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Gast RK, Dittoe DK, Ricke SC. Salmonella in eggs and egg-laying chickens: pathways to effective control. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:39-63. [PMID: 36583653 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2156772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Eggs contaminated with Salmonella have been internationally significant sources of human illness for several decades. Most egg-associated illness has been attributed to Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, but a few other serovars (notably S. Heidelberg and S. Typhimurium) are also sometimes implicated. The edible interior contents of eggs typically become contaminated with S. Enteritidis because the pathogen's unique virulence attributes enable it to colonize reproductive tissues in systemically infected laying hens. Other serovars are more commonly associated with surface contamination of eggshells. Both research and field experience have demonstrated that the most effective overall Salmonella control strategy in commercial laying flocks is the application of multiple interventions throughout the egg production cycle. At the preharvest (egg production) level, intervention options of demonstrated efficacy include vaccination and gastrointestinal colonization control via treatments such as prebiotics, probiotics, and bacteriophages, Effective environmental management of housing systems used for commercial laying flocks is also essential for minimizing opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of Salmonella in laying flocks. At the postharvest (egg processing and handling) level, careful regulation of egg storage temperatures is critical for limiting Salmonella multiplication inside the interior contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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2
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Groves PJ, Williamson SL, Ahaduzzaman M, Diamond M, Ngo M, Han A, Sharpe SM. Can a combination of vaccination, probiotic and organic acid treatment in layer hens protect against early life exposure to Salmonella Typhimurium and challenge at sexual maturity? Vaccine 2020; 39:815-824. [PMID: 33390293 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Day old layer chicks were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium using a seeder bird technique. Treatment groups were untreated control, administration of a probiotic in drinking water weekly, vaccination by intramuscular injection of a live aro-A deletion mutant vaccine at 10 weeks of age (woa) followed by an oral dose at 16 woa, probiotic administration plus vaccination, vaccination plus the administration of an organic acid preparation in feed from 16 woa and a combination of probiotic, vaccine and organic acid. Faecal shedding was monitored by culture at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 15, 17, 20, 21, 23 and 25 woa and in dust from settle plates by PCR at intervals from 8 woa. Birds from each group were separated at 17 and 18 woa and challenged orally with 106 CFU of S. Typhimurium. Both untreated and probiotic groups shed Salmonella until 56 days. Salmonella was also detected in dust from 8 until 12 woa but little after this. After vaccination, from sexual maturity (18 woa) all groups except those that were vaccinated with and without probiotic re-excreted Salmonella. The probiotic alone was ineffective against this re-excretion and all groups receiving organic acids shed Salmonella. At 17 woa, unchallenged controls were fully susceptible to caecal colonization, however all other groups showed reduced susceptibility, including the untreated challenged group. However, at 18 woa (sexual maturity) only the groups that were vaccinated with or without probiotic showed reduced susceptibility to colonization. The organic acid treated groups (including the vaccinated group) did not show a difference to the untreated controls. S. Typhimurium demonstrated an ability to re-emerge at sexual maturity, similar to other serovars. The vaccine assisted in limiting the re-excretion at sexual maturity and decreased susceptibility to subsequent challenge. Use of a probiotic augmented the vaccine's protective capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Groves
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Sarah L Williamson
- Birling Avian Laboratories, 975 The Northern Rd, Bringelly, NSW, 2556, Australia
| | | | - Madeline Diamond
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Melanie Ngo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Anita Han
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Rd, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sue M Sharpe
- Birling Avian Laboratories, 975 The Northern Rd, Bringelly, NSW, 2556, Australia
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Crabb HK, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Does only the age of the hen matter in Salmonella enterica contamination of eggs? Food Microbiol 2019; 77:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chousalkar K, Gast R, Martelli F, Pande V. Review of egg-related salmonellosis and reduction strategies in United States, Australia, United Kingdom and New Zealand. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 44:290-303. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2017.1368998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Richard Gast
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Francesca Martelli
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Vivek Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, Australia
