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Wang Z, Chen Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu R. Refine localizations of functional variants affecting eggshell color of Lueyang black-boned chicken in the SLCO1B3. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103212. [PMID: 37980747 PMCID: PMC10685018 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Table eggs with color-uniformity shell are visually attractive for consumers. Lueyang black-boned chicken (LBC) lays colorful eggs, which is undesirable for sale of table eggs, but provides a segregating population for mapping functional variants affecting eggshell color. SLCO1B3 was identified as the causative gene for blue eggs in the Dongxiang and Araucana chickens. The aim of this study is to map functional variants associated with chicken eggshell color in the SLCO1B3. Eggshell color of LBC (n = 383) was measured using the L*a*b color space. SLCO1B3 was resequencing using a subset (n = 30) of 383 samples. Linkage disequilibrium among 139 SNP was analyzed. Association of 16 SNP in the SLCO1B3 and 8 in CPOX, ALAS1, and ABCG2 genes with L*a*b were tested by a polygenic model (LMM) and a polygenic/oligogenic mixed model (BSLMM). Chromatin state annotations were retrieved from the UCSC database. Effect of SLCO1B3 variants distributed in mapping and upstream 1.6-kb regions on promoter activities were analyzed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. One hundred and thirty-nine variants maintained low linkage disequilibrium with 80% of r2 less than 0.226. Fifteen SLCO1B3 variants were significantly associated with a*, of which 1B3_SNP108 was showed the strongest association and the largest effect on a*. In the BSLMM, 1B3_SNP108 alone appeared in the Markov chain Monte Carlo as major variants in 100% of posterior inclusion probability. None of variants in CPOX, ALAS1, and ABCG2 were significantly associated with color indexes except that 2 ALAS1 variants were associated with L*. 1B3_SNP108 distributes in the Intron4 where 6 active enhancers and 1 ATAC island were enriched. However, 1B3_SNP108-containing constructs showed negligible activities in the reporter assay. No significant differences of activities between haplotypes were found for five 5'-deleted promoter constructs. The data recognizes 1B3_SNP108 as a valuable marker for breeding of eggshell color. Functional variants are localized in the region adjacent to the 1B3_SNP108 due to low linkage disequilibrium in the LBC. Our findings extend the role of SLCO1B3 from a causative gene for blue eggs to a major regulator driving continuous variation of LBC eggshell color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qiu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Wang H, Cahaner A, Lou L, Zhang L, Ge Y, Li Q, Pan Y, Zhang X. Genetics and breeding of a black-bone and blue eggshell chicken line. 3. Visual eggshell color and colorimeter parameters in 3 consecutive generations. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103052. [PMID: 37734360 PMCID: PMC10518581 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The BG line, originated by crossing 2 Chinese indigenous breeds, Dongxiang blue eggshell and Jiangshan black-bone, has been bred for black carcass and blue-greenish eggs. Aiming to study the genetic parameters and selection aspects of these eggshell colors, the 4 colorimeter parameters (L*, a*, b*, SCI = L*-a*-b*) were measured on ∼5 eggs/hen/age (200 d and 300 d) from each hen in 3 generations (G4 = 452, G5 = 508, G6 = 498). Visual eggshell color was classified as either "Light," "Blue," "Green," or "Olive," and data from G4 and G5 indicated that visual eggshell color was more accurately determined by combining the classifications of single representative egg/hen by 4 independent observers. Based on the apparent gradual variation in visual color, the 4 colors were expressed numerically (Light = 1, Blue = 2, Green = 3, Olive = 4) and the averages of the 4 observers (AveObs) were used as quantitative expression of the visual color of each egg. This expression, in the range from Blue to Olive, was highly significantly correlated with L*, b* and SCI. The a* values were also associated with AveObs, but not linearly; AveObs between 2 (Blue) and 3 (Green) had lowest a*, and it increased as AveObs was more Light (<2) or more Olive (>3). The heritability estimates of the colorimeter parameters were mostly very high; those of b* and SCI ranged between 0.7 and 0.8, and those of L* and a* between 0.6 and 0.7, indicating that they can serve as criterions to select for blue and/or green eggshells. The phenotypic and genetic correlations between the colorimeter parameters were highly significant and favorable. It is suggested that effective breeding for blue eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with highest SCI/L* or lowest b* (against green and olive shades), followed by selection for low a* (against light shades). Breeding for green eggs can be done by selecting hens laying eggs with SCI ≈ 75 and/or L* ≈ 80 and/or b* ≈ 12. Breeding for hens that lay either blue or green eggs can be done by selection for low a* values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Avigdor Cahaner
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lifeng Lou
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Wang H, Ge Y, Zhang L, Wei Y, Li Q, Zhang X, Pan Y. The Pigments in Eggshell with Different Color and the Pigment Regulatory Genes Expression in Corresponding Chicken’s Shell Gland. Animal 2023; 17:100776. [PMID: 37043933 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggshell colour is the unique appearance and economically valuable trait of eggs, whereas the colour is often short of uniformity, especially in the blue-shelled breeds, hence, their pigment differences and molecular mechanism need clarity. To investigate the relationship between the pigment content of eggshells and related gene expression in the eggshell glands of chickens, four subtypes of blue-shelled eggs ('Olive', 'Green', 'Blue', and 'Light') from the same blue-eggshell chicken line were selected; Hy-Line 'White' and 'Brown'-shelled eggs were used as control groups. The L*, a*, b* values, and protoporphyrin-IX and biliverdin contents in each group of eggshells were measured. In addition, the shell glands of the corresponding hens were collected to detect SLCO1B3 genotype and mRNA expression, and ABCG2 and HMOX1 transcription and protein expression. Eggshell colour L* values were negatively correlated with protoporphyrin-IX, b* values were positively correlated with total pigment content (P < 0.001), and a* values were positively correlated with protoporphyrin-IX (P < 0.001) but negatively with biliverdin. Moreover, all four blue-eggshell subtypes were SLCO1B3 homozygous, with SLCO1B3 mRNA expression in shell glands being significantly higher than in the White and Brown groups. ABCG2 and HMOX1 mRNA expression were highest in the Brown and Green groups, respectively (P < 0.05), and were positively correlated with protoporphyrin-IX (P < 0.001) and biliverdin contents in eggshells, respectively. Western blot and immunohistochemical results demonstrated that the Brown group had the highest ABCG2 expression (P < 0.05), followed by the Green and Olive groups. HMOX1 protein expression was higher in the Olive and Green groups (P < 0.05), and lowest in the White group. This study suggests that ABCG2 and HMOX1 have important regulatory roles in the production and transport of protoporphyrin-IX and biliverdin in blue-shelled chicken eggs, respectively.
