuous monitoring of animal health and behavior. It should be noted that this study was conducted with one flock in a commercial house. The generalization of the results remains to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hairong Qi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - George T. Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Terlouw EMC, Deiss V, Astruc T. Stunning of pigs with different gas mixtures: Behavioural and physiological reactions. Meat Sci 2021; 175:108452. [PMID: 33588243 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study used thirty-one pigs to investigate induction of unconsciousness and behavioural reactions in different gas mixtures: 80% CO2/air, 90 s; 40% CO2/30% O2/air, 180 s; 70% N2O/30% CO2, 90 s. All pigs lost consciousness. All presented respiratory difficulties and most pigs involuntary muscle contractions, often before loss of standing posture. Between mixtures, average latencies of certain behaviours and delays between behaviours differed. Following immersion, blood pH was lower than normal. The low pH induced by the CO2/O2/air mixture was physiologically associated with hyperoxemia. Relationships between blood gases, different behavioural and heart rate responses are discussed. In conclusion, all mixtures caused discomfort due to respiratory difficulties and the addition of O2 or N2O to the CO2 mixture did not present an advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Claudia Terlouw
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France.
| | - Véronique Deiss
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, F-63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
How Are Information Technologies Addressing Broiler Welfare? A Systematic Review Based on the Welfare Quality® Assessment. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12041413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to explore how information technologies (ITs) are currently used to monitor the welfare of broiler chickens. The question posed for the review was “which ITs are related to welfare and how do they monitor this for broilers?”. The Welfare Quality® (WQ) protocol for broiler assessment was utilized as a framework to analyse suitable articles. A total of 57 studies were reviewed wherein all principles of broiler welfare were addressed. The “good health” principle was the main criteria found to be addressed by ITs and IT-based studies (45.6% and 46.1%, respectively), whereas the least observed principle was “good feeding” (8.8%). This review also classified ITs and IT-based studies by their utilization (location, production system, variable measured, aspect of production, and experimental/practical use). The results show that the current focus of ITs is on problems with conventional production systems and that less attention has been given to free-range systems, slaughterhouses, and supply chain issues. Given the valuable results evidenced by the exploitation of ITs, their use in broiler production should continue to be encouraged with more attention given to farmer adoption strategies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Depner K, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar Schmidt C, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Sihvonen LH, Spoolder H, Stahl K, Velarde Calvo A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Van der Stede Y, Michel V. Slaughter of animals: poultry. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05849. [PMID: 32626156 PMCID: PMC7008870 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The killing of poultry for human consumption (slaughtering) can take place in a slaughterhouse or during on-farm slaughter. The processes of slaughtering that were assessed, from the arrival of birds in containers until their death, were grouped into three main phases: pre-stunning (including arrival, unloading of containers from the truck, lairage, handling/removing of birds from containers); stunning (including restraint); and bleeding (including bleeding following stunning and bleeding during slaughter without stunning). Stunning methods were grouped into three categories: electrical, controlled modified atmosphere and mechanical. In total, 35 hazards were identified and characterised, most of them related to stunning and bleeding. Staff were identified as the origin of 29 hazards, and 28 hazards were attributed to the lack of appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or to fatigue. Corrective and preventive measures were assessed: measures to correct hazards were identified for 11 hazards, with management shown to have a crucial role in prevention. Ten welfare consequences, the birds can be exposed to during slaughter, were identified: consciousness, heat stress, cold stress, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, restriction of movements, pain, fear, distress and respiratory distress. Welfare consequences and relevant animal-based measures were described. Outcome tables linking hazards, welfare consequences, animal-based measures, origins, and preventive and corrective measures were developed for each process. Mitigation measures to minimise welfare consequences were also proposed.