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Guard J, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1402-1409. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:47. [PMID: 28443289 PMCID: PMC5385464 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with Salmonella Enteritidis are often attributed to the consumption of contaminated eggs, so the prevalence of this pathogen in egg-laying poultry is an important public health risk factor. Numerous and complex environmental influences on Salmonella persistence and transmission are exerted by management practices and housing facilities used in commercial egg production. In recent years, the animal welfare implications of poultry housing systems have guided the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing, but their food safety consequences are not yet fully understood. The present study assessed the effects of different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In two trials, groups of laying hens were distributed at two stocking densities (648 and 973 cm2/bird) into enriched colony cages and (along with a group housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird) orally inoculated with doses of 1.0 × 108 cfu of S. Enteritidis. At 10 weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect S. Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of S. Enteritidis was detected for up to 10 weeks postinoculation by hens in all three housing treatment groups. The overall frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from conventional cages than from enriched colony cages (at the lower stocking density) for the total of all sampling dates (45.0 vs. 33.3%) and also for samples collected at 4–9 weeks postinfection. Likewise, the frequency of S. Enteritidis isolation from feces from conventional cages was significantly greater than from enriched colony cages (at the higher hen stocking density) for the sum of all samples (45.0 vs. 36.7%) and at 6 weeks postinoculation. Moreover, the frequency of S. Enteritidis fecal recovery from enriched colony cages at the higher hen stocking was significantly greater than from similar cages at the lower stocking density for all 10 sampling dates combined (39.4 vs. 33.3%). These results suggest that stocking density can affect S. Enteritidis intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens, but some other difference between conventional and enriched colony cage systems appears to exert an additional influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rupa Guraya
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Deana R Jones
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Darrin M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Sharma P, Pande VV, Moyle TS, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Correlating bacterial shedding with fecal corticosterone levels and serological responses from layer hens experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Vet Res 2017; 48:5. [PMID: 28166810 PMCID: PMC5294877 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteriditis and Salmonella Typhimurium are commonly isolated during egg-related outbreaks of salmonellosis and represent a significant international public health issue. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is the most common serovar identified in egg product related foodborne outbreaks. While a number of studies have investigated Salmonella shedding and host responses to infection, they have been conducted over a short time period. The present study sought to characterise bacterial shedding and host responses to infection in hens infected with only Salmonella Typhimurium or co-infected with both Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Mbandaka over a 16 week period. Salmonella shedding was quantified using the most probable number and qPCR methods and was highly variable over the course of the experiment. On day 1, fecal corticosterone metabolites in birds infected with Salmonella Typhimurium (674.2 ± 109.3 pg/mg) were significantly higher than control (238.0 ± 12.62 pg/mg) or co-infected (175.4 ± 8.58 pg/mg) birds. The onset of lay occurred between weeks 6–8 post-infection (pi) and Fecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) concentrations increased in both control and co-infected birds. Antibody responses to infection were monitored in both serum and yolk samples. Salmonella Typhimurium specific antibody was lower in co-infected animals than monoinfected animals. Bacterial loads in internal organs were characterised to determine persistence. Spleen, liver and caecal tonsils were positive for bacteria in both groups, indicating that Salmonella was not cleared from the birds and internal organ colonization could serve as a reservoir for continued bacterial shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Talia S Moyle
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, 5173, Australia.
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE, Karcher DM. Colonization of internal organs by Salmonella Enteritidis in experimentally infected laying hens housed in enriched colony cages at different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1363-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Babu US, Harrison LM, Patel IR, Ramirez GA, Williams KM, Pereira M, Balan KV. Differential antibacterial response of chicken granulosa cells to invasion by Salmonella serovars. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1370-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Pande VV, Devon RL, Sharma P, McWhorter AR, Chousalkar KK. Study of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Laying Hens. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:203. [PMID: 26941727 PMCID: PMC4766288 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of Salmonella enterica are frequently involved in egg and egg product related human food poisoning outbreaks worldwide. In Australia, Salmonella Typhimurium is frequently involved in egg and egg product related foodborne illness and Salmonella Mbandaka has also been found to be a contaminant of the layer farm environment. The ability possessed by Salmonella Enteritidis to colonize reproductive organs and contaminate developing eggs has been well-described. However, there are few studies investigating this ability for Salmonella Typhimurium. The hypothesis of this study was that the Salmonella Typhimurium can colonize the gut for a prolonged period of time and that horizontal infection through feces is the main route of egg contamination. At 14 weeks of age hens were orally infected with either S. Typhimurium PT 9 or S. Typhimurium PT 9 and Salmonella Mbandaka. Salmonella shedding in feces and eggs was monitored for 15 weeks post-infection. Egg shell surface and internal