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Yang J, Mao Z, Wang X, Zhuang J, Gong S, Gao Z, Xu G, Yang N, Sun C. Identification of crucial genes and metabolites regulating the eggshell brownness in chicken. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:761. [PMID: 36411402 PMCID: PMC9677642 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) is the primary pigment for brown eggshells. However, the regulatory mechanisms directing Pp IX synthesis, transport, and genetic regulation during eggshell calcification in chickens remain obscure. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of brown eggshell formation at different times following oviposition, using White Leghorn hens (WS group), Rhode Island Red light brown eggshell line hens (LBS group) and Rhode Island Red dark brown eggshell line hens (DBS group). RESULTS At 4, 16 and 22 h following oviposition, Pp IX concentrations in LBS and DBS groups were significantly higher in shell glands than in liver (P < 0.05). Pp IX concentrations in shell glands of LBS and DBS groups at 16 and 22 h following oviposition were significantly higher than WS group (P < 0.05). In comparative transcriptome analysis, δ-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1), solute carrier family 25 member 38 (SLC25A38), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) and feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1 (FLVCR1), which were associated with Pp IX synthesis, were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). RT-qPCR results showed that the expression level of ALAS1 in shell glands was significantly higher in DBS group than in WS group at 16 and 22 h following oviposition (P < 0.05). In addition, four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ALAS1 gene that were significantly associated with eggshell brownness were identified. By identifying the differential metabolites in LBS and DBS groups, we found 11-hydroxy-E4-neuroprostane in shell glands and 15-dehydro-prostaglandin E1(1-) and prostaglandin G2 2-glyceryl ester in uterine fluid were related to eggshell pigment secretion. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the regulatory mechanisms of eggshell brownness were studied comprehensively by different eggshell color and time following oviposition. Results show that Pp IX is synthesized de novo and stored in shell gland, and ALAS1 is a key gene regulating Pp IX synthesis in the shell gland. We found three transporters in Pp IX pathway and three metabolites in shell glands and uterine fluid that may influence eggshell browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhiqiong Mao
- Beinongda Technology Co,.Ltd, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Xiqiong Wang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingjie Zhuang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Sijia Gong
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhouyang Gao
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guiyun Xu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Yang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Congjiao Sun
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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A new molecular mechanism supports that blue-greenish egg color evolved independently across chicken breeds. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102223. [PMID: 36283143 PMCID: PMC9597111 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken blue-greenish coloration (BGC) was known as a classic Mendel trait caused by a retrovirus (EAV-HP) insertion in the SLCO1B3 gene. Lueyang black-boned chicken (LBC) BGC is light and varies continuously, implying that LBC BGC may be controlled by a new molecular mechanism. The aim of this study was to provide an insight into the molecular basis of LBC BGC. The EAV-HP was detected in the BGC (n = 105) and non-BGC LBC (n = 474) using a PCR-based method. The association of SLCO1B3 expression in shell glands and sequence variants in a 1.6-kb region upstream from the transcription start site of SLCO1B3 with eggshell color and biliverdin (pigment for BGC) concentration was studied. Promoter activities of haplotypes in the 1.6-kb region were analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. This study did not found the EAV-HP in BGC and Non-BGC LBC, but detected a strong positive correlation between levels of SLCO1B3 expression in shell glands and biliverdin concentrations. A total of 31 SNP were found in the 1.6-kb region. Twenty-two of 31 SNP formed 42 types of haplotypes in the re-sequenced samples (n = 94). Haplotype 4 was present in higher frequency in the BGC (52%) than Non-BGC (3%). Haplotype 13 was significantly associated with Non-BGC (Non-BGC vs. BGC = 26% vs. 6%). In line with the above associations, Haplotype 4 showed higher (P < 0.05) levels of SLCO1B3 expression in shell glands, biliverdin concentration, and promoter activity than Haplotype 13. This study confirms that LBC BGC is not caused by the EAV-HP, but remains to be associated with the change of SLCO1B3 expression. Haplotype 4 accounts to some extents for the molecular basis of LBC BGC. The new molecular mechanism supports LBC BGC independently evolved.
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Zeng L, Xu G, Jiang C, Li J, Zheng J. Research Note: L*a*b* color space for prediction of eggshell pigment content in differently colored eggs. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101942. [PMID: 35679636 PMCID: PMC9189198 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Uterus-specific transcriptional regulation underlies eggshell pigment production in Japanese quail. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265008. [PMID: 35271636 PMCID: PMC8912178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The precursor of heme, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), accumulates abundantly in the uteri of birds, such as Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica, which has brown-speckled eggshells; however, the molecular basis of PPIX production in the uterus remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the cause of low PPIX production in a classical Japanese quail mutant exhibiting white eggshells by comparing its gene expression in the uterus with that of the wild type using transcriptome analysis. We also performed genetic linkage analysis to identify the causative genomic region of the white eggshell phenotype. We found that 11 genes, including 5’-aminolevulinate synthase 1 (ALAS1) and hephaestin-like 1 (HEPHL1), were specifically upregulated in the wild-type uterus and downregulated in the mutant. We mapped the 172 kb candidate genomic region on chromosome 6, which contains several genes, including a part of the paired-like homeodomain 3 (PITX3), which encodes a transcription factor. ALAS1, HEPHL1, and PITX3 were expressed in the apical cells of the luminal epithelium and lamina propria cells of the uterine mucosa of the wild-type quail, while their expression levels were downregulated in the cells of the mutant quail. Biochemical analysis using uterine homogenates indicated that the restricted availability of 5’-aminolevulinic acid is the main cause of low PPIX production. These results suggest that uterus-specific transcriptional regulation of heme-biosynthesis-related genes is an evolutionarily acquired mechanism of eggshell pigment production in Japanese quail. Based on these findings, we discussed the molecular basis of PPIX production in the uteri of Japanese quails.
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8
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Wang X, Zhu P, Sun Z, Zhang J, Sun C. Uterine Metabolomic Analysis for the Regulation of Eggshell Calcification in Chickens. Metabolites 2021; 11:575. [PMID: 34564391 PMCID: PMC8469744 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell quality is economically important for table eggs and functionally indispensable for hatching eggs. During the formation of eggshell in the uterus, organic matrixes in uterine fluid can control and modify the formation of calcified eggshell. At present, there are limited studies focusing on the effect of uterine organic metabolites on eggshell quality. In this study, an LC-MS-based metabolomic technology was performed to identify the crucial uterine metabolites that differently presented in hens producing eggs with divergent eggshell quality (eggshell strength, thickness, and weight). More than 1000 metabolites were identified in uterine fluid, and six putative metabolites, including phosphatidylcholine, diacylglycerol, verapamil, risedronate, coproporphyrinogen III, and biliverdin, were screened to play crucial roles in eggshell calcification. Then, two trials for oral administration and in vitro calcite crystal growth were conducted to verify the effect of potential different metabolites on the eggshell quality. Verapamil has a temporary effect on decreasing eggshell strength and eggshell thickness. Coproporphyrinogen III could induce smaller calcite crystals to improve eggshell strength while biliverdin could modify crystal morphology by forming rougher faces and rounder edges to strengthen the eggshell. The present study gives us new insight to understand the role of uterine fluid matrixes in eggshell calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqiong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ping Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhihua Sun
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Junnan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Congjiao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.W.); (P.Z.); (J.Z.)