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
|
11
|
Broiler stunning methods and their effects on welfare, rigor mortis, and meat quality. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
12
|
Martin JE, Sandilands V, Sparrey J, Baker L, Dixon LM, McKeegan DEF. Welfare assessment of novel on-farm killing methods for poultry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212872. [PMID: 30794690 PMCID: PMC6386380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for novel mechanical devices for dispatching poultry on farm following the introduction of EU Regulation (EC) no. 1099/2009 On the Protection of Animals at the Time of Killing. We examined three novel mechanical killing devices: Modified Armadillo, Modified Rabbit Zinger, a novel mechanical cervical dislocation device; and traditional manual cervical dislocation. The four killing methods were tested on 230 chickens across four batches. We measured behavioural, electroencephalogram and post-mortem outcomes in anesthetized laying hens and broilers at two life stages (juveniles and adults/slaughter age). Graeco Latin-Square designs systematically randomized killing treatment, bird type, age and kill order. All birds were lightly anaesthetized immediately prior to the killing treatment with inhalation of Sevoflurane. The novel mechanical cervical dislocation method had the highest kill success rate (single application attempt only, with no signs of recovery) of a mechanical method (96%). The Modified Armadillo was the least reliable with 49% kill success. Spectral analysis of electroencephalogram signals at 2 s intervals for successfully killed birds only revealed progressive decreases in median frequency alongside increases in total power. Later, total power decreased as the birds exhibited isoelectric electroencephalogram signal. Latencies to pre-defined spectral ranges associated with unconsciousness showed that birds subjected to manual and novel mechanical cervical dislocation achieved these states sooner than birds subjected to the modified Armadillo. Nevertheless all methods exhibited short latencies (<4 s). The Modified Rabbit Zinger had the shortest duration of reflex persistence for nictitating membrane, pupillary and rhythmic breathing post method application. Of the methods tested, the novel mechanical cervical dislocation device is the most promising mechanical method for killing poultry on-farm based on a range of behavioural, electroencephalogram and anatomical parameters. This device has the potential to fulfil the current need for a mechanical alternative to manual cervical dislocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurence Baker
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Dixon
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dorothy E. F. McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Eberle KN, Martin MP, Shah S, Malheiros RD, Livingston KA, Anderson KE. A novel non-invasive method for evaluating electroencephalograms on laying hens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:860-864. [PMID: 29351671 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electroencephalograms (EEG) to study the avian brain relative to behavior was conducted as early as the 1960's. EEG readings, combined with visual cues, provide the ability to elucidate and correlate behaviors to neurological and physiological changes in a chicken. The use of EEG recordings in animal models require access to the brain to implant electrodes. Having the ability to observe EEG activity on sensible birds without surgical implantation could broaden the research in this area and give further insight related to the hen's state of awareness. The development, construction, and implementation of a minimally invasive EEG electrode placement method is described. After implementation, test animals were exposed to extreme environmental stressors as part of a concurrent depopulation methods study and EEG placement withstood the condition changes and corresponding animal physical activity. Sixteen white commercial laying hens had three monopolar 32-gauge needle electrodes inserted subcutaneously and secured to their head and body. Electrodes were attached to a pre-amplifier which transferred EEG signals to a laptop based recording system. Once the electrodes were in place, the hens were placed in individual treatment/observation chamber then various environmental stressors were applied. Verification that the observed brainwave activity was neural and not muscular was done using a photic stimulation validation test. Behavior observations were recorded to correlate sensible and insensible brainwave activity. The validation test and behavior observations demonstrated the method was successful in measuring EEG in sensible laying hens. The use of a non-surgical method for recording EEG will broaden research capabilities and enhance the understanding of a hen's response its environment, eliminate the need for invasive surgical procedures, and minimizes the confounding components of anesthesia, brain surgery, and recovery. With further refinements, the method could open new avenues in avian behavioral and physiological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krista N Eberle
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Building, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Michael P Martin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Sanjay Shah
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Ramon D Malheiros
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Building, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Kimberly A Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Building, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, Poultry Science Building, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Martin JE, Sandercock DA, Sandilands V, Sparrey J, Baker L, Sparks NHC, McKeegan DEF. Welfare Risks of Repeated Application of On-Farm Killing Methods for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:ani8030039. [PMID: 29543779 PMCID: PMC5867527 DOI: 10.3390/ani8030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During poultry production, some birds are killed humanely on farm, usually