contents of eggs laid by infected hens were cultured independently for detection of Salmonella spp. The mean Salmonella load in feces ranged from 1.54 to 63.35 and 0.31 to 98.38 most probable number/g (MPN/g) in the S. Typhimurium and S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka group, respectively. No correlation was found between mean fecal Salmonella load and frequency of egg shell contamination. Egg shell contamination was higher in S. Typhimurium + S. Mbandaka infected group (7.2% S. Typhimurium, 14.1% S. Mbandaka) compared to birds infected with S. Typhimurium (5.66%) however, co-infection had no significant impact on egg contamination by S. Typhimurium. Throughout the study Salmonella was not recovered from internal contents of eggs laid by hens. Salmonella was isolated from different segments of oviduct of hens from both the groups, however pathology was not observed on microscopic examination. This study investigated Salmonella shedding for up to 15 weeks p.i which is a longer period of time compared to previously published studies. The findings of current study demonstrated intermittent but persistent fecal shedding of Salmonella after oral infection for up to 15 weeks p.i. Further, egg shell contamination, with lack of internal egg content contamination and the low frequency of reproductive organ infection suggested that horizontal infection through contaminated feces is the main route of egg contamination with S. Typhimurium in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek V Pande
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Devon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Pardeep Sharma
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andrea R McWhorter
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Kapil K Chousalkar
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Jones DR, Anderson KE. Persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by experimentally infected laying hens housed in conventional or enriched cages. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1650-6. [PMID: 25910903 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis can be deposited inside eggs laid by infected hens, so the prevalence of this pathogen in commercial egg-producing flocks is an important risk factor for human illness. Opportunities for the introduction, transmission, and persistence of salmonellae in poultry are potentially influenced by flock housing and management systems. Animal welfare concerns have spurred the development of alternatives to traditional cage-based housing. However, the consequences of poultry housing systems for food safety have not been fully resolved by prior research. The present study assessed the effects of two different housing systems (conventional cages and colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas) on the persistence of fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis by groups of experimentally infected laying hens. In each of two trials, 136 hens were distributed among cages of both housing systems and orally inoculated with doses of 10(8) cfu of Salmonella Enteritidis (phage type 13a in one trial and phage type 4 in the other). At weekly intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella Enteritidis. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis was detected for up to 8 wk post-inoculation by hens housed in enriched colony cages and 10 wk by hens housed in conventional cages. For both trials combined, the frequency of positive fecal cultures was significantly (P < 0.05) greater for conventional cages than for enriched colony cages at 1 wk (84.7 vs. 71.5%), 2 wk (54.2 vs. 31.3%), 3 wk (21.5 vs. 7.6%), and 4 wk (9.7 vs. 2.8%) post-inoculation. These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of hens to intestinal colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis can differ between conventional and enriched cage-based production systems, although this effect does not necessarily translate into a corresponding difference in the longer-term persistence of fecal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Rupa Guraya
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Deana R Jones
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Athens, Georgia 30605
| | - Kenneth E Anderson
- Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 29765
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12
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Zhao PY, Baek HY, Kim IH. Effects of bacteriophage supplementation on egg performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, and moisture content in laying hens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 25:1015-20. [PMID: 25049658 PMCID: PMC4092974 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of bacteriophage supplementation on egg performance, egg quality, excreta microflora, and moisture content in laying hens. A total of 288 Hy-line brown commercial laying hens (36-wk-old) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments in this 6-wk trial and dietary treatments included: i) CON, basal diet; ii) T1, CON+0.020% bacteriophage; iii) T2, CON+0.035% bacteriophage; iv) T3, CON+0.050% bacteriophage. There were 6 replicates for each treatment with 6 adjacent cages (2 hens/cage). Laying hens in T2 and T3 treatments had higher (p<0.05) egg production than those in CON and T1 treatments during wk 0 to 3. In addition, egg production in T1, T2, and T3 treatments was increased (p<0.05) compared with that in CON treatment during wk 4 to 6. At wk 4 and 5, birds in T2 group had higher (p<0.05) HU than those in CON. In addition, at wk 5 and 6, HU in birds fed T1 and T3 diets was greater (p<0.05) than those fed CON diet. E. coli and Salmonella spp. concentrations in excreta were decreased (p<0.05) by T1, T2, and T3 treatments. However, egg weight, egg shell color, yolk height, yolk color unit, egg shell strength, egg shell thickness, egg gravity, and excreta moisture content were not influenced by dietary treatments during the entire experimental period. In conclusion, bacteriophage supplementation has beneficial effects on egg production, egg albumen, and excreta microflora concentration in laying hens.