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9
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Lu MY, Xu L, Qi GH, Zhang HJ, Qiu K, Wang J, Wu SG. Mechanisms associated with the depigmentation of brown eggshells: a review. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101273. [PMID: 34214744 PMCID: PMC8258675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell color is an important shell quality trait that influences consumer preference. It is also of particular importance with respect to sexual signaling and the physiological and mechanical properties of shell pigment. Pigments include protoporphyrin IX, biliverdin, and traces of biliverdin zinc chelates, with brown eggs being notably rich in protoporphyrin IX, the synthesis of which has a marked effect on the intensity of brown eggshell color. This pigment is initially synthesized in the eggshell gland within the oviduct of laying hens and is subsequently deposited throughout the cuticular and calcareous layers of brown eggshell. In this review, we describe the factors affecting brown eggshell color and potential targets for the regulation of pigment synthesis. Protoporphyrin IX synthesis might be compromised by synthetase-mediated pigment synthesis, the redox status of the female birds, and regulation of the nuclear transcription factors associated with δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase1. We believe that this review will provide a valuable reference for those engaged in studying eggshell depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Lu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Feed Hazards (Beijing) of the Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Liu H, Hu J, Guo Z, Fan W, Xu Y, Liang S, Liu D, Zhang Y, Xie M, Tang J, Huang W, Zhang Q, Xi Y, Li Y, Wang L, Ma S, Jiang Y, Feng Y, Wu Y, Cao J, Zhou Z, Hou S. A single nucleotide polymorphism variant located in the cis-regulatory region of the ABCG2 gene is associated with mallard egg colour. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1477-1491. [PMID: 33372351 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian egg coloration is shaped by natural selection, but its genetic basis remains unclear. Here, we used genome-wide association analysis and identity by descent to finely map green egg colour to a 179-kb region of Chr4 based on the resequencing of 352 ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) from a segregating population resulting from the mating of Pekin ducks (white-shelled eggs) and mallards (green-shelled eggs). We further narrowed the candidate region to a 30-kb interval by comparing genome divergence in seven indigenous duck populations. Among the genes located in the finely mapped region, only one transcript of the ABCG2 gene (XM_013093252.2) exhibited higher uterine expression in green-shelled individuals than in white-shelled individuals, as supported by transcriptome data from four populations. ABCG2 has been reported to encode a protein that functions as a membrane transporter for biliverdin. Sanger sequencing of the whole 30-kb candidate region (Chr4: 47.41-47.44 Mb) and a plasmid reporter assay helped to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (Chr4: 47,418,074 G>A) located in a conserved predicted promoter region whose variation may alter ABCG2 transcription activity. We provide a useful molecular marker for duck breeding and contribute data to the research on ecological evolution based on egg colour patterns among birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanbao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suyun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengchao Ma
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuisheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Mitochondrial transcription factor A induces the declined mitochondrial biogenesis correlative with depigmentation of brown eggshell in aged laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100811. [PMID: 33518349 PMCID: PMC7936150 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggshell color is an important characteristic for poultry eggs. Eggs from aged hens usually have poor shell color that is unacceptable for the table egg market. The objective of this study was to examine effects of pigment synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis on brown eggshell color of aged laying hens. In this trial, 8 hens laying eggs with darker shell color and 8 hens laying eggs with lighter shell color were selected from 300 62-week-old Hy-Line brown-egg laying hens. Results showed that egg weight (P < 0.05), eggshell weight (P < 0.01), protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) content of the eggshell and the shell gland (P < 0.001), and biliverdin content of the shell gland (P < 0.001) were significantly declined in the light-shell group compared with the dark-shell group. Relative mRNA expression of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase1 (ALAS1) (P < 0.05), coproporphyrinogen oxidase (P < 0.01), ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2 (P < 0.01), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (P < 0.05) was reduced in hens laying lighter brown eggshell. Moreover relative mRNA expression of mitochondrial DNA copy number (P < 0.01), mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (P < 0.05), mitochondrial ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 (P < 0.05), and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (P < 0.01) was significantly decreased in the shell gland of the light-shell group. In addition, NAD+ contents of the shell gland were increased in the dark-shell group (P < 0.01). Brown eggshell depigmentation is a result of decreased Pp IX content in the eggshell and the shell gland. Decreased mitochondrial biogenesis may contribute to the depigmentation of brown eggshell by targeting ALAS1 and ALAS1-mediated Pp IX biosynthesis.
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12
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Expanding the eggshell colour gamut: uroerythrin and bilirubin from tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11264. [PMID: 32647200 PMCID: PMC7347609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, only two pigments have been identified in avian eggshells: rusty-brown protoporphyrin IX and blue-green biliverdin IXα. Most avian eggshell colours can be produced by a mixture of these two tetrapyrrolic pigments. However, tinamou (Tinamidae) eggshells display colours not easily rationalised by combination of these two pigments alone, suggesting the presence of other pigments. Here, through extraction, derivatization, spectroscopy, chromatography, and mass spectrometry, we identify two novel eggshell pigments: yellow–brown tetrapyrrolic bilirubin from the guacamole-green eggshells of Eudromia elegans, and red–orange tripyrrolic uroerythrin from the purplish-brown eggshells of Nothura maculosa. Both pigments are known porphyrin catabolites and are found in the eggshells in conjunction with biliverdin IXα. A colour mixing model using the new pigments and biliverdin reproduces the respective eggshell colours. These discoveries expand our understanding of how eggshell colour diversity is achieved. We suggest that the ability of these pigments to photo-degrade may have an adaptive value for the tinamous.