because they are ill or injured. Recent European Union (EU) legislation has restricted the number
of birds that can be killed by manual neck dislocation to 70 birds per person per day. We examined
whether this limit is meaningful by investigating the effects of repeated application of two methods
of killing (neck dislocation and a percussive method, the CashPoultry Killer). Twelve male
stockworkers each killed 100 birds (broilers, laying hens, or turkeys) at a fixed rate with each
method. Both methods were highly successful, and reflex and behaviour measures confirmed they
caused rapid loss of brain function. Importantly, there was no evidence of reduced performance
with time/bird number up to 100 birds with either method. The Cash Poultry Killer caused a more
rapid death, but it was prone to technical difficulties with repeated use. Neck dislocation has the
important advantage that it can be performed immediately with no equipment, which may make it
preferable in some situations. We present the first evidence that, at the killing rates tested, there
was no evidence to justify the current EU number limit for performance of neck dislocation to kill
poultry on farm. Abstract Council Regulation (EC) no. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing restricts the use of manual cervical dislocation in poultry on farms in the European Union (EU) to birds weighing up to 3 kg and 70 birds per person per day. However, few studies have examined whether repeated application of manual cervical dislocation has welfare implications and whether these are dependent on individual operator skill or susceptibility to fatigue. We investigated the effects of repeated application (100 birds at a fixed killing rate of 1 bird per 2 min) and multiple operators on two methods of killing of broilers, laying hens, and turkeys in commercial settings. We compared the efficacy and welfare impact of repeated application of cervical dislocation and a percussive killer (Cash Poultry Killer, CPK), using 12 male stockworkers on three farms (one farm per bird type). Both methods achieved over 96% kill success at the first attempt. The killing methods were equally effective for each bird type and there was no evidence of reduced performance with time and/or bird number. Both methods of killing caused a rapid loss of reflexes, indicating loss of brain function. There was more variation in reflex durations and post-mortem damage in birds killed by cervical dislocation than that found using CPK. High neck dislocation was associated with improved kill success and more rapid loss of reflexes. The CPK caused damage to multiple brain areas with little variation. Overall, the CPK was associated with faster abolition of reflexes, with fewer birds exhibiting them at all, suggestive of better welfare outcomes. However, technical difficulties with the CPK highlighted the advantages of cervical dislocation, which can be performed immediately with no equipment. At the killing rates tested, we did not find evidence to justify the current EU limit on the number of birds that one operator can kill on–farm by manual cervical dislocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Dale A Sandercock
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Julian Sparrey
- Livetec Systems Ltd, Building 52, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS, UK.
| | - Laurence Baker
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Nick H C Sparks
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
- Animal and Veterinary Science Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Simple Summary Male layer chicks do not have economic value and are humanely killed after hatching. The layer industry is seeking alternative methods to humanely kill recently hatched male chicks. This study evaluated the use of gases or negative air pressure as a means of humane and viable alternatives to maceration. The treatments included carbon dioxide, nitrogen, reduced air pressure, and a negative control. The study showed that chicks exposed to treatments, gases or negative air pressure, did not differ significantly in terms of the physiological stress response. The use of carbon dioxide resulted in a faster onset of unconsciousness and ultimately death as compared to nitrogen or negative air pressure treatments. Abstract Hatched male layer chicks are currently euthanized by maceration in the United States. Public concerns on the use of maceration have led to the search for alternative methods. We hypothesized that gas inhalation and low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) are viable and humane alternatives to instantaneous mechanical destruction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and behavioral responses of recently hatched male layer chicks when subjected to carbon dioxide, nitrogen inhalation, or LAPS. The study consisted of seven treatments: breathing air (NEG), 25% carbon dioxide (CO2), 50% CO2, 75% CO2, 90% CO2, 100% nitrogen (N2), or LAPS. Ten day-of-hatch, male layer chicks were randomly assigned to each treatment, and each treatment was replicated on ten different days. A custom-made vacuum system was used to reduce air pressure inside the chamber from 100.12 kPa to 15.3 kPa for the LAPS treatment. Serum corticosterone and serotonin levels were measured using commercially available competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Latencies to loss of posture and motionlessness were determined from video recordings. The 25% and 50% CO2 treatments were discontinued after the first replication, as the majority of the chicks recovered. The chicks in the negative (NEG) group had significantly higher levels of corticosterone than the other four euthanasia treatments. On the other hand, the serotonin levels of chicks in the NEG group was significantly lower when compared to the other four euthanasia treatments. The latencies to loss of posture and motionlessness of chicks exposed to 75% and 90% CO2 were significantly shorter than those in the LAPS and N2 inhalation treatments. These data suggest that the stress responses of chicks to the CO2, N2, and LAPS treatments do not differ among each other. However, the CO2 inhalation method was faster in inducing loss of posture and motionlessness in chicks than the LAPS and N2 inhalation treatments.