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Galiş AM, Marcq C, Marlier D, Portetelle D, Van I, Beckers Y, Théwis A. Control ofSalmonellaContamination of Shell Eggs-Preharvest and Postharvest Methods: A Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anca M. Galiş
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Christopher Marcq
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Didier Marlier
- Univ. of Liege, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dept. of Clinical Science, Clinic for Birds, Rabbits and Rodents; Boulevard de Colonster 20, B42; Sart-Tilman; B4000; Liege; Belgium
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal and Microbial Biology Unit.; Passage des Déportés, 2; B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - Ilie Van
- Univ. of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest; Animal Science Unit; Bd. Mărăşti, no. 59, sector 1; Bucharest; 011464; Romania
| | - Yves Beckers
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
| | - André Théwis
- Univ. of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; Animal Science Unit. Passage des Déportés; 2, B-5030; Gembloux; Belgium
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Gast RK, Guraya R, Guard J. Salmonella enteritidis deposition in eggs after experimental infection of laying hens with different oral doses. J Food Prot 2013; 76:108-13. [PMID: 23317864 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The continuing attribution of human Salmonella Enteritidis infections to internally contaminated eggs has necessitated the commitment of substantial public and private resources to Salmonella Enteritidis testing and control programs in commercial laying flocks. Cost-effective risk-reduction requires a detailed and comprehensive understanding of how Salmonella Enteritidis infections in hens result in deposition of the pathogen inside eggs. The present study sought to resolve some incompletely defined aspects of the relationship between Salmonella Enteritidis oral-exposure dose levels in experimentally infected laying hens and the frequency and location of subsequent egg contamination. In two trials, groups of specific-pathogen-free hens were experimentally inoculated with oral doses of 10(4), 10(6), or 10(8) CFU of a phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis strain. Eggs were collected 5 to 23 days postinoculation, and the yolk and albumen of each egg were cultured separately to detect Salmonella Enteritidis contamination. Larger oral doses of Salmonella Enteritidis administered to hens were associated with significant increases in the frequencies of both yolk and albumen contamination. Moreover, Salmonella Enteritidis was found in the albumen of a far-higher proportion of contaminated eggs from hens given the largest dose than from the other two groups. Salmonella Enteritidis contamination was detected in 0.7% of yolk and 0.2% of albumen samples after inoculation of hens with 10(4) CFU, 4.0% of yolk and 1.7% of albumen samples after inoculation with 10(6) CFU, and 6.5% of yolk and 10.8% of albumen samples after inoculation with 10(8) CFU. These results demonstrate that oral-exposure doses of Salmonella Enteritidis for laying hens can significantly affect both the frequency and location of deposition of this pathogen inside eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Gast
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, Russell Research Center, 950 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
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Okamura M, Matsumoto W, Seike F, Tanaka Y, Teratani C, Tozuka M, Kashimoto T, Takehara K, Nakamura M, Yoshikawa Y. Efficacy of Soluble Recombinant FliC Protein from Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis as a Potential Vaccine Candidate Against Homologous Challenge in Chickens. Avian Dis 2012; 56:354-8. [DOI: 10.1637/9986-111011-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium has been reported to contaminate egg production across the world, but where Salmonella Enteritidis is endemic it is this latter serovar that dominates egg-borne salmonellosis. However, Salmonella Typhimurium is a major food-borne pathogen so it is important to understand how it can impact the microbiological safety of eggs and what serovar-specific control strategies may be appropriate in the future as control over Salmonella Enteritidis continues to improve. To that end, the present review examines the published literature on Salmonella Typhimurium in laying hens and eggs, with particular reference to comparative studies examining different serovars. Experimentally Salmonella Enteritidis is more often isolated from egg contents and seems to adhere better to reproductive tract mucosa, whilst Salmonella Typhimurium appears to provoke a more intense tissue pathology and immune response, and flock infections are more transient. However, it is observed in many cases that the present body of evidence does not identify clear differences between specific behaviours of the serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, whether in laying hens, in their eggs, or in the laying environment. It is concluded that further long-term experimental and natural infection studies are needed in order to generate a clearer picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wales
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
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