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13
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Guo J, Wang K, Qu L, Dou T, Ma M, Shen M, Hu Y. Genetic evaluation of eggshell color based on additive and dominance models in laying hens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:1217-1223. [PMID: 31480129 PMCID: PMC7322644 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective Eggshells with a uniform color and intensity are important for egg production because many consumers assess the quality of an egg according to the shell color. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of dominant effects on the variations in eggshell color after 32 weeks in a crossbred population. Methods This study was conducted using 7,878 eggshell records from 2,626 hens. Heritability was estimated using a univariate animal model, which included inbreeding coefficients as a fixed effect and animal additive genetic, dominant genetic, and residuals as random effects. Genetic correlations were obtained using a bivariate animal model. The optimal diagnostic criteria identified in this study were: L* value (lightness) using a dominance model, and a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) value using an additive model. Results The estimated heritabilities were 0.65 for shell lightness, 0.42 for redness, and 0.60 for yellowness. The dominance heritability was 0.23 for lightness. The estimated genetic correlations were 0.61 between lightness and redness, −0.84 between lightness and yellowness, and −0.39 between redness and yellowness. Conclusion These results indicate that dominant genetic effects could help to explain the phenotypic variance in eggshell color, especially based on data from blue-shelled chickens. Considering the dominant genetic variation identified for shell color, this variation should be employed to produce blue eggs for commercial purposes using a planned mating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Liang Qu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Taocun Dou
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Meng Ma
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Manman Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Yuping Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
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14
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Ostertag E, Scholz M, Klein J, Rebner K, Oelkrug D. Pigmentation of White, Brown, and Green Chicken Eggshells Analyzed by Reflectance, Transmittance, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1084-1093. [PMID: 31406655 PMCID: PMC6682939 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectra (λ=200-1200 nm) of four types of chicken eggshells (white, brown, light green, dark green) measured in situ without pretreatment and after ablation of 20-100 μm of the outer shell regions. The color pigment protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is embedded in the protein phase of all four shell types as highly fluorescent monomers, in the white and light green shells additionally as non-fluorescent dimers, and in the brown and dark green shells mainly as non-fluorescent poly-aggregates. The green shell colors are formed from an approximately equimolar mixture of PPIX and biliverdin. The axial distribution of protein and colorpigments were evaluated from the combined reflectances of both the outer and inner shell surfaces, as well as from the transmittances. For the data generation we used the radiative transfer model in the random walk and Kubelka-Munk approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Ostertag
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Miriam Scholz
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Julia Klein
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Karsten Rebner
- Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T)Reutlingen UniversityAlteburgstr. 15072762ReutlingenGermany
| | - Dieter Oelkrug
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 1872076TübingenGermany
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15
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El‐Desoky SMM, Mustafa FEA. Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct microcirculation of the laying Japanese quail (
Coturnix japonica
). Anat Histol Embryol 2019; 48:346-357. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. M. El‐Desoky
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Vet. Medicine Assiut University Assiut Egypt
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16
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Zhang T, Liu H, Wang J, Li L, Han C, Mustafa A, Xiong X. Evidences in duck (Anas platyrhynchos) by transcriptome data for supporting the biliverdin was mainly synthesized by shell gland. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2260-2271. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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17
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Li Z, Ren T, Li W, Zhou Y, Han R, Li H, Jiang R, Yan F, Sun G, Liu X, Tian Y, Kang X. Association Between the Methylation Statuses at CpG Sites in the Promoter Region of the SLCO1B3, RNA Expression and Color Change in Blue Eggshells in Lushi Chickens. Front Genet 2019; 10:161. [PMID: 30863430 PMCID: PMC6399514 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism underlying the blue eggshell characteristic has been discovered in birds, and SLCO1B3 is the key gene that regulates the blue eggshell color. Insertion of an endogenous retrovirus, EAV-HP, in the SLCO1B3 5′ flanking region promotes SLCO1B3 expression in the chicken shell gland, and this expression causes bile salts to enter the shell gland, where biliverdin is secreted into the eggshell, forming a blue shell. However, at different laying stages of the same group of chickens, the color of the eggshell can vary widely, and the molecular mechanism underlying the eggshell color change remains unknown. Therefore, to reveal the molecular mechanism of the blue eggshell color variations, we analyzed the change in the eggshell color during the laying period. The results indicated that the eggshell color in Lushi chickens can be divided into three stages: 20–25 weeks for dark blue, 26–45 weeks for medium blue, and 46–60 weeks for light blue. We further investigated the expression and methylation levels of the SLCO1B3 gene at eight different weeks, finding that the relative expression of SLCO1B3 was significantly higher at 25 and 30 weeks than at other laying weeks. Furthermore, the overall methylation rate of the SLCO1B3 gene in Lushi chickens increased gradually with increasing weeks of egg production, as shown by bisulfite sequencing PCR. Pearson correlation analysis showed that methylation of the promoter region of SLCO1B3 was significantly negatively correlated with both SLCO1B3 expression in the shell gland tissue and eggshell color. In addition, we predicted that CpG5 and CpG8 may be key sites for regulating SLCO1B3 gene transcription. Our findings show that as the level of methylation increases, methylation of the CpG5 and CpG8 sites hinders the binding of transcription factors to the promoter, reducing SLCO1B3 expression during the late period and resulting in a lighter eggshell color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tuanhui Ren
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenya Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Innovative Engineering Research Center of Poultry Germplasm Resource, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Darwish HYA, Dalirsefat SB, Dong X, Hua G, Chen J, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu J, Li J, Deng X, Wu C. Genome-wide association study and a post replication analysis revealed a promising genomic region and candidate genes for chicken eggshell blueness. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209181. [PMID: 30673708 PMCID: PMC6343938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eggshell blueness is an interesting object for chicken genetic studies and blue-shelled chicken industry, especially after the discovery of the causative mutation of chicken blue eggshell. In the present study, genome wide association study (GWAS) was conducted in Chinese Dongxiang blue-shelled chicken underlying four traits of blue eggshell pigments: quantity of biliverdin (QB), quantity of protoporphyrin (QP), quantity of total pigment (QT), and color density trait (CD). A total of 139 individuals were randomly collected for GWAS. We detected two SNPs in genome-wise significance and 35 in suggestive significance, 24 out of the 37 SNP were located either within intron/exon or near 15 genes in a range of ~1.17 Mb on GGA21. For further confirmation of the identified SNP loci by GWAS, the follow-up replication studies were performed in two populations. A total of 146 individuals of the second generation derived from the former GWAS population, as well as 280 individuals from an alternative independent population were employed for genotyping by MALDI-TOF MS in a genotype-phenotype association study. Eighteen SNPs evenly distributed on the GGA21 significant region were successfully genotyped in the two populations, of which 4 and 6 SNP loci were shown significantly associated with QB, QT and QP in the two repeat populations, respectively. Further, the SNPs were narrowed down to a region of ~ 653.819 Kb on GGA21 that harbors five candidate genes: AJAP1, TNFRSF9, C1ORF174, CAMTA1, and CEP104. Shell gland of chickens laying dark and light blue eggshell was chosen for detection of mRNA expression of the five candidate genes. The results showed differential expression levels of these genes in the two groups. The specific function of these genes has not yet been defined clearly in chickens and further in-depth studies are needed to explore the new functional role in chicken eggshell blueness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Y. A. Darwish
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Giza, Egypt
| | - Seyed Benyamin Dalirsefat
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Xianggui Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Jiangxi Donghua Livestock & Poultry Breeding Co. Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiansheng Xu
- Jiangxi Donghua Livestock & Poultry Breeding Co. Ltd., Jiangxi, China
| | - Junying Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Wiemann J, Yang TR, Norell MA. Dinosaur egg colour had a single evolutionary origin. Nature 2018; 563:555-558. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The proteins and pigment of the eggshell of the Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) were analysed. For proteomic analysis, various decalcification methods were used when the two main surface layers were analyzed. These layers are important for antimicrobial defense of egg (particularly the cuticle). We found 58 proteins in both layers, of which 4 were specific for the cuticle and 26 for the palisade (honeycomb) layer. Substantial differences between proteins in the eggshell of crocodile and previously described birds' eggshells exist (both in terms of quality and quantity), however, the entire proteome of Crocodilians has not been described yet. The most abundant protein was thyroglobulin. The role of determined proteins in the eggshell of the Siamese crocodile is discussed. For the first time, the presence of porphyrin pigment is reported in a crocodilian eggshell, albeit in a small amount (about 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than white avian eggs).