Collapse
|
17
|
Martin JE, Sandilands V, Sparrey J, Baker L, McKeegan DEF. On Farm Evaluation of a Novel Mechanical Cervical Dislocation Device for Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E10. [PMID: 29320399 PMCID: PMC5789305 DOI: 10.3390/ani8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urgent development of alternative on-farm killing methods for poultry is required following the number restrictions placed on the use of traditional manual cervical dislocation by European Legislation (EU 1099/2009). Alternatives must be proven to be humane and, crucially, practical in commercial settings with multiple users. We assessed the performance and reliability of a novel mechanical cervical dislocation device (NMCD) compared to the traditional manual cervical dislocation (MCD) method. NMCD was based on a novel device consisting of a thin supportive glove and two moveable metal finger inserts designed to aid the twisting motion of cervical dislocation. We employed a 2 × 2 factorial design, with a total of eight stockworkers from broiler and layer units (four per farm) each killing 70 birds per method. A successful kill performance was defined as immediate absence of rhythmic breathing and nictitating membrane reflex; a detectable gap in the vertebrae and only one kill attempt (i.e., one stretch and twist motion). The mean stockworker kill performance was significantly higher for MCD (98.4 ± 0.5%) compared to NMCD (81.6 ± 1.8%). However, the MCD technique normally used by the stockworkers (based previous in-house training received) affected the performance of NMCD and was confounded by unit type (broilers), with the majority of broiler stockworkers trained in a non-standard technique, making adaption to the NMCD more difficult. The consistency of trauma induced by the killing methods (based on several post-mortem parameters) was higher with NMCD demonstrated by "gold standard" trauma achieved in 30.2% of birds, compared to 11.4% for MCD (e.g., dislocation higher up the cervical region of the spine i.e., between vertebrae C0-C1, ≥1 carotid arteries severed), suggesting it has the potential to improve welfare at killing. However, the results also suggest that the NMCD method requires further refinement and training optimization in order for it to be acceptable as an alternative across poultry industry, irrespective of previous MCD technique and training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Martin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Victoria Sandilands
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, Auchincruive Campus, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK.
| | - Julian Sparrey
- Livetec Systems Ltd., Building 52, Wrest Park, Silsoe, Bedford MK45 4HS, UK.
| | - Laurence Baker
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, Auchincruive Campus, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK.
| | - Dorothy E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paul-Murphy JR, Engilis A, Pascoe PJ, Williams DC, Gustavsen KA, Drazenovich TL, Keel MK, Polley TM, Engilis IE. Comparison of intraosseous pentobarbital administration and thoracic compression for euthanasia of anesthetized sparrows (Passer domesticus) and starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:887-899. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
19
|
Mauri S, Guijarro A, Avilés C, Peña F. Influence of carbon dioxide stunning procedure on quality of turkey meat. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:382-389. [PMID: 28117599 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2017.1285393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex and gas stunning on quality attributes of turkey breast meat. 2. One hundred B.U.T. Premium turkeys (50 males and 50 females) were divided into four groups of 25 animals and subjected to one of two CO2 stunning procedures: G1 stepwise (step 1: 30% CO2, 15 s; step 2: 55% CO2, 40 s; step 3: 70% CO2, 45 s) or G2 fixed concentration (80% CO2, 100 s). The pH and meat colour at 20 min post-mortem, and pH, colour (L*, a*, b*), water holding capacity (WHC), drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL) and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in breast samples at 24 h and 7 d post-mortem were assessed. 3. There were significant differences between stunning groups for pH, meat colour and CL, whereas no significant differences were found for DL and WBSF. Sex had a significant effect on pH and b* and ageing of meat affected pH, colour coordinates, DL and WBSF. 4. It was concluded that the G2 treatment affected negatively the pH value and colour coordinates. However, G2 stunning affected positively the WHC parameters. Female turkeys had better results than males for pH, and the colour of female turkey breast meat was less yellow than male breast meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mauri
- a Departamento de Producción Animal , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - A Guijarro
- a Departamento de Producción Animal , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - C Avilés
- a Departamento de Producción Animal , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| | - F Peña
- a Departamento de Producción Animal , Universidad de Córdoba , Córdoba , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martin JE, Christensen K, Vizzier-Thaxton Y, McKeegan DEF. Effects of light on responses to low atmospheric pressure stunning in broilers. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:585-600. [PMID: 27352226 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Low atmospheric pressure stunning (LAPS) is a novel approach to poultry stunning involving the application of gradual decompression lasting 280 s according to a prescribed pressure curve. The aim of this study was to determine how behavioural, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) responses to LAPS are influenced by illumination of the decompression chamber. A secondary aim was to examine responses to the decompression chamber without LAPS being applied, as such a "sham" control has been absent in previous studies. A two by two factorial design was employed, with LAPS/light, LAPS/dark, sham/light and sham/dark treatments (N = 20 per treatment). Broilers were exposed to each treatment in pairs, in each of which one bird was instrumented for recording EEG and ECG. Illumination was applied at 500 lx, and in sham treatments, birds were identically handled but remained undisturbed in the LAPS chamber without decompression for 280 s. Birds which underwent the sham treatment exhibited behaviours which were also observed in LAPS (e.g. sitting) while those exposed to LAPS exhibited hypoxia-related behaviours (e.g. ataxia, loss of posture). Behavioural latencies and durations were increased in the sham treatments, since the whole cycle time was available (in LAPS; birds were motionless by 186 s). Within the sham treatments, illumination increased active behaviour and darkness induced sleep, but slow-wave EEG was seen in both. The pattern of EEG response to LAPS (steep reduction in median frequency in the first 60 s and increased total power) was similar, irrespective of illumination, though birds in darkness had shorter latencies to loss of consciousness and isoelectric EEG. Cardiac responses to LAPS (pronounced bradycardia) closely matched those reported previously and were not affected by illumination. The effects of LAPS/sham treatment primarily reflected the presence/absence of hypoxia, while illumination affected activity/sleep levels in sham-treated birds and slowed time to unconsciousness in birds undergoing LAPS. Therefore, it is recommended that LAPS be conducted in darkness for poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Martin
- a The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies , The Roslin Institute , Edinburgh , Midlothian , UK
| | - K Christensen
- b Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Y Vizzier-Thaxton
- b Centre of Excellence for Poultry Science , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - D E F McKeegan
- c Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin JE, Christensen K, Vizzier-Thaxton Y, McKeegan DE. Effects of analgesic intervention on behavioural responses to Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Behavioural, brain and cardiac responses to hypobaric hypoxia in broiler chickens. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:25-36. [PMID: 27117817 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to pre-slaughter stunning of chickens has been developed in which birds are rendered unconscious by progressive hypobaric hypoxia. Termed Low Atmospheric Pressure Stunning (LAPS), this approach involves application of gradual decompression lasting 280s according to a prescribed curve. We examined responses to LAPS by recording behaviour, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) in individual male chickens, and interpreted these with regard to the welfare impact of the process. We also examined the effect of two temperature adjusted pressure curves on these responses. Broiler chickens were exposed to LAPS in 30 triplets (16 and 14 triplets assigned to each pressure curve). In each triplet, one bird was instrumented for recording of EEG and ECG while the behaviour of all three birds was observed. Birds showed a consistent sequence of behaviours during LAPS (ataxia, loss of posture, clonic convulsions and motionless) which were observed in all birds. Leg paddling, tonic convulsions, slow wing flapping, mandibulation, head shaking, open bill breathing, deep inhalation, jumping and vocalisation were observed in a proportion of birds. Spectral analysis of EEG responses at 2s intervals throughout LAPS revealed progressive decreases in median frequency at the same time as corresponding progressive increases in total power, followed later by decreases in total power as all birds exhibited isoelectric EEG and died. There was a very pronounced increase in total power at 50-60s into the LAPS cycle, which corresponded to dominance of the signal by high amplitude slow waves, indicating loss of consciousness. Slow wave EEG was seen early in the LAPS process, before behavioural evidence of loss of consciousness such as ataxia and loss of posture, almost certainly due to the fact that it was completely dark in the LAPS chamber. ECG recordings showed a pronounced bradycardia (starting on average 49.6s into LAPS), often associated with arrhythmia, until around 60s into LAPS when heart rate levelled off. There was a good correlation between behavioural, EEG and cardiac measures in relation to loss of consciousness which collectively provide a loss of consciousness estimate of around 60s. There were some effects of temperature adjusted pressure curves on behavioural latencies and ECG responses, but in general responses were consistent and very similar to those reported in previous research on controlled atmosphere stunning with inert gases. The results suggest that the process is humane (slaughter without avoidable fear, anxiety, pain, suffering and distress). In particular, the maintenance of slow wave EEG patterns in the early part of LAPS (while birds are still conscious) is strongly suggestive that LAPS is non-aversive, since we would expect this to be interrupted by pain or discomfort.