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21
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Bi H, Liu Z, Sun C, Li G, Wu G, Shi F, Liu A, Yang N. Brown eggshell fading with layer ageing: dynamic change in the content of protoporphyrin IX. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1948-1953. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Wilson PB. Recent advances in avian egg science: A review. Poult Sci 2018; 96:3747-3754. [PMID: 28938769 PMCID: PMC5850298 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggs and egg products form an integral part of the food chain. As such, research into egg structure, function, and production has made an important contribution to the field of poultry science. The past decade has seen significant advances in avian egg science research, with work supplementing our understanding of the nature of the avian egg, and its biological, chemical, and physical properties. Eggshell color, strength, and chemical composition, poultry nutrition, and genetics have all been intensively studied recently, with significant progress being made in a number of these areas. Indeed, with the prevalence of robust theoretical techniques, it is now commonplace to combine experimental investigations with theory, providing a balanced and interdisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe B Wilson
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom
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23
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Hargitai R, Boross N, Hámori S, Neuberger E, Nyiri Z. Eggshell Biliverdin and Protoporphyrin Pigments in a Songbird: Are They Derived from Erythrocytes, Blood Plasma, or the Shell Gland? Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:613-626. [DOI: 10.1086/694297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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24
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Wiemann J, Yang TR, Sander PN, Schneider M, Engeser M, Kath-Schorr S, Müller CE, Sander PM. Dinosaur origin of egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3706. [PMID: 28875070 PMCID: PMC5580385 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protoporphyrin (PP) and biliverdin (BV) give rise to the enormous diversity in avian egg coloration. Egg color serves several ecological purposes, including post-mating signaling and camouflage. Egg camouflage represents a major character of open-nesting birds which accomplish protection of their unhatched offspring against visually oriented predators by cryptic egg coloration. Cryptic coloration evolved to match the predominant shades of color found in the nesting environment. Such a selection pressure for the evolution of colored or cryptic eggs should be present in all open nesting birds and relatives. Many birds are open-nesting, but protect their eggs by continuous brooding, and thus exhibit no or minimal eggshell pigmentation. Their closest extant relatives, crocodiles, protect their eggs by burial and have unpigmented eggs. This phylogenetic pattern led to the assumption that colored eggs evolved within crown birds. The mosaic evolution of supposedly avian traits in non-avian theropod dinosaurs, however, such as the supposed evolution of partially open nesting behavior in oviraptorids, argues against this long-established theory. Using a double-checking liquid chromatography ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry routine, we traced the origin of colored eggs to their non-avian dinosaur ancestors by providing the first record of the avian eggshell pigments protoporphyrin and biliverdin in the eggshells of Late Cretaceous oviraptorid dinosaurs. The eggshell parataxon Macroolithus yaotunensis can be assigned to the oviraptor Heyuannia huangi based on exceptionally preserved, late developmental stage embryo remains. The analyzed eggshells are from three Late Cretaceous fluvial deposits ranging from eastern to southernmost China. Reevaluation of these taphonomic settings, and a consideration of patterns in the porosity of completely preserved eggs support an at least partially open nesting behavior for oviraptorosaurs. Such a nest arrangement corresponds with our reconstruction of blue-green eggs for oviraptors. According to the sexual signaling hypothesis, the reconstructed blue-green eggs support the origin of previously hypothesized avian paternal care in oviraptorid dinosaurs. Preserved dinosaur egg color not only pushes the current limits of the vertebrate molecular and associated soft tissue fossil record, but also provides a perspective on the potential application of this unexplored paleontological resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Wiemann
- Division of Palaeontology, Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Geology & Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Tzu-Ruei Yang
- Division of Palaeontology, Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp N Sander
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Marion Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Engeser
- Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - P Martin Sander
- Division of Palaeontology, Steinmann Institute of Geology, Mineralogy and Palaeontology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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25
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Sujiwo J, Kim D, Yoon JY, Kim H, Kim JS, Lee SK, Jang A. Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Blue-Shelled Eggs in Korea. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:181-190. [PMID: 28515642 PMCID: PMC5434205 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.2.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the quality and physicochemical characteristics of blue-shelled eggs (BE) and conventional eggs (CE). Proximate composition, quality, pH value, shell color, collagen content, fatty acid composition, total cholesterol, α-glucosidase inhibition activity, and antioxidation activity were determined. The proximate composition, general qualities, and pH values of CE and BE showed no significant differences, except in moisture composition, weight, and shell thickness. Moisture content and weight of BE were significantly lower than those of CE. However, shell thickness and weight of BE were higher than those of CE (p<0.05). Lightness of BE was significantly higher than that of CE (85.20 vs. 58.80), while redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) of BE were lower than those of CE (a*: −4.75 vs. 14.20; b*: 10.45 vs. 30.63). The fatty acid [C18:1n7 (cis-vaccenic acid) and C18:3n6 (gamma-linolenic acid)] contents of BE were significantly higher than those of CE. The total cholesterol contents of BE and CE were similar. DPPH radical scavenging activity of BE was significantly higher than that of CE (40.78 vs. 35.35). Interestingly, α-glucosidase inhibition activity of whole egg and egg yolk in BE (19.27 and 36.06) was significantly higher than that of whole egg and egg yolk in CE (13.95 and 32.46). This result indicated that BE could potentially be used as a functional food material. Further studies are required to evaluate the specific compounds that affect functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joko Sujiwo
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Hanna Kim
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jung-Soo Kim
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Sung-Ki Lee
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Aera Jang
- Department of Animal Products and Food Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Poláček M, Griggio M, Mikšík I, Bartíková M, Eckenfellner M, Hoi H. Eggshell coloration and its importance in postmating sexual selection. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:941-949. [PMID: 28168030 PMCID: PMC5288260 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshell color seems to fulfill multiple functions, some of them being structural and others signaling. In this study, we tested whether or not eggshell coloration may play a role in sexual selection of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus). According to the "Sexually selected eggshell coloration" hypothesis, eggshell coloration signals female, egg or chick quality and males adjust parental investment according to this signal. Eggs of this species are covered with brown spots and patches, and variation between clutches is high. We found that eggshell coloration correlates with both protoporphyrin and biliverdin, but protoporphyrin concentrations are ten times higher. Eggshell coloration reflects egg and offspring quality, but not female quality. Thus, eggshell coloration may signal female postmating investment in offspring rather than female quality. Furthermore, differential allocation in terms of maternal investment is supported by the fact that females lay more pigmented clutches when mated to males with bigger melanin-based ornaments relative to their own. Moreover, males invested proportionally more to chicks that hatched from more pigmented clutches. Our correlative results thus seem to support a role of sexual selection in the evolution of eggshell coloration in birds laying brown eggs, pigmented mainly by protoporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Poláček
- Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia; Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Matteo Griggio
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Vienna Austria; Department of Biology University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bartíková
- Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia; Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Vienna Austria
| | | | - Herbert Hoi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna Vienna Austria
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Brulez K, Mikšík I, Cooney CR, Hauber ME, Lovell PG, Maurer G, Portugal SJ, Russell D, Reynolds SJ, Cassey P. Eggshell pigment composition covaries with phylogeny but not with life history or with nesting ecology traits of British passerines. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1637-45. [PMID: 26904185 PMCID: PMC4752363 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
No single hypothesis is likely to explain the diversity in eggshell coloration and patterning across birds, suggesting that eggshell appearance is most likely to have evolved to fulfill many nonexclusive functions. By controlling for nonindependent phylogenetic associations between related species, we describe this diversity using museum eggshells of 71 British breeding passerine species to examine how eggshell pigment composition and concentrations vary with phylogeny and with life‐history and nesting ecology traits. Across species, concentrations of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, the two main pigments found in eggshells, were strongly and positively correlated, and both pigments strongly covaried with phylogenetic relatedness. Controlling for phylogeny, cavity‐nesting species laid eggs with lower protoporphyrin concentrations in the shell, while higher biliverdin concentrations were associated with thicker eggshells for species of all nest types. Overall, these relationships between eggshell pigment concentrations and the biology of passerines are similar to those previously found in nonpasserine eggs, and imply that phylogenetic dependence must be considered across the class in further explanations of the functional significance of avian eggshell coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Brulez
- Centre for Ornithology School of Biosciences College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Ivan Mikšík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Christopher R Cooney
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Mark E Hauber
- Department of Psychology Hunter College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York 695 Park Ave New York City New York 10065
| | - Paul George Lovell
- Division of Psychology, Social and Health Sciences Abertay University Dundee DD1 1HG UK
| | - Golo Maurer
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Steven J Portugal
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Douglas Russell
- Bird Group Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Akeman Street Tring Hertfordshire HP23 6AP UK
| | - Silas James Reynolds
- Centre for Ornithology School of Biosciences College of Life & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
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29
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Verdes A, Cho W, Hossain M, Brennan PLR, Hanley D, Grim T, Hauber ME, Holford M. Nature's Palette: Characterization of Shared Pigments in Colorful Avian and Mollusk Shells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143545. [PMID: 26650398 PMCID: PMC4674117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment-based coloration is a common trait found in a variety of organisms across the tree of life. For example, calcareous avian eggs are natural structures that vary greatly in color, yet just a handful of tetrapyrrole pigment compounds are responsible for generating this myriad of colors. To fully understand the diversity and constraints shaping nature's palette, it is imperative to characterize the similarities and differences in the types of compounds involved in color production across diverse lineages. Pigment composition was investigated in eggshells of eleven paleognath bird taxa, covering several extinct and extant lineages, and shells of four extant species of mollusks. Birds and mollusks are two distantly related, calcareous shell-building groups, thus characterization of pigments in their calcareous structures would provide insights to whether similar compounds are found in different phyla (Chordata and Mollusca). An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction protocol was used to analyze the presence and concentration of biliverdin and protoporphyrin, two known and ubiquitous tetrapyrrole avian eggshell pigments, in all avian and molluscan samples. Biliverdin was solely detected in birds, including the colorful eggshells of four tinamou species. In contrast, protoporphyrin was detected in both the eggshells of several avian species and in the shells of all mollusks. These findings support previous hypotheses about the ubiquitous deposition of tetrapyrroles in the eggshells of various bird lineages and provide evidence for its presence also across distantly related animal taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Verdes
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wooyoung Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marouf Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. R. Brennan
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E. Hauber
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mandë Holford
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College Belfer Research Building, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
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Samiullah S, Roberts JR, Chousalkar K. Eggshell color in brown-egg laying hens - a review. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2566-75. [PMID: 26240390 PMCID: PMC7107097 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The major pigment in eggshells of brown-egg laying hens is protoporphyrin IX, but traces of biliverdin and its zinc chelates are also present. The pigment appears to be synthesized in the shell gland. The protoporphyrin IX synthetic pathway is well defined, but precisely where and how it is synthesized in the shell gland of the brown-egg laying hen is still ambiguous. The pigment is deposited onto all shell layers including the shell membranes, but most of it is concentrated in the outermost layer of the calcareous shell and in the cuticle. Recently, the genes that are involved in pigment synthesis have been identified, but the genetic control of synthesis and deposition of brown pigment in the commercial laying hen is not fully understood. The brown coloration of the shell is an important shell quality parameter and has a positive influence on consumer preference. The extent of pigment deposition is influenced by the housing system, hen age, hen strain, diet, stressors, and certain diseases such as infectious bronchitis. In this article, the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the brown pigment in commercial brown-egg layers are reviewed in relation to its various functions in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Samiullah
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Woolshed Building (W49), University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - J R Roberts
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Woolshed Building (W49), University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - K Chousalkar
- School of Animal & Veterinary Studies, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
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Wang Z, Deng X, Wang AI, Liu R. HIGH EXPRESSION OF HMOX1 IN BLUE-SHELLED CHICKENS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A TG HAPLOTYPE. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1703267-274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Northwest A&F University, China
| | - X Deng
- China Agricultural University, China
| | - AI Wang
- Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, China
| | - R Liu
- Northwest A&F University, China
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32