Collapse
|
23
|
Terlouw C, Bourguet C, Deiss V. Consciousness, unconsciousness and death in the context of slaughter. Part I. Neurobiological mechanisms underlying stunning and killing. Meat Sci 2016; 118:133-46. [PMID: 27103547 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the neurobiological mechanisms that are relevant for the stunning and killing process of animals in the abattoir. The mechanisms underlying the loss of consciousness depend on the technique used: mechanical, electrical or gas stunning. Direct exsanguination (without prior stun) causes also a loss of consciousness before inducing death. The underlying mechanisms may involve cerebral anoxia or ischemia, or the depolarisation, acidification and/or the destruction of brain neurons. These effects may be caused by shock waves, electrical fields, the reduction or arrest of the cerebral blood circulation, increased levels of CO2 or low levels of O2 in the inhaled air, or the mechanical destruction of neurons. The targeted brain structures are the reticular formation, the ascending reticular activating system or thalamus, or the cerebral hemispheres in a general manner. Some of the techniques, when properly used, induce an immediate loss of consciousness; other techniques a progressive loss of consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Terlouw
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Véronique Deiss
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France; Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mackie N, McKeegan DE. Behavioural responses of broiler chickens during low atmospheric pressure stunning. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
25
|
Salwani M, Adeyemi K, Sarah S, Vejayan J, Zulkifli I, Sazili A. Skeletal muscle proteome and meat quality of broiler chickens subjected to gas stunning prior slaughter or slaughtered without stunning. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
26
|
Cors JC, Gruber A, Günther R, Meyer-Kühling B, Esser KH, Rautenschlein S. Electroencephalographic evaluation of the effectiveness of blunt trauma to induce loss of consciousness for on-farm killing of chickens and turkeys. Poult Sci 2015; 94:147-55. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
27
|
Johnson CL. A review of bird welfare during controlled atmosphere and electrical water-bath stunning. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 245:60-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.245.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
28
|
Review: Automation and meat quality-global challenges. Meat Sci 2014; 96:335-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
McKeegan DEF, Reimert HGM, Hindle VA, Boulcott P, Sparrey JM, Wathes CM, Demmers TGM, Gerritzen MA. Physiological and behavioral responses of poultry exposed to gas-filled high expansion foam. Poult Sci 2013; 92:1145-54. [PMID: 23571322 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease control measures require poultry to be killed on farms to minimize the risk of disease being transmitted to other poultry and, in some cases, to protect public health. We assessed the welfare implications for poultry of the use of high-expansion gas-filled foam as a potentially humane, emergency killing method. In laboratory trials, broiler chickens, adult laying hens, ducks, and turkeys were exposed to air-, N2-, or CO2-filled high expansion foam (expansion ratio 300:1) under standardized conditions. Birds were equipped with sensors to measure cardiac and brain activity, and measurements of oxygen concentration in the foam were carried out. Initial behavioral responses to foam were not pronounced but included headshakes and brief bouts of wing flapping. Both N2- and CO2-filled foam rapidly induced ataxia/loss of posture and vigorous wing flapping in all species, characteristic of anoxic death. Immersion in air-filled, high expansion foam had little effect on physiology or behavior. Physiological responses to both N2- and CO2-filled foam were characterized by a pronounced bradyarrythymia and a series of consistent changes in the appearance of the electroencephalogram. These were used to determine an unequivocal time to loss of consciousness in relation to submersion. Mean time to loss of consciousness was 30 s in hens and 18 s in broilers exposed to N2-filled foam, and 16 s in broilers, 1 s