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Zhang W, Pan L, Tu K, Zhang Q, Liu M. Comparison of spectral and image morphological analysis for egg early hatching property detection based on hyperspectral imaging. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88659. [PMID: 24551130 PMCID: PMC3923798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-destructive methods to detect egg hatching properties could increase efficiency in commercial hatcheries by saving space, reducing costs, and ensuring hatching quality. For this purpose, a hyperspectral imaging system was built to detect embryo development and vitality using spectral and morphological information of hatching eggs. A total of 150 green shell eggs were used, and hyperspectral images were collected for every egg on day 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of incubation. After imaging, two analysis methods were developed to extract egg hatching characteristic. Firstly, hyperspectral images of samples were evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and only one optimal band with 822 nm was selected for extracting spectral characteristics of hatching egg. Secondly, an image segmentation algorithm was applied to isolate the image morphologic characteristics of hatching egg. To investigate the applicability of spectral and image morphological analysis for detecting egg early hatching properties, Learning Vector Quantization neural network (LVQNN) was employed. The experimental results demonstrated that model using image morphological characteristics could achieve better accuracy and generalization than using spectral characteristic parameters, and the discrimination accuracy for eggs with embryo development were 97% at day 3, 100% at day 4. In addition, the recognition results for eggs with weak embryo development reached 81% at day 3, and 92% at day 4. This study suggested that image morphological analysis was a novel application of hyperspectral imaging technology to detect egg early hatching properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Leiqing Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ming Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food & Fermentation Industries, Beijing, PR China
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Wang Z, Liu R, Wang A. Comparison of HMOX1 expression and enzyme activity in blue-shelled chickens and brown-shelled chickens. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:282-6. [PMID: 23885212 PMCID: PMC3715296 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue egg coloring is attributed to biliverdin derived from the oxidative degradation of heme through catalysis by heme oxygenase (HO). The pigment is secreted into the eggshell by the shell gland. There is uncertainty as to whether the pigment is synthesized in the shell gland or in other tissues. To investigate the site of pigment biosynthesis, the expression of heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 (HMOX1), a gene encoding HO, and HO activity in liver and spleen were compared between blue-shelled chickens (n = 12) and brown-shelled chickens (n = 12). There were no significant differences in HMOX1 expression and HO activity in these tissues between the two groups. Since the liver and spleen, two important sites outside the shell gland where heme is degraded into biliverdin, CO and Fe(2+), did not differ in HO expression and activity we conclude that the pigment is most likely synthesized in the shell gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province,
P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province,
P.R. China
| | - Anru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Direct-Fed Microbial Engineering, Beijing,
P.R. China
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34
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Kim CH, Paik IK, Kil DY. Effects of increasing supplementation of magnesium in diets on productive performance and eggshell quality of aged laying hens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 151:38-42. [PMID: 23111950 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in diets have been associated with performance and eggshell quality of laying hens, but the results have been inconclusive. In this experiment, the effects of increasing concentrations of dietary Mg on productive performance and eggshell quality of aged laying hens were evaluated. A total of 640 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 72 weeks of age were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment. A commercial-type basal diet containing 1.6 g/kg Mg was prepared, and three additional diets were prepared to contain 2.3, 2.6, or 3.0 g/kg Mg in diets by adding 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g of MgO to the basal diet. The diets were fed to hens ad libitum for 5 weeks. Results indicated that Mg concentrations in eggshells were increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing concentrations of Mg in diets. Increasing concentrations of Mg in diets decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) broken and shell-less egg production, but improved (linear, P < 0.05) eggshell strength. Feed intake was decreased (linear, P < 0.05) with the concentrations of Mg in diets, but hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, and Haugh unit were not affected by increasing concentrations of Mg in diets. Hunter L* and a* values of eggshell were decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as the concentrations of Mg in diets increased. In conclusion, feeding aged laying hens with diets containing increasing concentrations of Mg up to 3.0 g/kg improves eggshell strength, but has no detrimental effects on laying performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, School of Bioresource and Bioscience, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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35
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Dearborn DC, Hanley D, Ballantine K, Cullum J, Reeder DM. Eggshell colour is more strongly affected by maternal identity than by dietary antioxidants in a captive poultry system. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hanley
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - Katherine Ballantine
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - John Cullum
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
| | - DeeAnn M. Reeder
- Department of Biology and Program in Animal Behaviour; Bucknell University; Lewisburg; Pennsylvania; 17837; USA
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36
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CASSEY PHILLIP, THOMAS GAVINH, PORTUGAL STEVENJ, MAURER GOLO, HAUBER MARKE, GRIM TOMÁŠ, LOVELL PGEORGE, MIKŠÍK IVAN. Why are birds' eggs colourful? Eggshell pigments co-vary with life-history and nesting ecology among British breeding non-passerine birds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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De Coster G, De Neve L, Lens L. Intraclutch variation in avian eggshell pigmentation: the anaemia hypothesis. Oecologia 2012; 170:297-304. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Analysis of genome-wide structure, diversity and fine mapping of Mendelian traits in traditional and village chickens. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 109:6-18. [PMID: 22395157 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive phenotypic variation is a common feature among village chickens found throughout much of the developing world, and in traditional chicken breeds that have been artificially selected for traits such as plumage variety. We present here an assessment of traditional and village chicken populations, for fine mapping of Mendelian traits using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping while providing information on their genetic structure and diversity. Bayesian clustering analysis reveals two main genetic backgrounds in traditional breeds, Kenyan, Ethiopian and Chilean village chickens. Analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) reveals useful LD (r(2) ≥ 0.3) in both traditional and village chickens at pairwise marker distances of ~10 Kb; while haplotype block analysis indicates a median block size of 11-12 Kb. Association mapping yielded refined mapping intervals for duplex comb (Gga 2:38.55-38.89 Mb) and rose comb (Gga 7:18.41-22.09 Mb) phenotypes in traditional breeds. Combined mapping information from traditional breeds and Chilean village chicken allows the oocyan phenotype to be fine mapped to two small regions (Gga 1:67.25-67.28 Mb, Gga 1:67.28-67.32 Mb) totalling ~75 Kb. Mapping the unmapped earlobe pigmentation phenotype supports previous findings that the trait is sex-linked and polygenic. A critical assessment of the number of SNPs required to map simple traits indicate that between 90 and 110K SNPs are required for full genome-wide analysis of haplotype block structure/ancestry, and for association mapping in both traditional and village chickens. Our results demonstrate the importance and uniqueness of phenotypic diversity and genetic structure of traditional chicken breeds for fine-scale mapping of Mendelian traits in the species, with village chicken populations providing further opportunities to enhance mapping resolutions.