in ducks, and 15 s in turkeys exposed to CO2-filled foam. Euthanasia achieved with anoxic foam was particularly rapid, which is explained by the very low oxygen concentrations (below 1%) inside the foam. Physiological observations and postmortem examination showed that the mode of action of high expansion, gas-filled foam is anoxia, not occlusion of the airway. These trials provide proof-of-principle that submersion in gas-filled, high expansion foam provides a rapid and highly effective method of euthanasia, which may have potential to provide humane emergency killing or routine depopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McKeegan D, Sandercock D, Gerritzen M. Physiological responses to low atmospheric pressure stunning and the implications for welfare. Poult Sci 2013; 92:858-68. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
31
|
McKeegan DEF, Sparks NHC, Sandilands V, Demmers TGM, Boulcott P, Wathes CM. Physiological responses of laying hens during whole-house killing with carbon dioxide. Br Poult Sci 2012; 52:645-57. [PMID: 22221230 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2011.640307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Poultry on farms are sometimes required to be killed in an emergency, such as during a disease epidemic, yet none of the available methods are ideal. Whole-house carbon dioxide (CO(2)) administration has practical advantages, but gives rise to welfare concerns. 2. The study measured the body temperature, respiration, cardiac and brain activity (EEG) responses of 10 adult hens placed in tiered cages in a deep pit house while the entire flock (28,000 end-of-lay hens) was killed with CO(2). Video and thermographic images were also recorded. Liquid CO(2) was injected into the building producing a gaseous concentration of 45% within 19 min. 3. Those hens nearest the gas delivery site showed delayed respiratory, cardiac and EEG responses compared with those at more distant locations. Although sub-zero temperatures were recorded in the immediate vicinity of some birds, body temperatures indicated that they did not die of hypothermia. 4. EEG characteristics strongly associated with unconsciousness were used to determine an unequivocal time to loss of consciousness; this ranged from 6·0 to 10·5 (average 7·8) min after onset of gas injection. Distinctive cardiac and respiratory responses were seen following gas exposure; in particular, birds responded to inhalation of CO(2) by deep breathing. 5. The primary welfare concern is the duration of unpleasant respiratory effects, such as deep breathing, while the birds were substantively conscious. However, the concentration of CO(2) to which the birds were exposed while conscious would not have stimulated nasal and oral nociceptors. Time to death varied between 12·0 and 22·1 min after gas delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E F McKeegan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Webster A, Collett S. A mobile modified-atmosphere killing system for small-flock depopulation. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
33
|
Ylä-Ajos M, Tuominen S, Hänninen L, Ruusunen M, Puolanne E, Valros A. Gas composition in controlled atmosphere stunning affects turkey meat quality traits. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:47-56. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.658025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ylä-Ajos
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 7, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu L, Ji F, Yue HY, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Zhang L, Qi GH. Plasma variables, meat quality, and glycolytic potential in broilers stunned with different carbon dioxide concentrations. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1831-6. [PMID: 21753222 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different CO(2) concentrations on blood variables, glycolytic potential (GP), and meat quality of hot-boned muscles in broilers. Thirty broilers were exposed to one of the following 5 gas mixtures for 90 s: 40% CO(2) + 30% O(2) + N(2) (control), 30% CO(2) + 21% O(2) + N(2) (G30%), 40% CO(2) + 21% O(2) + N(2) (G40%), 50% CO(2) + 21% O(2) + N(2) (G50%), and 60% CO(2) + 21% O(2) + N(2) (G60%). Samples were taken from the pectoralis major (PM), musculus iliofibularis (MI), and tibialis anterior muscles 45 min postmortem. The ultimate pH in both the PM (vs. G30% and G40%) and MI (vs. G40%) was decreased with G60% (P < 0.05), whereas drip loss in the PM (vs. G30%, P = 0.01) was increased with G60%. Drip loss in the MI (vs. control and G30%, P < 0.01) was increased with G50%. Lightness after 24 h in PM (vs. G30% and G40%, P < 0.01) was increased with G50%. In MI, lightness after 24 h was slightly decreased with G40% compared with the control (P < 0.10). The GP value in the PM was lower in the G30% and G40% than in G60% (P < 0.05), and the GP value in the tibialis anterior was the lowest in G30% (P < 0.01). Plasma corticosterone, plasma glucose, and meat quality (pH, lightness, redness, yellowness) 45 min postmortem were not affected by CO(2) levels (P > 0.05). In conclusion, stunning broilers with low CO(2) levels (30 and 40%) improved meat quality but had no advantage in animal welfare compared with high CO(2) levels (50 and 60%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vizzier-Thaxton Y, Christensen K, Schilling M, Buhr R, Thaxton J. A new humane method of stunning broilers using low atmospheric pressure. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
36
|
Shields SJ, Raj ABM. A Critical Review of Electrical Water-Bath Stun Systems for Poultry Slaughter and Recent Developments in Alternative Technologies. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2010; 13:281-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2010.507119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
37
|
Grandin T. Auditing animal welfare at slaughter plants. Meat Sci 2010; 86:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
38
|
Erasmus M, Turner P, Widowski T. Measures of insensibility used to determine effective stunning and killing of poultry. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
39
|
Erasmus MA, Lawlis P, Duncan IJH, Widowski TM. Using time to insensibility and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating captive bolt, cervical dislocation, and blunt trauma for on-farm killing of turkeys. Poult Sci 2010; 89:1345-54. [PMID: 20548061 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of a pneumatic nonpenetrating captive bolt (Zephyr) was assessed for on-farm euthanasia of turkeys and compared with blunt force trauma, manual cervical dislocation, and mechanical cervical dislocation using a burdizzo. The Zephyr (n = 46) and burdizzo (n = 26) were evaluated in turkey hens (11.4 +/- 0.1 kg), the Zephyr (n = 46) and blunt trauma (n = 32) were evaluated in turkey toms (13.1 +/- 0.2 kg), and the Zephyr (n = 12), blunt trauma (n = 11), and manual cervical dislocation (n = 7) were evaluated in broiler turkeys (4.1 +/- 0.3 kg). The nictitating membrane and pupillary light reflexes were monitored continuously to determine when insensibility occurred. Time of death was estimated based on the end time of convulsions and sustained absence of breathing. The nictitating membrane reflex was present immediately after treatment in all 26 hens killed with a burdizzo versus 8 of 46 hens killed with the Zephyr (P < 0.001). The presence of eye reflexes did not differ between the Zephyr and blunt trauma for toms (1 of 26 toms killed with blunt trauma, 2 of 44 toms killed with the Zephyr, P = 1.0). The nictitating membrane reflex persisted in a greater proportion of broiler turkeys killed with cervical dislocation (7 of 7) versus the Zephyr (0 of 12, P < 0.001) and blunt trauma (2 of 9, P = 0.003) but did not differ between blunt trauma and the Zephyr (P = 0.2). End time of convulsions did not differ between the Zephyr and burdizzo for hens (204 +/- 8 vs. 114 +/- 10 s, P = 0.5) or between the Zephyr and blunt trauma for toms (200 +/- 7 s vs. 218 +/- 11.8 s, P = 0.4) but was shorter after cervical dislocation in broiler turkeys (cervical dislocation: 138 +/- 13 s, Zephyr: 165 +/- 7 s, blunt trauma: 178 +/- 13 s, P < 0.001). Results demonstrated that the Zephyr (discharged twice in immediate succession) and blunt trauma (single hit) were similarly effective at consistently causing immediate insensibility. Conversely, neither method of cervical dislocation caused immediate insensibility. This study may assist in revising current poultry euthanasia recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Erasmus
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|