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39
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Duval C, Cassey P, Mikšík I, Reynolds J, Spencer K. Condition-dependent strategies of eggshell pigmentation: an experimental study of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). J Exp Biol 2012; 216:700-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.077370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Summary
A relationship has been suggested between eggshell colour and female body condition based on the opposing antioxidant properties of the two main eggshell pigments: the antioxidant biliverdin (blue-green) and the pro-oxidant protoporphyrin (brown). We hypothesised that experimentally food-restricted females with low antioxidant capacity would deposit more protoporphyrin and less biliverdin in their eggshells, resulting in eggshells of reduced brightness but increased colour intensity. Two eggs were collected at the beginning and two at the end of a 2-week period from each of 24 female Japanese quails that were either food-restricted or receiving ad libitum food (i.e. controls) during that time. Reflectance spectra were recorded and analysed using spectral shape descriptors, chromatic and achromatic contrasts were computed accounting for avian visual sensitivities, and eggshell pigments were quantified. We examined both spot and background pigmentation and found no significant effect of food restriction on eggshell reflectance. However, food-restricted females in lower body condition increased the deposition of protoporphyrin and decreased the amount of biliverdin invested into their eggshells. We hypothesise that in species laying brown-spotted eggshells, females modulate eggshell pigment investment in response to their body condition. According to this hypothesis, we predict that females maintain eggshell colour to limit visible changes that could be detected by predators and thereby conceal their eggs, although this work has yet to be conducted. We suggest that further experimental work on egg camouflage under different environmental conditions will elaborate the process of pigment deposition and the physiological costs to females of laying heavily pigmented eggshells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
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40
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Cassey P, Hauber ME, Maurer G, Ewen JG. Sources of variation in reflectance spectrophotometric data: a quantitative analysis using avian eggshell colours. Methods Ecol Evol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-210x.2011.00152.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Maurer G, Portugal SJ, Mikšík I, Cassey P. Speckles of cryptic black-headed gull eggs show no mechanical or conductance structural function. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Gorchein A, Lord G, Lim CK. Isolation and characterization of free haem from the shell gland of quail and hen. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:355-7. [PMID: 21678459 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Free haem was isolated from the shell gland of the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, and of the fowl, Galinus domesticus, and characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Quantification by HPLC gave values of 1.17-1.40 nmol/mg quail shell gland protein for haem, 1.66-2.17 nmol/mg protein for protoporphyrin and 0.25-0.40 nmol/mg protein for biliverdin. Possible implications of this previously unreported finding are discussed but they are not considered incompatible with the conclusion that all eggshell pigments are endogenously synthesized in the oviduct system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gorchein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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43
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Wang ZP, Liu RF, Wang AR, Li JY, Deng XM. Expression and activity analysis reveal that heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 is associated with blue egg formation. Poult Sci 2011; 90:836-41. [PMID: 21406370 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliverdin is responsible for the coloration of blue eggs and is secreted onto the eggshell by the shell gland. Previous studies confirmed that a significant difference exists in biliverdin content between blue eggs and brown eggs, although the reasons are still unknown. Because the pigment is derived from oxidative degradation of heme catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO), this study compared heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 (HMOX1), the gene encoding HO expression and HO activity, in the shell glands of the Dongxiang blue-shelled chicken (n = 12) and the Dongxiang brown-shelled chicken (n = 12). Results showed that HMOX1 was highly expressed at the mRNA (1.58-fold; P < 0.05) and protein levels in blue-shelled chickens compared with brown-shelled chickens. At the functional level, blue-shelled chickens also showed 1.40-fold (P < 0.05) higher HO activity than brown-shelled chickens. To explore the reasons for the differential expression of HMOX1, an association study of 6 SNP capturing the majority of HMOX1 variants with the blue egg coloration was performed. Results showed no significant association between SNP and the blue egg coloration in HMOX1 (P > 0.05). Taken together, these results show that blue egg formation is associated with high expression of HMOX1 in the shell gland of Dongxiang blue-shelled chickens, and suggest that differential expression of HMOX1 in the 2 groups of chickens is most likely to arise from an alteration in the trans-acting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z P Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and the Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Wang XT, Zhao CJ, Li JY, Xu GY, Lian LS, Wu CX, Deng XM. Heme Oxygenase-1 is Important to the Formation of Eggshell Biliverdin in Chicken. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2010.10539516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Impact of time since collection on avian eggshell color: a comparison of museum and fresh egg specimens. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cassey P, Portugal SJ, Maurer G, Ewen JG, Boulton RL, Hauber ME, Blackburn TM. Variability in avian eggshell colour: a comparative study of museum eggshells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12054. [PMID: 20711258 PMCID: PMC2918502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exceptional diversity of coloration found in avian eggshells has long fascinated biologists and inspired a broad range of adaptive hypotheses to explain its evolution. Three main impediments to understanding the variability of eggshell appearance are: (1) the reliable quantification of the variation in eggshell colours; (2) its perception by birds themselves, and (3) its relation to avian phylogeny. Here we use an extensive museum collection to address these problems directly, and to test how diversity in eggshell coloration is distributed among different phylogenetic levels of the class Aves. Methodology and Results Spectrophotometric data on eggshell coloration were collected from a taxonomically representative sample of 251 bird species to determine the change in reflectance across different wavelengths and the taxonomic level where the variation resides. As many hypotheses for the evolution of eggshell coloration assume that egg colours provide a communication signal for an avian receiver, we also modelled reflectance spectra of shell coloration for the avian visual system. We found that a majority of species have eggs with similar background colour (long wavelengths) but that striking differences are just as likely to occur between congeners as between members of different families. The region of greatest variability in eggshell colour among closely related species coincided with the medium-wavelength sensitive region around 500 nm. Conclusions The majority of bird species share similar background eggshell colours, while the greatest variability among species aligns with differences along a red-brown to blue axis that most likely corresponds with variation in the presence and concentration of two tetrapyrrole pigments responsible for eggshell coloration. Additionally, our results confirm previous findings of temporal changes in museum collections, and this will be of particular concern for studies testing intraspecific hypotheses relating temporal patterns to adaptation of eggshell colour. We suggest that future studies investigating the phylogenetic association between the composition and concentration of eggshell pigments, and between the evolutionary drivers and functional impacts of eggshell colour variability will be most rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Cassey
- Centre for Ornithology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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CHERRY MICHAELI, GOSLER ANDREWG. Avian eggshell coloration: new perspectives on adaptive explanations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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